The Impact of Trade Openness on Per Capita Income in Kuwait

Subject. The poverty of the population with all features and factors of its manifestation causes deep structural problems that affect the development of the national economy. Objectives. The aim of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the poverty of the population category, using statistical data, identification of causes of the gap in the level of salaries of Russian and foreign specialists, determination of factors that have the greatest impact on the development of working poverty in Russia. Methods. The study draws on methods of logical and statistical analysis. Results. We considered approaches to the definition of poverty in Russia and other countries, analyzed absolute and relative poverty in Russia, the impact of subsistence minimum on the definition of poverty, assessed nominal and real incomes of the population. The ratio of the average per capita income of the population and the subsistence minimum decreased over the past decade, however, the poverty was not overcome during this period. The per capita income in Russia turned out to be low, real incomes continue to decline. Due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, a decline in wages can be traced, both in space and in time. Conclusions. Worsening the poverty situation in the country creates a chain of problems related to the distrust of the State policy in the social and labor spheres, expanded production slowdown, an increase in social tension in the society. A reduction of working poverty should be a priority task for the State.

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Role of economic reforms on dismantling barriers to inter-state migration in India

MIGRATION LETTERS ◽

10.33182/ml.v18i3.1116 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 297-304

Author(s):

Sunetra Ghatak ◽

Debajit Jha

Keyword(s):

Capita Income ◽

Economic Reforms ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

Model Framework ◽

The Common ◽

Per Capita ◽

Linguistic Divide ◽

The Impact ◽

Inter State

Traditionally inter-state migration in India was limited compared to within state migration. Economic reforms in the early 1990s have boosted inter-state migration in the country. Hence, it is important to understand the impact of economic reforms on the determinants of inter-state migration. Recent studies have identified that state border; linguistic divide and per capita income play an important role in determining the location of inter-state migration in India. In this paper, we tried to understand the impact of economic reforms on the choice of the location of inter-state migration in the country by using a gravity model framework. We found that while the impact of per capita income difference has increased in the post-reform period, the impact of the common-border has declined. Moreover, the impact of the linguistic divide has initially increased after reforms.

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Do Democratic Economies Grow Faster? The Case of Asia vs. the EU

Asian Social Science ◽

10.5539/ass.v14n2p115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Samuel D. Barrows

Keyword(s):

World Bank ◽

Capita Income ◽

Time Frame ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

Per Capita ◽

Economic Growth Rates ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

The dynamics of the five fastest growing GDP per capita economies in Asia and the EU are studied between 2010 and 2014. This time frame was selected in order to avoid the height of the 2008-2009 financial crisis, but to include the stimulus and recovery periods which occurred afterward. The intent was not to compare the recoveries or the impact of the stimulus programs. The intent was to compare the economic growth rates of the two groups and also the absolute per capita income along with five topic areas on economies including: configuration, utilization, investments, demographics, and outcomes. A total of twenty measurements are used for assessment from the World Bank databank website. The findings are that the Asian economies grew faster while the EU economies had a higher per capita income. The workforces of the Asia economies are also younger and more flexible whereas the workforces of the EU economies are older, but more educated. Discussions include the links between effective governments and economic development and the links between democracy and economic levels.

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Regional Integration: Do Intra-African Trade and Migration Improve Income in Africa?

International Regional Science Review ◽

10.1177/0160017619874852 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 587-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Blaise Gnimassoun

Keyword(s):

Regional Integration ◽

Capita Income ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Wide Range ◽

Per Capita ◽

Migration Flows ◽

And Migration ◽

The Impact

Regional integration in Africa is a subject of great interest, but its impact on income has not been studied sufficiently. Using cross-sectional and panel estimations, this article examines the impact of African integration on real per capita income in Africa. Accordingly, we consider intra-African trade and migration flows as quantitative measures reflecting the intensity of regional integration. To address the endogeneity concerns, we use a gravity-based, two-stage least-squares strategy. Our results show that, from a long-term perspective, African integration has not been strong enough to generate a positive, significant, and robust impact on real per capita income in Africa. However, it does appear to be significantly income-enhancing in the short and medium terms but only through intercountry migration. These results are robust to a wide range of specifications.

