Study of current trends in the labour market: changes caused by digital technologies and the COVID-19 pandemic

Object: To study the current state and priorities of the labour market in the digital economy and the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The theoretical basis of the research is the work of domestic and foreign economists on the problems of the digitization of the labour market and the legislative and regulatory acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Data from the Statistical Committee of the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the results of the authors' research have been compiled as an information base for the study. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach, abstract-logical, economical-statistical, monographic methods of studying economic processes. Findings: This article contains the results of an analysis of the labour market development of the Republic of Kazakhstan in comparison with foreign countries. Employment in the digital economy and the CORONA crisis are discussed. It is noted that the faster the digital economy is implemented, the more difficult it is to manage the digital economy. Technology is becoming not only an engine for the development of new industries, but also an important social role, making a significant contribution to the solution of societal problems such as population ageing, social stratification, environmental problems and climate change. With the help of advanced science and technology emerges a «smart» society based on new values oriented to the needs of the person, flexibility, creativity. As a result of digitization, the labour market, health care, education and spatial development are changing dramatically. Conclusions: The article discusses key aspects of the creation of conditions for the search for new forms of employment for the Kazakh economy from the standpoint of digitization. The emphasis is on the development of the digital environment in the modern environment. The content of state support of economic entities within the framework of the state program «Digital Kazakhstan» is considered. It was concluded that the changes brought about in the world economy by widespread restrictions in the context of the pandemic would lead to the search for new ways and forms of employment in the Kazakh labour market.

State regulation of the securities market of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Object: The purpose is to identify promising directions for the development of the securities market of the Republic of Kazakhstan and reform the system of its government regulation. Methods: The study used methods of empirical, subject-object, system, deductive and comparative analysis. Each of these methods was used adequately to its functional capabilities and resolving abilities for solving the corresponding stage research tasks. Findings: As a result of the research by the author:  features of the securities market as an object of government regulation are studied;  infrastructure support of the system of government regulation of the securities market of the Republic of Kazakhstan was examined;  assessment of the current state of the securities market of the Republic;  system problems of government regulation and market development are investigated;  promising areas of reforming the securities market of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its government regulation system are developed and scientifically substantiated. Conclusions: A shift of focus from problems of legal support of the system of government regulation of the securities market of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the problem of primary transparency and reliability of the market in terms of economic integration and global coronacrisis will allow achieving the following targets:  share market capitalization to GDP will double if new IPOs are held by corporate issuers;  RFCA will join the group of ten leading financial centers in Asia;  access to financial services for a wide range of consumers will be provided;  increase of financial literacy of the population, protection of interests of potential investors and safety of savings of market participants will be ensured.

The impact of the working longevity of the “silver generation” on the Kazakhstani labor market

Object: To study the impact of demographic trends on the labor market in the context of the labor activity of the older generation in Kazakhstan and to conduct a comparative analysis of the employment indicators of older people. Methods: methods of system, dynamic and structural analysis, and correlation analysis. Findings: The results of the analysis allow us to conclude that the aging process of the population actualizes the labor activity of the older population, and determines the formation of support for stimulating the employment of older people. Conclusions: Thus, the role of the older generation in the labor market is being scaled, and therefore it is necessary to consider labor activity in retirement age as an element of the formation of the lifestyle of the older generation, where the role of labor as a factor of active longevity is given a special place. The creation of working conditions necessary for the use of working capacity is a long-term goal in ensuring active longevity and meeting the needs of older people in socially significant activities

Assessment of the impact of labor productivity on the effectiveness of innovative activities in Kazakhstan and the Northwestern Federal District of Russia

