The pattern of urine cytology among patients with clinical diagnosis of bladder tumor in a tertiary hospital northwest Nigeria

Background: Urine cytology is a simple, safe, non-invasive and cheap investigation that is used as adjunct to cystoscopy in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Its low sensitivity is a major limitation against its use as a sole diagnostic test for bladder cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the pattern of urine cytology seen in patients with clinical diagnosis of bladder tumour in our practice.Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients with clinical diagnosis of bladder tumour that had urine cytology in our centre. The age and gender of the patients, number of urine cytology per patient per year and cytologic diagnosis were analysed using the SPSS 20.Results: During the period under review, a total of 512 urine cytology was done for patients with clinical diagnosis of bladder tumour. The age range of the patients was 6 to 90 years with modal age of 60 years. 457 (89.3%) were males while 54 (10.5%) were females and 1 (0.2%) was unspecified. Male to female ratio was 8.5:1. The highest number of urine cytology was done in 2013 with 64 (12.5%) while the least number was 1 (0.2%) recorded in 2001 and 2003. Only 68 (13.3%) specimens were reported to be malignant while 245 (47.9%) were reported as negative representing the most common cytological diagnosis in the study.Conclusions: Although urine cytology is useful in the diagnostic workup of patients with bladder mass, it is unlikely it would supplant cystoscopy and biopsy in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.

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The pattern of urine cytology in a tertiary health care facility Northwest Nigeria

International Surgery Journal ◽

10.18203/2349-2902.isj20191866 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 1458

Author(s):

Abdullahi Abdulwahab-Ahmed ◽

Kabiru Abdullahi ◽

Mohammed A. Umar ◽

Ngwobia P. Agwu ◽

Abubakar S. Muhammad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Bladder Tumour ◽

Care Facility ◽

Health Care Facility ◽

Urine Cytology ◽

University Teaching ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Variable Sensitivity ◽

Age Range

Background: Urine cytology is an important investigation in the management of urothelial cancer. It is particularly an important test in the management of urinary tract cancers because of its non-invasive nature. Objective of study to review our practice of urine cytology as a diagnostic tool in the management of urinary tract pathology.Methods: A seventeen years retrospective study from 1st January, 2001 to 31st December, 2017 where records of patients who had urine cytology in Usmanu Danfodio University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Nigeria were reviewed and data was extracted and analyzed using the SPSS 20.Results: Of the 766 specimens, representing 10.1% of all cytology done in UDUTH (7,554) during the period under review, the highest number of urine cytology was done in 2013 (12%). The age range of the patients was between 2 to 90 years with modal age of 60 years. Majority of the patients were between the ages of 51 to 60 years (24.7%) and male to female ratio was 6.3:1. The commonest indication for urine cytology was bladder tumour (66.8%). However, the commonest cytological diagnosis was negative (44.6%) while 19.3% showed Non Specific Chronic Inflammation and only 77 specimens were malignant representing 10.1% of the specimen.Conclusions: Despite its variable sensitivity, urine cytology remains a useful tool in evaluating suspected bladder malignancies and can serve as an adjunct to cystoscopy in these cases.

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Bladder Cancer Diagnosis and Follow-Up: The Current Status and Possible Role of Extracellular Vesicles

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20040821 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 821 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Eline Oeyen ◽

Lucien Hoekx ◽

Stefan De Wachter ◽

Marcella Baldewijns ◽

Filip Ameye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bladder Cancer ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Urine Cytology ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Urinary Biomarkers ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Low Sensitivity

Diagnostic methods currently used for bladder cancer are cystoscopy and urine cytology. Cystoscopy is an invasive tool and has low sensitivity for carcinoma in situ. Urine cytology is non-invasive, is a low-cost method, and has a high specificity but low sensitivity for low-grade urothelial tumors. Despite the search for urinary biomarkers for the early and non-invasive detection of bladder cancer, no biomarkers are used at the present in daily clinical practice. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recently studied as a promising source of biomarkers because of their role in intercellular communication and tumor progression. In this review, we give an overview of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved urine tests to detect bladder cancer and why their use is not widespread in clinical practice. We also include non-FDA approved urinary biomarkers in this review. We describe the role of EVs in bladder cancer and their possible role as biomarkers for the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer patients. We review recently discovered EV-derived biomarkers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.