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Determinants of household income of micro-finance women participants: a quantile regression approach

Ecofeminism and Climate Change ◽

10.1108/efcc-03-2020-0002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 63-74

Author(s):

Jarita Duasa ◽

Nur Hidayah Zainal

Keyword(s):

Quantile Regression ◽

Capita Income ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

Content Type ◽

Income Distributions ◽

Asset Value ◽

Regression Approach ◽

Convenience Sampling ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to adopt quantile regression to investigate the impact of several factors on per capita income of participants of micro-financing scheme (Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia [AIM]), who are mostly women at different point on the income distributions. Design/methodology/approach This study uses data collected from a survey on respondents who are the participants of AIM program using convenience sampling in Perak and Kelantan. Findings The empirical results show that the value of asset, value of loan, household size, ratio of spending to income and dummy state are consistently giving similar impacts on per capita income of participants at different quantiles. Originality/value However, age negatively and significantly affects per capita income only at middle and lower quantiles but not at higher quantile of per capita income.

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Spatial impacts of the creation of Brasília: A natural experiment

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space ◽

10.1177/0308518x16684519 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 784-800 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arthur Grimes ◽

Valente J Matlaba ◽

Jacques Poot

Keyword(s):

Spatial Structure ◽

Capita Income ◽

Urban Population ◽

Industrial Structure ◽

Spatial Difference ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

Difference In Differences ◽

Highway Network ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Impact

Using data spanning 70 years (1939–2008), we examine whether Kubitschek’s planned creation of Brasília and its associated highway network had its intended effect of spreading development from Brazil’s coast to its interior. Specifically, we test whether the spatial structure of the country’s urban population and per capita GDP changed as a result of Brasília’s inauguration in 1960. Uniquely amongst studies of Brasília’s impacts, we use a ‘spatial-difference-in-differences’ approach, contrasting pre-Brasília with post-Brasília outcomes. We control for macroeconomic conditions, fixed city-specific factors, convergence forces, changing industrial structure and agglomeration impacts arising from proximity to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. We find a modest impact on population in the western coastal and western interior regions whose share of Brazil’s urban population increased from 4.8% (1959) to 9.0% (2008); our spatial-difference-in-differences estimates show the impact to be statistically significant. We confirm per capita income convergence across regions, but we find no (descriptive or statistical) evidence of per capita income effects related to proximity to Brasília. Thus, even a massive development initiative such as Brasília’s creation is estimated to have had only limited population impacts and zero per capita income impacts on the spatial structure of Brazil’s economy outside of Brasília itself.

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ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ON INEQUALITY IN INDIA

EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review ◽

10.36713/epra3202 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 5-8

Author(s):

Furqan Ali ◽

Mohammad Asif

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Income Distribution ◽

Capita Income ◽

Political Stability ◽

The State ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

Short Period ◽

The World ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Impact

The rate of economic growth in India fluctuates with the world economic scenario. The developed countries being economically stable and highly advanced by technology, like U.S.A, France, Germany, Japan, and China faced the problem of economic crises. At the same time, the world comes to fluctuate their efficiency and empowerment to the leadership engagement in stabilizing the economy. In this paper, data taken from the Indian States as per capita income at the state level and compare it with all India average data. The Net State Domestic Product Per Capita Income (NSDPPCI), had taken on a current price for the short period 2011-2012 to 2016-2017. This paper compared the regional variation in state performance and compared the most riches states to inferior ones. The factors which affect economic performance are like stabilize the political stability in the state. We also focus comparison on the different political party announcements of the welfare scheme for the farmers and other poor people living in these states. Another factor like the level of education at states and center level, total population, and its growth rate, the public expenditure on the health sector. We measure income inequality, income distribution with the economic growth of India. KEYWORDS: Economic Growth; Inequality; Income Distribution; Political Stability.

