scholarly journals Key limitations of fish feeds, feed management practices, and opportunities in Kenya’s aquaculture enterprise

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 17415-17434
Author(s):  
Jonathan Munguti ◽  
◽  
K Obiero ◽  
H Odame ◽  
J Kirimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
East African ◽  
African Region ◽  
Feed Quality ◽  
Feed Management ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
On Farm

Profitability is key in fish farming, just as it is to any other enterprise. For the farmers to actualize high-profit margins, it is imperative to have access to well-balanced nutritive and cost-effective feeds, backed by sound on-farm feed management practices. This paper auditsKenya’sfish feed industry and the on-going on-farm feed management practices, and emerging opportunities for fish farmers. The development of fish feed quality standards has boosted the aquaculture sector in Kenya, providing them hope that farmers will access high quality fish feeds. Much of the fish feed currently being used in Kenya is produced on-farm or by small-scale fish feed manufacturers within the East African region, while a few are imported directly from overseas countries, notably Israel, Netherlands, Mauritius and Denmark. Fish feeds produced by small-scale manufacturers are not closely monitored by quality standard agencies and not surprising that a majority are of poor quality. The improvement in the quality of these feeds is likely to lead to increased productivity and profitability because they are cheaper and readily available to fish farmers, compared to imported fish feeds. Besides feed quality, feed management practices markedly impact both the growth and economic performance of fish production. Adopting appropriate feed management strategies, therefore, is instrumental in the maximization of fish production and economic returns. Research has demonstrated several strategies for best feed management practices, which have not hitherto, been adopted by fish farmers in Kenya. Farmers have mainly focused on the mode of delivery of feeds to the fish. Furthermore, promoting natural pond productivity and supplementary feeding is still a common practice in the East African region. Provision of species-specific feeds and targeting the nutritional requirements of the different life stages of fish is still a major issue, although some local companies like Unga Farm Care(EA)have come up with a size and species-specific feed for catfish such as Fugro catfish®.To improve access to such information,public-private partnerships should be developed and, programmes that utilize the local media platforms such as extension service outlets must also be encouraged. Feed quality checks can also be carried out amongst fish feed suppliers. Lastly, farmers should be trained in various fish feed aspects like formulation, transportation and storage to sustain a steady fishfeed supply andsave on associated feed costs.

scholarly journals Fish feeds and feed management practices in the Kenyan aquaculture sector: Challenges and opportunities

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Jonathan Munguti ◽  
Hannington Odame ◽  
James Kirimi ◽  
Kevin Obiero ◽  
Erick Ogello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Feed Industry ◽  
Feed Management ◽  
Fish Feeds

Abstract Feeds and feed management practices are key to the development of the aquaculture sector. To achieve high levels of aquaculture production, fish farmers need nutritionally adequate and cost-effective feeds, which are coupled with good feed management practices. Access to high quality and cost-effective feeds is one of the prerequisites to successful fish farming. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices. The review includes constraints and opportunities in fish feeds from a farmer’s perspective. The review shows that the fish feed industry has been boosted by the development of fish feed standards, which has ensured access to high-quality fish feeds by all farmers. Feed management practices considerably impact on the economic performance in fish production. Thus, adopting appropriate feed management technologies and feeding strategies is instrumental in maximizing aquaculture productivity. Some of the major challenges faced by fish farmers in the feed sector including limited access to finance, lack of appropriate technical innovations, limited knowledge in feed formulation and processing and poor feed handling and storage are discussed. These challenges pose limitation in investment opportunities for a viable and sustainable fish feed processing and manufacturing to meet the rising demand occasioned by increased demand for fish food in Kenya. There is a huge potential to develop public-private partnerships with farmer groups to improve access to training and information dissemination on feeds availability and quality. Training fish farmers on feed formulation using locally available feed ingredients provide an opportunity to reduce feed costs, increase feeding efficiency and improve profitability. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices including constraints and opportunities from a farmer’s perspective.

Production and use of farm-made fish feeds by small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
F.A. Anani, F.K.E. Nunoo, M. Steiner-Asiedu, N.W. Agbo, T.N.N. Nortey
Keyword(s):  
Fish Farming ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Cultured Fish ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Commercial Feeds

The increasing costs of commercial fish feeds have made it imperative for most small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana to resort to the use of alternative feed types to feed cultured fish. Some fish farmers rotate commercial feeds with farm-made types. This study was carried out to investigate the production and use of farm-made fish feeds by small-scale pond fish farmers in five major pond fish farming Regions (Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Volta and Western) in Ghana. Of the 147 farmers interviewed in all the five regions, 86 farmers used farm-made feeds of which 37 depended solely on farm-made feeds whilst 49 used both commercial and farm-made feeds. Farm-made feeds were produced using locally available ingredients and the most used oneswere groundnut bran (92%), fish meal (90%), wheat bran (74%) and maize (60%). The farmers did not follow appropriate and standardized feed formulation protocol during farm-made fish feed production. Hence, farm-made fish feeds produced by all farmers interviewed were found not to be nutritionally balanced. There is the need for small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana to be trained in formulation and production of nutritionally balanced and cost-effective fish feeds so as to increase fish production through aquaculture in the country.