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Cognitive Style of Humanities, Commerce and Science Students – A Study on Higher Secondary Students from West Bengal

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0302.136 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Sukrita Mukherjee ◽

Dr. Ishita Chatterjee

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Style ◽

Secondary Students ◽

Economic Status ◽

Science Students ◽

School Students ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Male Female Ratio ◽

Educational Guidance ◽

And Gender ◽

Age Range

Cognitive style or thinking style is a term used in cognitive psychology to describe the way individuals think, perceive and remember information. The present study aims to understand the cognitive style adapted by higher secondary students. The study sample consists of 90 higher secondary school students (30 each from science, humanities and commerce background). The male female ratio was 50:50. The age range was from 16-18 years. They were all from middle socio-economic status. They were administered an adapted version of cognitive style questionnaire by Ancona, Kochan, Scully, Van maanen and Westney. The results indicate for the dimension of Sensing there was significant effect of stream of study and gender. For the Intuition dimension again there was a significant effect of stream and gender. For Perceiving dimension also there was a significant effect of stream and gender. Sensing was highest for the science stream and lowest for the Humanities. Again Intuition was highest for the Humanities stream and lowest for the Science stream. The males have always scored highest in the dimension of Perceiving than their female counterparts both in Humanities and Science stream. And the female irrespective of the stream of study has scored higher in the Intuitive dimension. The present study is helpful in the field of designing educational guidance and curriculum for the Higher Secondary Students.

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Intellectual Profiles of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] ◽

10.18295/squmj.4.2021.001 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Watfa Al-Mamari ◽

Ahmed Babiker Idris ◽

Ahlam Ali ◽

Saquib Jalees ◽

Muna Al-Jabri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Verbal Working Memory ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Verbal Iq ◽

Visual Spatial ◽

The Mean ◽

And Gender ◽

Verbal Knowledge

Objective: Intelligence profile with age and gender differentials analysis and identification of a battery of subscales of intelligence are important for clinical management of ASD problems among children as well as in facilitating placement for remedial and educational services. Hence, this study aims to explore the intelligence quotient (IQ) profile among children with ASD and identify the most important subscales that predict the IQ. Method: The study is based on data collected through an exploratory study of 100 children aged between 3 and 13 years, who were referred to the department of child health and development in a tertiary hospital in Oman between June 2016 - June 2019. Results: Among the participants of this study, 79% were males, resulting in a male: female ratio of 4:1. The mean of full-scale IQ was found to be 68.58±18. The mean of non-verbal IQ (73.5±17.5) was significantly higher than the mean of verbal IQ (65.46±17.6). More than half (61%) of the children were observed to have mild to moderate impairment in IQ level. Conclusion: Age and gender showed no significant association with intelligence level. Regression analysis identified non-verbal fluid reasoning, non-verbal visual-spatial processing, non-verbal working memory and verbal knowledge as the significant predictors of total IQ. The significant dimensions of verbal and non-verbal IQ identified in this study can be used to evaluate difficult cases. Keywords: Autism, Oman, Intellectual profile, prediction

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Bladder Tumor Markers: A Review of the Literature

The International Journal of Biological Markers ◽

10.1177/172460080802300409 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 249-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. Volpe ◽

M. Racioppi ◽

D. D'Agostino ◽

E. Cappa ◽

M. Gardi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bladder Cancer ◽

Prognostic Markers ◽

Urine Cytology ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Low Grade ◽

Predictive Capacity ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Increased Sensitivity ◽

Muscle Invasive

Bladder cancer is among the top eight most frequent cancers. Its natural history is related to a combination of factors that impact on its aggressiveness. Cystoscopy and urine cytology are the currently used techniques for the diagnosis and surveillance of non-invasive bladder tumors. The sensitivity of urine cytology for diagnosis is not high, particularly in low-grade tumors. The combination of voided urine cytology and new diagnostic urine tests would be ideal for the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer. However, in order to have some clinical utility, new diagnostic and/or prognostic markers should achieve better predictive capacity that the currently used diagnostic tools. None of the markers evaluated over the last years showed remarkable sensitivity or specificity for the identification of any of the diverse types of bladder cancer in clinical practice. The limitations of the known prognostic markers have led to the research of new molecular markers for early detection of bladder cancer. This research focused in particular on the discovery of biomarkers capable of reducing the need for periodic cystoscopies or, ideally, offering a non-invasive examination instead. In this review, we will examine various new markers of bladder cancer and their value in the diagnosis and follow-up of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. When compared with urine cytology, which showed the highest specificity, most of these markers demonstrated an increased sensitivity.