Object: In many foreign countries, growth in labor productivity leads to a reduction in working hours. But these processes are not always proportional and depend on the correlation of social and economic priorities of states, on the conditions of general globalization and neoliberalization. The unfavorable ratio of the internal price proportions of some states and the low level of development of technics and technology act as obstacles to increasing the rate of economic growth. In such conditions, a reduction in working hours will inevitably lead to a reduction in the country's economic potential and the level of income of citizens. The purpose of this article is to study the nature of labor productivity and analyze the relationship between the proportions of labor productivity and the volume of production of innovative products in Russia and Kazakhstan as the largest EAEU states that determine development trends in the region. Methods: The collected data on the relationship between labor productivity and the volume of output of innovative products were analyzed using cluster analysis and nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Findings: Labor productivity affects the level of innovative development and affects the overall economic development of individual regions and countries as a whole. The analysis of these processes is very important for the formation of state development policy. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between labor productivity and the volume of innovative products, as well as examines similar processes in certain regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, the following hypotheses were accepted: in Kazakhstan and Russia, labor productivity directly affects the innovative production of products. This influence is different in the regions of both countries. In Kazakhstan and Russia, there are regions that are similar in characteristics of the processes of the impact of labor productivity on innovative output, and for them similar measures to improve state policy are recommended.

Inclusive education in the republic of Kazakhstan and factors affecting its development

Object: is the system of inclusive education in the context of state management policy. The methods: The following methods were used in the study: theoretical, empirical methods, methods of highquality data processing, methods of mathematical and statistical processing: ranking, correlation. An econometric model was constructed to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the growth rate of the number of children enrolled in inclusive education and the growth rate of the number of teachers in general education schools. The conclusions and results of the study were presented using a graphical method of presenting the results obtained. Findings: The author hypothesized that there is a relationship between the growth rate of the number of children enrolled in inclusive education and the growth rate of the number of teachers in general education schools. To prove or refute this hypothesis, the author conducted a regression analysis, which resulted in the conclusion that an increase in the number of teachers in general education schools is a significant and necessary condition for the further development of inclusive education. Conclusions: Based on the regression analysis, the author of the article concluded that the increase in the number of teachers of general education schools contributes to an increase in the number of children enrolled in inclusive education. The research analysis on the studied problem shows that at the present stage inclusion is the leading trend in the development of the education system. The quality of the development of inclusive education in Kazakhstan raises many questions for researchers, including the ineffectiveness of the use of innovative forms of education in inclusive education, the lack of knowledge of international experience, etc.

Development of methodological foundations for the development and implementation of the state policy of reindustrialization of regional systems

Object: The purpose of the study is to substantiate methodological issues of state policy and modeling of the dynamic development of regional systems as an inseparable triad "ecology-society-economy" in the conditions of various stages of reindustrialization. Methods: methods of system analysis and economic synthesis of reindustrialization factors and assessment of their impact on the development of ecological and socio-economic systems are used, which will increase the effectiveness of state policy and management decisions in the field of scientific, technical, industrial and environmental policies. Results: The developed methodology for assessing the state and dynamics of the development of ecological and socio-economic systems is a tool for further, more in-depth analysis of the development problems of the countries that are part of the EAEU zone, in solving which it is impossible to do without the use of methods of state regulation of the economy. It is established that socio-economic policy and the organizational, economic, and managerial mechanisms by which it is implemented have a significant impact on development. In this regard, it is important not only to determine the degree of efficiency of the use of available resources, but also to what extent and how to make up for their lack. The presence or absence of effective policies is reflected in the reduction or growth of barriers to development. Conclusions: Recommendations on the choice of reindustrialization options are as follows:  systematic consideration of three interrelated elements: realization of industrial potential, effective use of labor resources, ensuring normal working conditions and effective employment of the population; advanced development of infrastructure;  consideration of environmental effects directly related to the process of re-industrialization;  a retrospective study of the industrial development of the territory is the most important source of information for the development of directions for the allocation of productive forces;  decision-making is based on taking into account social, economic, natural and technological criteria indicators, which provide for compliance with the principle of coordinating the interests of the subjects of reindustrialization, taking into account social priorities.

