scholarly journals Towards Developing Standards for the Zakat Administration in the Republic of Sudan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ghalib Elmaghrabi ◽  
Mustafa Omar Mohammed ◽  
Muhammad Tahir Jan

Zakat has a long history of helping poor and disadvantaged groups. However, Zakat institutions face numerous challenges in achieving their socio-economic objective: equitable distribution of resources. The aim of this study is to highlight the challenges hindering managerial efficiency in contemporary Zakat institutions as well as identify ways to improve managerial efficiency. Focusing the case on Sudan, this paper identifies the constraints facing the Zakat institution, from the macro perspective as well as from the managerial viewpoint. By using secondary sources, this paper found that inefficiencies such as ineffective collection and distribution, lack of coordination and mismanagement are some of the impediments causing inefficiency of Zakat collection and distribution. Furthermore, the paper suggests that standards constitute an instrument for the Zakat intuition to manage and enhance its efficiency as well as having the ability to guide Zakat in the right direction.

Author(s):  
Gulnara Bayazitova

The article examines the tradition of formation of the concepts “family” (famille) and “household” (ménage) in the political theory of the French lawyer, Jean Bodin. The article looks into different editions of Six Books of the Commonwealthto explore the connotations of the key concepts and the meaning that Bodin ascribed to them. As secondary sources, Bodin uses the works by Xenophon, Aristotle, Apuleus, and Marcus Junianus Justin, as well as the Corpus Juris Civilis. Bodin examines three different traditions, those of Ancient Greece, Ancient Hebrew, and Ancient Rome. Each of these traditions has its own history of the concepts of the “family” and of the “household”. Bodin refers to ancient traditions for polemics, but eventually offers his own understanding, not only of the concepts of “famille” and “ménage”, but also of the term «République», defined as the Republic, a term that (with some reservations) refers to the modern notion of state. The very fact that these concepts are being used signifies the division of the political space into the spheres of the private and the public. Furthermore, the concepts of the “family” and of the “household” are key to understand the essence of sovereignty as the supreme authority in the Republic. The author concludes that the difference between Bodin’s concepts of the “family” and the “household” lies not only in the possession of property and its legal manifestation, but also in the fact that the “household” is seen by Bodin as the basis of the Republic, the first step in the system of subordination to the authority.


Author(s):  
Vladislav V. Gruzdev ◽  
Dmitriy A. Babichev ◽  
Natal'ya A. Babicheva

The article is devoted to the burning problem that arose in 2014 in the Ukraine, in the regions of Lugansk and Donetsk, and that concerns the right of the people of Donbass to self-determination. This problem is not only of a local territorial nature, but it is also one of the most complex debatable problems of international law. Since the right to self-determination contradicts the principle of territorial integrity of the state, the consideration and solution of this issue is the most burning for the whole population living on the territory of the self-proclaimed people's republics of Lugansk and Donetsk. In the article, the authors analyse the concept of "self-determination of the people" and give a generalised characteristic of it, approving that it is the right of every nation to solve the issues of state structure, political status, economic, social and cultural development independently and at its own discretion. The author also examines the historical past of the people of Donbass, where, in terms of the Republic of Donetsk and Krivoy Rog and various documentary historical and legal materials, we come to the conclusion that the population of Donbass has the right to social, economic, cultural, spiritual and other development just as all the recognised countries of the world.


Author(s):  
S. Astakhova

According to the results of the early parliamentary elections – 2021 in Moldova, the pro-presidential right-wing Action and Solidarity Party (PAS) won. For the first time in the history of the republic, the right-wing party won an absolute majority in the parliament. As a result, the consolidated power of the right-wing pro-European forces has been established in the country, which may mean a change in its geopolitical course.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Danilo Arnaldo Briskievicz

