scholarly journals Pregnant women with severe anemia reporting in labor: prevalence, socio-demographic and obstetric determinants

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
Ruchika Singh ◽  
Mamta Gupta ◽  
Vandana Saini
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
National Level ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
P Value ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Obstetric Factors

Background: Severely anemic women reporting in labor remains one of the most important challenging situation for the obstetrician as well as for the mother and her family due to its adverse feto-maternal outcome. Various socio-demographic and obstetric conditions need to be explored which are important to tackle them, for primary prevention of anemia. The aim and objectives of the study were to estimate prevalence of severe anemia in pregnant women reporting in labor in a tertiary hospital of Delhi and to evaluate various socio-economic and associated obstetric factors associated.Methods: This is a hospital based, prospective, case contol study. Hemoglobin was estimated at the time of labor room admission. Fifty consecutive antenatal women with severe anemia (Group A) and 50 non-anemic women (Group B) were enrolled in early labor. Socio-demographic and obstetric factors, were recorded and analyzed.Results: Prevalence of severe anemia was estimated to be 2.23%. Determinants of severe anemia were found to be socio-economic status (p value 0.001), education (p value 0.001), rural living (p value 0.016), calorie intake (p value 0.001), BMI (p value 0.046), booking status of pregnancy (p value 0.001), gravida (p value 0.024), inter-conception interval (p value 0.002) and regular iron-folic acid intake (p value 0.001).Conclusions: Primary prevention of anemia by targeting these factors at the community/state/ national level, by the policy makers is important. Early booking and screening for anemia in antenatal clinics, providing iron supplements to anemic women for secondary prevention of severe anemia is recommended so that no woman reports with severe anemia in labor.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Depression among Antenatal Women in Sriperumbudur, Chennai

2021 ◽  
pp. 347-354
Author(s):  
Jayashree Kannappan ◽  
Abhilash Kannappan ◽  
V. S. Prema Subathiraa ◽  
Shanthi Dinakaran ◽  
P. S. Jikki Kalaselvi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Antenatal Depression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Hamilton Depression Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression

Background: Women are twice as likely as males to suffer from mood disorders, which tend to cluster around the childbearing years. Depression negatively influences maternal and neonatal outcomes. Objective: The objective of the study is to estimate the prevalence of depression in pregnant women aged 18 – 35 yrs and to identify predictors accounting for variability across estimates during pandemic. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study, conducted among 74 pregnant women coming for antenatal checkups in the Sriperumbudur, Chennai. Using height and weight values obtained from the sample, Body Mass Index (weight in kg/height in metre squares) was calculated. Hamilton – Depression Scale (HAM-d) was applied after initial psychiatry work up to all women who were selected for the interview. Mean of parameters were assessed and correlation value were calculated by Fisher’s exact test. The statistically significant P value was less than 0.05. Results: The sociodemographic variables have been found as significant contributors in explaining the variability of the prevalence rates of antenatal depression. It showed positive correlation between economic status and depression (p<0.05) and a negative correlation between obesity and depression (p>0.05). According to the findings, fewer than 1/3rd of pregnant women experience depression as a result of life circumstances such as economic crises in order to support their families. These were identified as significant associate variables (P>0.05). And also, this study identified insufficient socioeconomic assistance were more likely to experience multiple psychological discomfort [atleast 1] than women who got appropriate economic support. (r = -0.118, P < 0.001) Conclusion: In rural Tamilnadu, the prevalence of antenatal depression among women is significant. Antenatal Depression is caused by a number of circumstances, including physical, obstetric, economic, and family-related issues. To treat these antenatal depression risk factors, comprehensive therapies are required.

scholarly journals Individual and community level factors associated with unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liknaw Bewket Zeleke ◽  
Addisu Alehegn Alemu ◽  
Eskeziaw Abebe Kassahun ◽  
Bewket Yeserah Aynalem ◽  
Hamid Yimam Hassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Unintended Pregnancy ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
P Value ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Fertility Preference ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Polygamy Relation