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Clinical and videofluoroscopic diagnosis of dysphagia in chronic encephalopathy of childhood

Radiologia Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-39842014000200009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 84-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Brenda Carla Lima Araújo ◽

Maria Eugênia Almeida Motta ◽

Adriana Guerra de Castro ◽

Claudia Marina Tavares de Araújo

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Negative Predictive Value ◽

Clinical Diagnosis ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Diagnostic Procedure ◽

Food Consistency ◽

Low Sensitivity ◽

Age Range ◽

Speech Therapists

Objective To evaluate the contribution of deglutition videofluoroscopy in the clinical diagnosis of dysphagia in chronic encephalopathy of childhood. Materials and Methods The study sample consisted of 93 children diagnosed with chronic encephalopathy, in the age range between two and five years, selected by convenience among patients referred to the authors' institution by speech therapists, neurologists and gastroenterologists in the period from March 2010 to September 2011. The data collection was made at two different moments, by different investigators who were blind to each other. Results The method presented low sensitivity for detecting aspiration with puree consistency (p = 0.04). Specificity and negative predictive value were high for clinical diagnosis of dysphagia with puree consistency. Conclusion In the present study, the value for sensitivity in the clinical diagnosis of dysphagia demonstrates that this diagnostic procedure may not detect any change in the swallowing process regardless of the food consistency used during the investigation. Thus, the addition of the videofluoroscopic method can significantly contribute to the diagnosis of dysphagia.

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Should National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guidelines Remove Urine Cytology as a Suggested Adjunct in Suspected Bladder Cancer (haematuria) Investigations?

Journal of Endoluminal Endourology ◽

10.22374/jeleu.v4i3.126 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. e1-e7

Author(s):

Madeline Moore ◽

Andrew Robinson ◽

Mark Kitchen ◽

Lyndon Gommersall

Keyword(s):

Bladder Cancer ◽

Patient Outcomes ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Bladder Tumour ◽

Clinical Excellence ◽

Outcome Data ◽

Urine Cytology ◽

Nice Guidelines ◽

Benefit Patient

BackgroundDespite National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines suggesting the use of urine cytology (UC) for the diagnosis of bladder cancer, its use is variable. Reasons for this include sub-optimal sensitivity, financial cost, availability of alternative tests, and uncertainty over interpretation of results. Anecdotally, however, suspicious or malignant UC when other investigations are normal, occasionally leads to a cancer diagnosis. Therefore, we retrospectively assessed a cohort of our haematuria patients to determine the value of UC in cancer diagnosis and the clinical significance of atypical UC (graded as C3). Patients and methodsWe identified 3018 patients with haematuria referred on the suspected cancer pathway (“two-week wait”) in 2015. We retrospectively analysed clinical, demographic, and follow-up/outcome data in a random cohort of 500 cases. ResultsMedian follow up was 58 months. Urological malignancy was diagnosed in 61/500 patients; all were identified by cystoscopy or imaging, i.e., irrespective of UC result. No cases of atypical UC re-presented with a ‘missed’ cancer diagnosis within the five-year follow-up period. However, suspicious and malignant cytology was associated with high-grade/aggressive tumours and subsequent tumour recurrence. ConclusionUrine cytology did not identify any cancers that were not already found by imaging or cystoscopy. Atypical UC in the presence of negative haematuria investigations does not appear to be associated with malignancy, and therefore should not alter patient management nor prompt further investigation. Suspicious and malignant UC was associated with higher risk cancers and could therefore be used to prioritise waiting lists for transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT), however, it is unclear whether this might benefit patient outcomes. We conclude therefore that UC has no role in haematuria investigations.

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Spectrum of Different Spinal Disorders Presenting to Neurosurgical Department of Public Sector Tertiary Care Hospitals of Peshawar

Pakistan Journal Of Neurological Surgery ◽

10.36552/pjns.v23i4.391 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

Author(s):

ADNAN AHMED ◽

MOHAMMAD ISHAQ ◽

MUMTAZ ALI ◽

MUSAWER KHAN ◽

SOHAIL AHMAD ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Neurosurgical Department ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Spinal Disorders ◽