Analisamos a conjuntura de criação e funcionamento do Conselho de Intendência do Serro no período de 23 de janeiro de 1890 a 07 de março de 1892, em especial sua Inspeção Municipal, responsável pelo novo projeto modernizador da instrução pública no município-sede e seus distritos. Discutimos a respeito dos conflitos inerentes ao novo projeto de instrução pública considerando quatro pontos: o primeiro é como o ideário positivista da modernização da instrução pública se manifestou; o segundo é como a imensidade geográfica do município e de seus distritos afetou o projeto renovador; o terceiro é como o funcionamento burocrático através de documentos se dava no contexto (impactado pelas reformas de Leôncio de Carvalho, de 1879 e de Benjamin Constant, iniciada em 1890) e o quarto é o embate republicano na imprensa serrana. A metodologia utilizada é a de pesquisa documental das fontes primárias do Conselho de Intendência do Arquivo de Câmara do IPHAN Serro, bem como de fontes primárias e secundárias da história do Serro, de Minas Gerais e do Brasil, como leis, decretos, portarias, recibos de obras e livros, além de fontes secundárias de autores ligados à história da educação imperial e republicana para ampliação conceitual do contexto pesquisado. Espera-se como resultado oferecer uma contribuição para a história da educação no Brasil republicano. * * *We analyze the creation and functioning of the Serro Council Intendance of from January 23, 1890 to March 7, 1892, in particular its Municipal Inspection, responsible for the new modernization project of public education in the city and its districts. We discussed the conflicts inherent in the new public education project considering four points: the first is how the positivist ideology of the modernization of public instruction manifested itself; the second is how the geographical immensity of the municipality and its districts affected the renovating project; the third is how the bureaucratic operation through documents occurred in the context (impacted by the reforms of Leôncio de Carvalho, 1879 and Benjamin Constant, begun in 1890) and the fourth is the republican clash in the mountain press. The methodology used is documentary research of the primary sources of the Council of Intendance of the Chamber Archive of IPHAN Serro, as well as primary and secondary sources in the history of Serro, Minas Gerais and Brazil, such as laws, decrees, ordinances, receipts works and books, as well as secondary sources of authors related to the history of imperial and republican education for conceptual extension of the researched context. As a result, it is expected to contribute to the history of education in republican Brazil.


Author(s):  
Prahallad Majhi

ABSTRACT This paper aims at revealing the facts related to the status of autonomy and accountability in Indian higher education institutions which comprises a historical account and contemporary policy concerns, practices and challenges. After review of data from secondary sources, this study found that in India there are two major contradicting contexts. One is that where the institutions have restricted autonomy but are held accountable in defined forms and the other are the institutions which exercise fairly more autonomy but do not have expected accountability. Considering the prevailing circumstances, through this paper it is recommended that there is a need for balancing autonomy and accountability in management of higher education with prudential leadership and equitable distribution of resources meant for education in India so as to make it more approachable and productive.


THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (390) ◽  
pp. 327-332
Author(s):  
A. M. Turlybekova ◽  
G. T. Shamshudimova ◽  
M. A. Altybassarova ◽  
G. M. Kappasova ◽  
S. N. Sabikenov

This article discusses the modern world as the kind of ethnic explosion, the concrete manifestations of which are the growth of the significance of ethnic identity, increasing people’s interest in their roots, traditions, culture and history. The demand for social balance related to ethnic and cultural specifics has noticeably revived. We can say that ethnic communities are real, stable historical formations, and ethnicity is an important, constantly acting factor of the social development. At different times it manifests in different ways, in the situation of serious social transformations that we are currently experiencing, there is the surge in ethnicity. These contradictions are reflected in the Republic of Kazakhstan due to its multinational composition. On the one hand, there are processes of forming the single identity instead of the national identity, based on the citizenship, and on the other hand, there is growing interest in the national culture and traditions. In the modern society people have the right to choose their ethnic self-determination and freedom of self-identification with the particular ethnic and national community, which is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan.


Author(s):  
Nurul Komariah ◽  
Muhammad Romadhoni Nur Matori Ridwan ◽  
Alivia Vabesta ◽  
Ginanjar Damayanti ◽  
Siti Nariyah

Guarantee the rights of every citizen for violations of constitutional rights by seeking to increase the authority of the Judicial Review Request by every justice seeker for violations of constitutional rights, but not at least the petition was granted.  The Mahkarnah of the Constitution, which checks what the petition is made of, often considers that what the Judicial Review proposes is not the subject of acknowledgment.  Constitutional Court Judges considered it to be a Constitutional complaint in which this constitutional complaint was not part of the Court's authority in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and the applicable Law on the Understanding of the Constitution.  As a legislative body, the DPR is the one who has the right to change the Constitutional Court Law by including the authority of Constitutional complaint to the Constitutional Court. In this paper the author uses a research method in the form of quality data analysis with secondary sources of literature and deductive logic analysis.  Consitional Complaint to the Constitutional Court.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
Teguh Satria Santoso

The purpose of the study is made where the importance of the data of a medical record in a hospital either before or afterwards must be input and the document is controlled for the history of a person who enters or leaves so that the importance of not being misdiagnosed or confused in a diagnosis. Every citizen has the right to adequate health and also an important medical record in order to know the disease suffered, because a medical record is very important for every patient to know various health efforts for the entire community through the implementation of quality and affordable health development for the community. Health development is aimed at increasing awareness, willingness and ability to live a healthy life for everyone in the context of realizing an optimal degree of health as an element of general welfare as referred to in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Keywords: medical record, health, constitution, welfare.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Don Augusthinus Lamaech Flassy