AbstractUnintended pregnancy is among the major challenges of public health and a major reproductive health issue, due to its implications on the health, economic and social life of a woman and her family mainly in low and middle-income countries, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. The study aimed to assess unintended pregnancy and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia using multilevel analysis from the EDHS 2016. We used the data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, comprised of 1122 pregnant women. The prevalence of unintended pregnancy was determined through descriptive statistics and multilevel logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with unintended pregnancy. Variables with a p-value < 0.05 in the selected model were considered as significantly associated and an adjusted odds ratio was used to determine the strength and direction of the association. The prevalence of unintended pregnancy was 29.7% (CI 27.0%, 32.4%), of which 20.4% were mistimed and 9.3% unwanted. Being multi-para and fertility preference to have no more child were associated with a higher risk of unintended pregnancy whereas husbands' polygamy relation, having no women autonomy, and living in Afar and Somali regions showed a less likely risk of experiencing an unintended pregnancy. This study showed that the proportion of women who experienced unintended pregnancy is considerably high. Parity, fertility preference, polygamy relation, women autonomy, and region were identified factors associated with unintended pregnancy. Therefore, policymakers at all levels, reproductive health experts, and concerned organizations should emphasize minimizing unintended pregnancy targeting the regional variation at large. Researchers have to explore the regional variations through a qualitative study.

Anxiety and depression during pregnancy in the era of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasha E. Khamees ◽  
Omima T. Taha ◽  
Tamer Yehia M. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Kuwait University ◽  
Multiparous Women ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to evaluate anxiety and depression in pregnant women during this global disease. Methods This was a cross-sectional study recruiting 120 pregnant women. The study was conducted at the outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital. We recruited women attending for antenatal care. Anxiety was evaluated using an Arabic validated Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (KUAS). Depression was evaluated using a validated Arabic form of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Results The study included 48 (40%) nulliparous and 72 (60%) multiparous women. The mean KUAS scores for nulliparous and multiparous women were 45.27±10.78 and 47.28±10.62. Both nulliparous and multiparous women had a fairly high possibility of depression. Fifty-three (44.2%) of them reported scores ≥ of 14. Ninety-three (77.5%) women thought that COVID-19 pandemic would affect their pregnancies. There was a significant association between the number of women reporting fear related to the COVID-19 pandemic and their KUAS and EPDS scores (p-value <0.001 each). Conclusions COVID-19 affected the mental health of pregnant women to a great extent. Care should be directed to measures that would decrease the impact of this pandemic on vulnerable populations.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN TANDA-TANDA BAHAYA KEHAMILAN DAN PRAKTIK IBU HAMIL SAAT MENGALAMI KOMPLIKASI KEHAMILAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Maryuni Maryuni ◽  
Legina Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Maternal Death ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Pregnancy and childbirth are very important events for every woman and her family. But this event can be a complication for the mother and the baby she is carrying. Maternal death is generally influenced by two causal factors, namely direct cause and indirect cause. The direct cause of maternal death is a factor associated with complications of pregnancy, childbirth and childbirth. This research is an analytical research with cross sectional design. The number of samples used as many as 111 pregnant women scattered in jakarta and surrounding areas. The results of this study found the results of chi square test found the result of p value 0.091 which means there is no significant relationship. It is expected that with this research other research can increase the number of variables associated with the practices and behaviors of pregnant women when experiencing complications in their pregnancy.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN ASUPAN ASAM FOLAT, ZAT BESI DAN STATUS EKONOMI KELUARGA DENGAN BERAT BAYI LAHIR

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Faradina Aghadiati
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Normal Birth

The birth weight (BW) are utilized as indicators of the healthy and term newborns. Factor that affects the weight of a newborn are micronutrient intake and family economic status. Folic acid and iron (Fe) were associated with birth weight. Family economic status towards the inability of households in eating conditions that will affect the nutritional status of the pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between intake of folic acid, iron (Fe) and family economic status with birth weight. This research method was an analytic observational using a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study were 114 pregnant women living in Yogyakarta. The data collected, subject characteristic, intake of folic acid and iron and the birth weight. Data analysis used the Fisher exact test with p value <0.05. Statistical test results proved a significant relationship between the intake of folic acid and iron (Fe) with the birth weight (p<0.05). There was no significant relationship between economic status and the birth weight (p>0.05). Pregnant women with adequate folic acid intake, iron intake tended to give birth with normal birth weight. While a good economic status does not necessarily affect the weight of newborns.