And Gender ◽

Age Range ◽

Tertiary Care Hospitals ◽

Male To Female

Objectives: To assess the spectrum of different spinal disorders presenting to the Neurosurgical department of public sector tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar.Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out in the Neurosurgery departments of two public sector tertiary care hospitals in district Peshawar from January 2012 to December 2018. Our inclusion criteria comprised of all those patients who were having spinal abnormalities irrespective of age and gender, admitted either via emergency or OPD. We excluded those patients who were dead on arrival or whose data was lacking including those who did not do their follow up and those who were not given consent for the study.Results: Out of total 5,579 patients, male to female ratio was 1:1.7. The age range was from 6 days to 78 years. Elective cases were 63.61% (n = 3,549) and emergency were 36.37% (n = 2,030). TSCI were 35.01% (n = 1,953) and NTSCI were 3,626 (n = 64.99%). Out of all patients, 91.03% (n = 5,079) were treated surgically. About 79% (n = 4,406) had a good outcome.Conclusion: We collected data and made a survey of the spectrum of different spinal abnormalities resulting from various etiologies focused over the last 6 years. We found a variety of cases presenting to our departments of neurosurgery. Non traumatic spinal injuries are more frequent as compared to traumatic ones.

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Bladder tumour antigen (BTA stat) test compared to the urine cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer: A meta-analysis

Canadian Urological Association Journal ◽

10.5489/cuaj.1668 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (5-6) ◽

pp. 347 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Aiye Guo ◽

Xiuhua Wang ◽

Juan Shi ◽

Changyi Sun ◽

Zhen Wan

Keyword(s):

Bladder Cancer ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Bladder Tumour ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽

Urine Cytology ◽

Tumour Antigen ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Q Index ◽

Bta Stat

Introduction: We evaluate the diagnostic value of bladder tumour antigen (BTA stat) tests compared with urine cytology test in detecting bladder cancer.Methods: We searched public databases including PubMed, MEDLINE Springer, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar before December 2012. To collect relevant data of BTA stat tests and urine cytology tests in patients with bladder cancer, we studied meta-analyses of sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR), negative LR and diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) of BTA stat tests and cytology tests from published studies. We applied the software of Rev. Man 5.1 and Stata 11.0 to the meta-analysis.Results: A total of 13 separate studies consisting of 3462 patients with bladder cancer were considered in the meta-analysis. We found that the BTA stat test had a higher sensitivity than the urine cytology test (0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64 to 0.69 vs. 0.43, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.46), but the specificity, positive LR, negative LR, DOR, the area under the curve (AUC) and Q index of the BTA stat test were lower compared with the urine cytology test. The results of the Egger’s linear regression test showed no publication bias (p > 0.05).Conclusions: Specificity, positive LR, negative LR, DOR, the AUC and the Q index of the urine cytology test may be superior to the BTA stat test, but the BTA stat test has greater sensitivity than the urine cytology test.

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Clinico-pathological profile of paediatric head and neck cancers in Tanzania: Findings from the country’s largest tertiary hospital

International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20193855 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 1142

Author(s):

Zephania Saitabau Abraham ◽

Daudi Ntunaguzi ◽

Aveline Aloyce Kahinga ◽

Henry Swai ◽

Siwillis Mithe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Head And Neck Cancers ◽

Hospital Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Ratio ◽

High Data ◽

Paediatric Patients ◽

Age Range

Background: Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world and the largest burden occurs in developing countries where such burden of infectious diseases is also high. Data on the clinico-pathological profile of paediatric head and neck cancers is scarce in Tanzania. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Tanzania to characterize such profile.Methods: A hospital based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted involving 180 pediatric patients at Muhimbili National Hospital. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS program version 21. Results: A total of 180 paediatric patients were recruited where 61.1% were males with a male to female ratio of 1.57:1 and majority fell into the 0-5years age range (53.9%). Ten primary anatomical sites were found with the neck (cervical lymph node) (36.1%) predominating followed by the orbit/eye (34.4%) and the least common site was parapharyngeal space (0.5%). The neck was more affected in patients aged 6-11 years with a diagnosis of lymphomas (98.5%) whereas the orbit was affected predominantly in those aged 0-5 years (90.3%) by retinoblastoma (79%). The predominant histocytopathological variant was lymphoma (52.8%) and the least was Langerhans cell histiocytosis (0.6%). Lymphomas and retinoblastoma occurred commonly in males (70.53% and 53.06% respectively) but sarcomas showed no gender predilection. Lymphomas (32.6%) and retinoblastomas (93.9%) predominated in patients aged 6-11 years and 0-5 years respectively.Conclusions: Lymphomas, retinoblastomas and sarcomas were more predominant in paediatric patients similar to what has been reported in various reports elsewhere.

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