The profitability of second-tier banks: essence and main influencing factors

Object. In this article, based on the aggregate indicators of second-tier banks of the Republic of Kazakhstan, what factors and how they affect the net income of the bank is determined. Methods. During the analysis, a correlation-regression analysis of banking data was carried out using the Stata statistical package, and conclusions were drawn. Findings. To identify the factors that affect the profitability of banks, the interdependencies between the selected indicators were identified. The correlation analysis revealed the relationship between the selected factors and the bank's net income. The density of bonds was determined by testing hypotheses calculated based on pair correlation coefficients. Conclusions. The factor analysis carried out made it possible to identify the main factors affecting the bank's activities and assess the degree of their impact. As a result of the analysis of factors affecting the bank's income in the aggregate indicator of second-tier banks of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the compliance of the results obtained with the expected results was determined.

Assessment of non-standard employment as a factor of average per capita income

Object: Purpose of this paper is to identify and assess the impact of non-standard employment on the income of the population in Kazakhstan. Methods: For this study, we used methods of statistical multiple correlation and regression analysis based on the software package “Data Analysis” offered by MS Excel. We used data from the official website of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the RK at stat.gov.kz. Findings: We have performed a preliminary selection of statistical indicators and determined a group of factors (and corresponding indicators) that hypothetically affect the population income for the period of 2004–2018. We have highlighted a total of twelve factors significantly affecting the income and grouped them into four groups: employment and income indicators, demographic and social indicators. Based on the selection of the most significant factors, we have constructed a regression equation that demonstrates the degree of influence on the resulting income indicator. Subsequently, we have assessed the obtained regression model. The regression equation found is significant by the Fisher criterion; all its parameters, including the intercept term, are significant by the Student's criterion with a maximum error of 0.049. Autocorrelation of the residues is non-existent (according to the Durbin-Watson criterion). The multiple correlation coefficient is 0.99. The results obtained can be useful for assessing the effectiveness of various social policy instruments, both at regional and national levels. Conclusions: Indicators of employment, average wages, and social benefits occupy an important place in the system of indicators of average per capita income. The analysis shows a strong positive relationship between these indicators. At the same time, the overall relationship between changes in indicators of non-standard employment and population incomes in the Republic of Kazakhstan appears to be important for a more adequate analysis of the situation. A negative correlation between indicators of non-standard employment and per capita income confirms the vulnerability and instability of non-standard employee labor relations, and receiving a lower income compared to standard employment.

Analysis of human resources management practices: the impact of training on performance efficiency of employees of Akhmet Yassawi University

Object: Human resources management (HRM) provides the necessary guidance in order to reach the most efficient result through the most effective way. This paper aims to determine the relation between the descriptive characteristics and HRM practices, and the impact of training practices on the performance of employees. Methods: The authors used the questionnaire method in collecting data and the 5-point Likert system to assess them. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by using SPSS Statistics program. The authors applied the factor analysis, T-test, ANOVA test, regression analysis methods. Findings: This paper determines the impact of training practices, namely, the satisfaction factor and motivation factor, to the performance efficiency of the employees. When the satisfaction factor increases by one unit, the performance level will decrease by 0.145 units. There is a positive correlation between the performance and the motivation factor. If the motivation factor increases by one unit, performance level will also increase by 0.413 units. Conclusion: Training activities increase the professional and technical knowledge of the employees as well as improve their abilities and corporate culture. Thus, it is necessary to provide a working environment where employees can continuously learn and develop themselves through training.

Land tax as the main element of the economic mechanism for efficient land management

Object: To review the impact of land tax on the efficiency of agricultural development. To review the procedure for calculating land tax in Kazakhstan. To study the features of land tax collection. To consider improving the taxation of agricultural land resources. Methods: During the course of the study, we used statistical data analysis and methods of comparative analysis. Findings: This paper reviews the aspects of agricultural land plots taxation. We have analyzed a number of factors affecting the effective taxation of land resources in Kazakhstan. We have performed a comparative analysis of land taxation in the EAEU countries. We have identified key components affecting land taxation and the main parameters of their functional efficiency. Conclusions: This paper analyzes the current state of land taxation. We have developed proposals for the development of land taxation and improvement based on cadastral valuation. The results of the study allow us to conclude which of these aspects affect the effective land management.