scholarly journals Analisis Hubungan Status Ekonomi Dan Budaya Dengan Kejadian Kehamilan Usia Remajadi Puskesmas Pahandut Kota Palangka Raya

2019 ◽  
pp. 217-224
Author(s):  
Rizki Muji Lestari ◽  
Ana Paramita ◽  
Bella Bella
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
P Value ◽  
Pregnancy In Adolescence ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

Latar Belakang:Masa remaja adalah masa transisi yang ditandai oleh adanya perubahan fisik, emosi dan psikis.Saat ini ibu hamil muda semakin meningkat dan menjadi masalah terutama kehamilan dibawah usia 20 tahun.Di Puskesmas Pahandut Kota Palangka Raya pada tahun 2017 sejak bulan Januari sampai bulan Desember 2017 terdapat kunjungan ibu hamil usia remaja sebanyak 151 orang (Register KIA/KB Puskesmas Pahandut 2017).Tujuan: Penelitian untuk mengetahui Hubungan Status Ekonomi dan Budaya dengan Kejadian Kehamilan Usia Remaja di Puskesmas Pahandut Kota Palangka Raya.Metode:Desain penelitian  ini  bersifat kuantitatif analitik observasional dengan menggunakan jenis desain studi penampang analitik (analitic cross sectional), subjek penelitian ini adalah ibu hamil yng datang berkunjung di Puskesmas Pahandut dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 44 orang. Data terkumpul dianalisis secara bivariat (chi square) dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95 %.Hasil: Hasil analisis hubungan antara status ekonomi dengan kejadian kehamilan usia remaja diperoleh p value = 0,000 artinya ada hubungan yang signifikan antara status ekonomi dengan kejadian kehamilan usia remaja.Sedangkan hasil analisis hubungan antara budaya dengan kejadian kehamilan usia remaja diperoleh p value = 0,000artinya ada hubungan yang signifikan antara budaya dengan kejadian kehamilan usia remaja.Simpulan:Berdasarkan hasil tersebut diatas, peran tenaga kesehatan sangat dibutuhkan, terutama melakukan konseling dan penyuluhan kepada anak remaja tentang kesehatan reproduksi dan dampak dari akibat serta risiko dari kehamilan usia remaja tersebut.Kata Kunci: Status Ekonomi, Budaya, Kehamilan Usia Remaja. ABSTRACT Background: Adolescence is a transition period characterized by physical, emotional and psychological changes. Currently young pregnant women are increasing and becoming a problem, especially pregnancy under the age of 20 years. In Pahandut Public Health Center, Palangka Raya City in 2017 from January to December 2017 there were 151 pregnant women who visited teenagers (KIA Register / KB Pahandut Health Center 2017).Objective: Research to determine the relationship of economic and cultural status with pregnancy incidence in adolescence at Pahandut Community Health Center, Palangka Raya City.Method: The design of this study was quantitative analytic observational using a cross sectional study design, the subject of this study was pregnant women who came to visit the Pahandut Health Center with a total sample of 44 people. The collected data were analyzed bivariately (chi square) with a confidence level of 95%.Results: The results of the analysis of the relationship between economic status and the incidence of pregnancy in adolescence were obtained p value = 0,000 meaning that there was a significant relationship between economic status and the incidence of adolescence in adolescence. Whereas the results of the analysis of the relationship between culture and the incidence of pregnancy in adolescence were obtained p value = 0,000 meaning that there was a significant relationship between culture and the incidence of pregnancy in adolescence.Conclusion: Based on the above results, the role of health workers is very much needed, especially in counseling and counseling adolescents about reproductive health and the impact of the consequences and risks of the teenage pregnancy. Keywords: Economic Status, Cultural, Teenage Pregnancy 

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN KEKURANGAN ENERGI KRONIS (KEK) PADA IBU HAMIL DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS RAJABASA INDAH BANDAR LAMPUNG

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-56
Author(s):  
Aryanti Wardiyah ◽  
Sis Iswartini
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional

ABSTRACTRELATED FACTORS WITH CHRONIC ENERGY DISABILITY (CED)ON PREGNANT WOMAN IN COMMUNITY HEALTH AREA RAJABASA iNDAH CITY BANDAR LAMPUNG YEAR 2019 The risk prevalence of CED pregnant women aged 15-49 years, nationally as much as 24.2%. The lowest prevalence of CED risk in Bali (10.1%) and the highest in East Nusa Tenggara (45.5%) while Lampung was 21.3%. While in Bandar Lampung City (21.0%). Rajabasa Indah Health Center which is equal to 25.8% Known Factors related to Chronic Energy Deficiency Event (CED) in pregnant women in Rajabasa Indah Health Center Work Area of Bandar Lampung City in 2017.Quantitative research was design using cross-sectional approach. The population in this study all pregnant women in Blambangan Health Center area is 489 people, with sample of 220, sampling technique was proportional random sampling Data taken by questioner. Data analysis was done by univariate and bivariate (chi square).The results of the study found that most respondents did not experience CED, 168 (76.4%) of respondents, high economic status 114 (51.8%) respondents, knowledgeable 126 (57.3%) respondents, good health status 170 (77, 3%) respondents, age not at risk 144 (65,5%) respondents. There is relationship between economic status (P-value = 0.000 and OR 6,3), maternal health status (p-value = 0,031 and OR 2,2). Age (p-value = 0,029 and OR 2,1) with CED occurrence in pregnant women and no significant correlation between knowledge and CED occurrence in pregnant women with p-value = 1,000. Health workers are advised to teach techniques to select and process food properly and properly with little funding but processed food has high nutritional value for pregnant women and provide skills to mothers, especially housewives in handicrafts making it possible to become income and improve economic status family. Keywords: KEK, nutrition of pregnant mother  ABSTRAKFAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN KEKURANGAN ENERGI KRONIS (KEK) PADA IBU HAMIL DI WILAYAH KERJAPUSKESMAS RAJABASA INDAH BANDAR LAMPUNGTAHUN 2019Prevalensi risiko KEK wanita hamil umur 15–49 tahun, secara nasional sebanyak 24,2 %. Prevalensi risiko KEK terendah di Bali (10,1%) dan tertinggi di Nusa Tenggara Timur (45,5%) sedangkan Lampung sebesar 21,3%. Sementara di Bandar Lampung (21,0%). Puskesmas Rajabasa Indah yaitu sebesar 25,8% Diketahui Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronis (KEK) pada Ibu hamil di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Rajabasa Indah Bandar Lampung tahun 2018.Jenis penelitian kuantitatif pendekatan cross-sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini seluruh ibu hamil yang ada di wilayah Puskesmas Blambangan berjumlah 489 orang, dengan sampel sebanyak 220, teknik sampling proportional random sampling. Data diambil dengan kuesioner. Analisa data secara univariat dan bivariat (chi square).Hasil Penelitian didapati Sebagian besar responden tidak mengalami KEK yaitu sebesar 168 (76,4%) responden, status ekonomi tinggi 114 responden (51,8%), berpengetahuan baik 126 (57,3%) responden, status kesehatan baik 170 (77,3%) responden, umur yang tidak berisiko 144 (65,5%) responden. Ada hubungan antara status ekonomi (P-value = 0,000 dan OR 6,3), status kesehatan ibu (p-value = 0,031 dan OR 2,2). umur (p-value = 0,029 dan OR 2,1) dengan kejadian KEK pada ibu hamil dan tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan dengan kejadian KEK pada ibu hamil dengan p-value = 1,000. Petugas kesehatan disarankan mengajarkan teknik memilih dan mengolah makanan dengan baik dan benar dengan dana sedikit namun hasil olahan masakan memiliki nilai gizi yang tinggi bagi ibu hamil dan memberikan keterampilan pada ibu, terutama ibu rumah tangga dalam pembuatan kerajinan tangan sehingga dapat menjadi pemasukan dan meningkatkan status ekonomi keluarga Kata kunci : KEK, gizi ibu hamil

scholarly journals A prospective study on neonatal outcome of preterm births and associated factors in a South Indian tertiary hospital setting

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4827
Author(s):  
Tinu Philip ◽  
Pramod Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Outcome ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
Hyaline Membrane Disease ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Her Family ◽  
South Indian