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The Social and Economic Aspects of Integrating the Republic of Crimea into the Russian Federation

Sociologicheskaja nauka i social naja praktika ◽

10.19181/snsp.2019.7.4.6799 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 55-68

Author(s):

Tatiana N. Litvinova ◽

Olga V. Vershinina

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Capita Income ◽

Online Survey ◽

Economic Aspects ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

The Social ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Republic ◽

The Impact

The paper examines the social and economic aspects of integrating the Republic of Crimea into the Russian Federation. This study is making a new contribution to sociology, as it brings together social and economic statistics and studies of the population’s perception of the impact that the new region’s integration has had on Russian society (conducted as an online survey). We analyze the population’s quality of life indices: average per capita income, expense structure, and minimum wage. The study allows us to conclude that the region is falling far behind the national average per capita income, as well as the relevant figures in most other regions of the Southern Federal District. In order to provide a counterpoint to these statistics regarding Russians’ opinion on the consequences of the Republic of Crimea joining the country, we conducted a sociological online survey (n=1012) among both Crimean inhabitants and people living elsewhere in Russia. The survey shows that the evaluation of the peninsula’s integration into Russia is mostly positive (72%) and neutral (18%), and that a lot of Russians, even though they may never have even visited Crimea, show great concern regarding the region’s social and economic issues, such as the condition of its infrastructure, local tourism, banking and loan restrictions, etc.

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Analysis on Enhancing Private Sector Contribution in GDP through E-Government and Research in ASEAN Region

10.46532/jebm.20200705 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 31-38

Author(s):

Kevin Hart ◽

Samhitha Kalman

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Capita Income ◽

Control Variable ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

Literacy Rate ◽

Review Section ◽

Systems Research ◽

Per Capita ◽

Asean Countries ◽

The Impact

Private sector is important for a country as it contributes to the economy and GDP of a country to a greater extent. E-government is the use of latest technologies in the services provided by the government and other information management systems. Research and development is the process applied before introducing a new product or starting a new business. This study analyzes the influence of e-government adoption and R&D process on private sector contribution of GDP in ASEAN countries. Two control variables i.e. literacy rate and per capita income have also been used. The past studies have been discussed in literature review section. For analysis purpose, data about the concerned variables has been collected from ASEAN countries for 27 years. After application of several tests and methods i.e. IPS unit root test, Pedroni cointegration test and FMOLS coefficient estimation test, the two major hypotheses of this study are accepted along with the impact of a control variable, literacy rate. However, the impact of other control variable i.e. per capita income is rejected. This study has various implications in theoretical, practical and policy making context in order to increase the performance and GDP contribution by private sector.

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Assessment of non-standard employment as a factor of average per capita income

BULLETIN OF THE KARAGANDA UNIVERSITY. ECONOMY SERIES ◽

10.31489/2021ec1/26-35 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 101 (1) ◽

pp. 26-35

Author(s):

A.K. Atabayeva ◽

Keyword(s):

Capita Income ◽

Social Indicators ◽

Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽

Regression Equation ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

Multiple Correlation ◽

Important Place ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Impact ◽

Selection Of

Object: Purpose of this paper is to identify and assess the impact of non-standard employment on the income of the population in Kazakhstan. Methods: For this study, we used methods of statistical multiple correlation and regression analysis based on the software package “Data Analysis” offered by MS Excel. We used data from the official website of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the RK at stat.gov.kz. Findings: We have performed a preliminary selection of statistical indicators and determined a group of factors (and corresponding indicators) that hypothetically affect the population income for the period of 2004–2018. We have highlighted a total of twelve factors significantly affecting the income and grouped them into four groups: employment and income indicators, demographic and social indicators. Based on the selection of the most significant factors, we have constructed a regression equation that demonstrates the degree of influence on the resulting income indicator. Subsequently, we have assessed the obtained regression model. The regression equation found is significant by the Fisher criterion; all its parameters, including the intercept term, are significant by the Student's criterion with a maximum error of 0.049. Autocorrelation of the residues is non-existent (according to the Durbin-Watson criterion). The multiple correlation coefficient is 0.99. The results obtained can be useful for assessing the effectiveness of various social policy instruments, both at regional and national levels. Conclusions: Indicators of employment, average wages, and social benefits occupy an important place in the system of indicators of average per capita income. The analysis shows a strong positive relationship between these indicators. At the same time, the overall relationship between changes in indicators of non-standard employment and population incomes in the Republic of Kazakhstan appears to be important for a more adequate analysis of the situation. A negative correlation between indicators of non-standard employment and per capita income confirms the vulnerability and instability of non-standard employee labor relations, and receiving a lower income compared to standard employment.

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