The study describes 5 main areas, namely, (1)"Hidden Structure" that in the Social Meaning of Melanesian-Papua Cultural highlights Papuanistiecs and Melanesianology; (2) The Prestige and Power exposes the influence of the Big World Power to the problem of Papua; (3) Federalism in Indonesia reveal to the Melanesian-Papua in Land Papua as Special Specific Case versus unitary of The Republic of Indonesia; (4) Constitution vis-à-vis Constitution on constitutional philosophical correlation Indonesia constitution 1945 versus Papua constitution 1999; (5) Unilateral Declaration of Independence/UDI October 19, 2011, concerning Freedom-Melanesian Papuans in Land Papua as Nation and State. The background of this study is based on two main thoughts keys, namely: First, Meteray (2012: 268, 2013: 4) confirmed that, during the 17 years from 1945 to 1962, the process to Indonesian-sizing the Papuans are generally still in the stage of seeding while growth only in some areas of government and urban centres’. Awareness to be Indonesian-ness is yet to reach all areas of Papua. Meteray adding that the presence of Indonesian-sizing in past greatly influenced by the policies and the approach taken by both the Dutch and Indonesian government through the role of nationalists initiators of the period (2012: 264-267); Second; LIPI study in 2007 (Soewarsono, ed) are still questions to the Indonesian-sizing of the Papuans reinforce the view of Meteray stated that it is to Indonesian-sizing among the Papuans still weak (Meteray 2013: 1). Meteray concluded that, in fact, to understand the history of Papua will become a basic reference for the government seek and find out the right way and dignified in overcoming the issues of Papua, though on the other hand Aditjondro, 1999 clamming, the Government and Important People of Indonesia has curled the history of Papua which by the Papuans wanting to be straightened out, He calls this act as: "The dark history of Papua in Indonesian Historiography". Thoughts of Meteray and Aditjondro strengthens the authors thought that the various problems occurred in Papua, especially the facts involves "M"/Merdeka (Freedom) Papua". Referring to the failure of Indonesian-sizing of the Papuans, it appears that it is not necessary regrettable because in fact, they are different. Precisely when indecision of the President of Indonesia to the case of Papua is safe step into alternative measures of the Melanesian-Papua people themselves must be hacked through, UDI October 19, 2011. This research focuses on the study of literature and interviews with the method of Descriptive Analysis and Method of Structure Linkage to assemble the Hidden Structure and Correlation Studies to reflect the relationships between aspects on the basis of Motivation Theory, Theory of Social Change and Theory of Balance and Theory of Realist and related by make use of Hidden Structure as Grand Theory. The formulation of the problem is (1). How to understand the present of Melanesian-Papuans in Land Papua? (2). Whether existing of Papua as "trust territory" of the UN is still attracting the winning of Prestige and Power of "the Big Power of the World" to be back to discusses at the UN of a future in accordance with Article 74 and Article 78 of the UN Charter? (3). Whether, Melanesia-Papua and Indonesian in Papua can together according to the federalist order of Melanesian-Papua? (4). How is the condition of social customs and traditions of Indonesia and Papua can be met?


Author(s):  
I. I. Yurganova

The paper addresses the Kamchatka period of the history of Orthodoxy in Yakutia (1856 – 1869) as one of the stages of activity of the Russian Orthodox Church on the edge of the Empire’s borders in the context of the state policy which included the tool for integration of the ethnic group of the region in the all-Russian social and economic structure in the course of intercivilization interaction. The civilization method of research was used.The role and importance of the activities of Archbishop Innokenty (Veniaminov) in changing the structures of the Russian Orthodox Church in Yakutia are defined, which contributed to the emergence of the Church’s administrative autonomy, with the establishment of the Vicariate and the reform of the Spiritual Board, and also the clergy of Yakutia with the opportunities for a number of benefits associated with specific features of living in the Far North: the payment of travel, the increased size of the salary, pension content outer payment etc. It was discovered that during the studied period the Kamchatka Bishop was granted the right to admit representatives of the local population in the clergy, which allowed to further solve the problem of staff shortages, which is topical for the Republic of Yakutia. It is revealed that being a part of the Kamchatka Diocese created the preconditions for the establishment of an independent Yakutsk and Vilyuysk Diocese.


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