Effectiveness of village-based marine reserves on reef invertebrates in Emau, Vanuatu

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. DUMAS ◽  
H. JIMENEZ ◽  
M. LÉOPOLD ◽  
G. PETRO ◽  
R. JIMMY
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Giant Clams ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Trochus Niloticus ◽  
Individual Size ◽  
Slow Growing

SUMMARYDespite the current expansion of community-based marine conservation initiatives in the Pacific, few studies have specifically addressed their ecological efficiency to restore or enhance reef invertebrate resources. This paper investigated the effects of two very small (< 0.05 km2) recent village-based marine reserves (tabu areas) located along the shallow fringing reef of Emau island, Vanuatu. Surveys focused on heavily harvested species (namely trochus, giant clams and green snails) and involved both experienced scientists and local villagers. Abundance, density and individual size data were collected by snorkelling along random transect belts located inside and outside the tabu areas, using simple PVC measuring tools specifically developed for participative monitoring. Habitat was assessed using a photographic method to quantitatively describe varied reef substrata. Resource recovery varied between the areas as a result of species-specific responses to contrasted reserve characteristics and local management practices. Fast-growing mobile Trochus niloticus exhibited strong positive abundance and size responses only within the older larger tabu area through the combined effects of protection from harvesting and translocation actions by local fishers. Similar trends were observed to a lesser extent for sessile slow-growing giant clams (Tridacna spp.), but these were not significant after four years of closure. Despite historical evidence of their presence in the area, surveys emphasized the severe population collapse of the heavily targeted green snail (Turbo marmoratus). Under certain conditions, very small-scale reserves, such as those implemented by village-based conservation initiatives, can rapidly and efficiently enhance local reef invertebrate resources. It is still unclear whether the changes are sufficient to restore critical levels of spawning biomass at larger scale and reverse the severe depletion of invertebrate resources occurring in Vanuatu.

On-farm udder health monitoring

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (02) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
J. C. van Veersen ◽  
O. Sampimon ◽  
R. G. Olde Riekerink ◽  
T. J. G. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Clinical Problems

SummaryIn this article an on-farm monitoring approach on udder health is presented. Monitoring of udder health consists of regular collection and analysis of data and of the regular evaluation of management practices. The ultimate goal is to manage critical control points in udder health management, such as hygiene, body condition, teat ends and treatments, in such a way that results (udder health parameters) are always optimal. Mastitis, however, is a multifactorial disease, and in real life it is not possible to fully prevent all mastitis problems. Therefore udder health data are also monitored with the goal to pick up deviations before they lead to (clinical) problems. By quantifying udder health data and management, a farm is approached as a business, with much attention for efficiency, thought over processes, clear agreements and goals, and including evaluation of processes and results. The whole approach starts with setting SMART (Specific, Measurable, Acceptable, Realistic, Time-bound) goals, followed by an action plan to realize these goals.

Impact Of Human Resource Practices In Small Scale Industries In Thoothukudi District Of Tamilnadu

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-169
Author(s):  
Srimo Fernandas
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Small Scale Industry ◽  
Human Resource Management Practices ◽  
Small Scale Industries

In the economic growth of a country, the human factor plays a vital role. The study has been made to study the growth of small scale industries in the development of human resource management practices of in Thoothukudi district. The study has the following objectives. To study the socio-economic outline of the small scale industry owners. To understand the nature of management of the small-scale industry. To find out the motivational factors for starting small-scale industries. To analyse the average income generated by different activities by the small scale industry owners.

scholarly journals The Benefits of Combining Global and Local Data—A Showcase for Valuation and Mapping of Mangrove Climate Regulation and Food Provisioning Services within a Protected Area in Pará, North Brazil

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Robin Gutting ◽  
Ralf-Uwe Syrbe ◽  
Karsten Grunewald ◽  
Ulf Mehlig ◽  
Véronique Helfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Food Provisioning ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Climate Regulation ◽  
North Brazil ◽  
Species Specific