Background: In spite of the manifold advances in obstetric care, preterm births are still a nightmare for the obstetrician, the pregnant women and her family. The present study aims to study the neonatal outcome in preterm births and its association with sociodemographic, medical and obstetric risk factors.Methods: A prospective observational study done in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in a tertiary level hospital in South India for a period of two years.Results: Majority of the preterm births in this study were in 32-34 weeks which accounted for 53.43% of the preterm births. The immediate neonatal mortality in this study is around 18.25%. The partner’s occupation, the booking status of the mother is strongly associated with preterm births. Pregnancies above the third order were also significantly associated with risk of preterm birth. 44.8% of preterm births are idiopathic, 18.64% have hypertension complicating pregnancy, 14.4% were multiple pregnancies. Neonatal mortality was 30.8 % in pregnancies with hypertension complicating pregnancies. Most common complication of prematurity in present study was Hyaline Membrane Disease and pneumonia.Conclusions: Preventive measures, early identification of risk factors and strengthening the referral system will improve the outcome of the preterm babies and to ensure a positive pregnancy outcome to all pregnant women.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in pregnant women attending a tertiary hospital in northern India: prevalence, risk factors, causative organisms and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 88-92
Author(s):  
Harman Multani ◽  
Humaira Bashir ◽  
Seema Aleem
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common and can lead to adverse foetal and maternal outcomes. Aims and Objective: The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU), its associated risk factors, bacterial isolates and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in pregnant women attending Outpatient department (services in a tertiary hospital in India. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study among asymptomatic women coming for routine antenatal check-ups to obstetrics OPD of a teaching hospital in Northern India. Samples were collected, processed and antimicrobial sensitivity done as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Data was analysed and p value below 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Overall 247 pregnant women were included in the study with a mean age of 25.9 ± 3.1. The overall prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 18.6%. The most common isolates responsible for ABU were E. Coli (48%), S Aureus (23%), K. pneumonia (12%), Pseudomonas (6%), Enterococcus (6%), Proteus (5%). Gram-negative isolates were mostly sensitive to Fosfomycin, Meropenem, Piperacillin + Tazobactum whereas gram-positive isolates were usually sensitive to Fosfomycin, Vancomycin and Linezolid Most isolates were resistant to Co-amoxiclav, Ciprofloxacin, and Nitrofurantoin. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of ABU and its association with adverse maternal and foetal outcomes, urine culture should be included in routine investigations being offered to pregnant women. Gram-negative bacteria were the primary causative agents with Fosfomycin, Meropenem and Ceftazidime showing high level of efficacy against the pathogens.

scholarly journals Nitric Oxide and Pre-Eclampsia: A Comparative Study in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1023-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebenezer Owusu Darkwa ◽  
Robert Djagbletey ◽  
Raymond Essuman ◽  
Daniel Sottie ◽  
Gifty Boatemaa Dankwah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
P Value ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Griess Reagent ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
System Data

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is one of the commonest aetiologies of foetal and maternal mortality and morbidity. Though common, the aetiology of preeclampsia has remained unknown with several inconclusive theories surrounding the disease. Recent studies have implicated vascular endothelial dysfunction and possibly nitric oxide in preeclampsia.AIM: To compare plasma nitric oxide levels in pre-eclampsia and healthy pregnant women in a large tertiary hospital in Ghana.METHODS: This was a case-control study conducted among pre-eclampsia and healthy pregnant women in Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital over a four-month period. Thirty (30) pre-eclamptic and 30 healthy pregnant women aged 18-35 years with over 30 weeks’ gestation were consecutively recruited into the study after obtaining informed consent. Plasma nitric oxide levels were determined using the Griess Reagent system.  Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0 and results were compared using the independent t-test. A P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS: The parity and body mass index (BMI) of the participants were similar. There was a significant difference in the blood pressure of the pre-eclamptic compared to healthy pregnant women. There was no statistically significant difference (P-value = 0.160) in the plasma levels of nitric oxide in pre-eclamptic (Mean = 1178.78; SD = 89.70 nM) compared to healthy pregnant women (Mean = 1365.43; SD = 95.46 nM).CONCLUSION: Plasma nitric oxide levels may not play a significant role in the aetiology of pre-eclampsia.

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