Mangrove forests provide a large variety of ecosystem services (ES) to coastal societies. Using a case study focusing on the Ajuruteua peninsula in Northern Brazil and two ES, food provisioning (ES1) and global climate regulation (ES2), this paper proposes a new framework for quantifying and valuing mangrove ES and allow for their small-scale mapping. We modelled and spatialised the two ES from different perspectives, the demand (ES1) and the supply (ES2) side respectively. This was performed by combining worldwide databases related to the global human population (ES1) or mangrove distribution and canopy height (ES2) with locally derived parameters, such as crab catches (ES1) or species-specific allometric equations based on local estimates of tree structural parameters (ES2). Based on this approach, we could estimate that the area delivers the basic nutrition of about 1400 households, which equals 2.7 million USD, and that the mangrove biomass in the area contains 2.1 million Mg C, amounting to 50.9 million USD, if it were paid as certificates. In addition to those figures, we provide high-resolution maps showing which areas are more valuable for the two respective ES, information that could help inform management strategies in the future.

scholarly journals Technical basis for the small-scale production of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L. 1758), meal as fish feed in Benin

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 100153
Author(s):  
Armel Gougbedji ◽  
Pamphile Agbohessou ◽  
Philippe A. Lalèyè ◽  
Frédéric Francis ◽  
Rudy Caparros Megido
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Technical Basis

scholarly journals Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (43) ◽  
pp. 12114-12119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Glowacki ◽  
Alexander Isakov ◽  
Richard W. Wrangham ◽  
Rose McDermott ◽  
James H. Fowler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
East African ◽  
Nomadic Pastoralists ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Total Impact ◽  
Social Network Position

Intergroup violence is common among humans worldwide. To assess how within-group social dynamics contribute to risky, between-group conflict, we conducted a 3-y longitudinal study of the formation of raiding parties among the Nyangatom, a group of East African nomadic pastoralists currently engaged in small-scale warfare. We also mapped the social network structure of potential male raiders. Here, we show that the initiation of raids depends on the presence of specific leaders who tend to participate in many raids, to have more friends, and to occupy more central positions in the network. However, despite the different structural position of raid leaders, raid participants are recruited from the whole population, not just from the direct friends of leaders. An individual’s decision to participate in a raid is strongly associated with the individual’s social network position in relation to other participants. Moreover, nonleaders have a larger total impact on raid participation than leaders, despite leaders’ greater connectivity. Thus, we find that leaders matter more for raid initiation than participant mobilization. Social networks may play a role in supporting risky collective action, amplify the emergence of raiding parties, and hence facilitate intergroup violence in small-scale societies.

A steady-state N balance approach for sustainable smallholder farming

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (39) ◽  
pp. e2106576118
Author(s):  
Yulong Yin ◽  
Rongfang Zhao ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Qingfeng Meng ◽  
Hao Ying ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Application Range ◽  
High Yields ◽  
N Management ◽  
On Farm

Hundreds of millions of smallholders in emerging countries substantially overuse nitrogen (N) fertilizers, driving local environmental pollution and global climate change. Despite local demonstration-scale successes, widespread mobilization of smallholders to adopt precise N management practices remains a challenge, largely due to associated high costs and complicated sampling and calculations. Here, we propose a long-term steady-state N balance (SSNB) approach without these complications that is suitable for sustainable smallholder farming. The hypothesis underpinning the concept of SSNB is that an intensively cultivated soil–crop system with excessive N inputs and high N losses can be transformed into a steady-state system with minimal losses while maintaining high yields. Based on SSNB, we estimate the optimized N application range across 3,824 crop counties for the three staple crops in China. We evaluated SSNB first in ca. 18,000 researcher-managed on-farm trials followed by testing in on-farm trials with 13,760 smallholders who applied SSNB-optimized N rates under the guidance of local extension staff. Results showed that SSNB could significantly reduce N fertilizer use by 21 to 28% while maintaining or increasing yields by 6 to 7%, compared to current smallholder practices. The SSNB approach could become an effective tool contributing to the global N sustainability of smallholder agriculture.

COMPARATIVE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ESTIMATION OF THE SMALL-SCALE ON-FARM COMPOUND FEED PLANTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
SERGEY V. BRAGINETS ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Effi Ciency ◽  
On Farm

On-farm compound feed production from self-produced raw materials is favorable to agricultural enterprises under present-day conditions. The authors carried out a comparative technical and economic study of the conventional and modular small-scale on-farm compound feed plants with a capacity of 2 tons per hour, designed for agricultural enterprises with an average livestock population of 6…8 thousand pigs. The proposed modular plant consists of two modules – the operative storage of raw materials and the main module of grinding and mixing. Modules with installed equipment are delivered and placed on a light foundation, connected by transport equipment and with tanks for raw materials and fi nished products. The conventional factory is a technological line housed in a hangar and used for crushing, metering, and mixing raw materials. It consists of a separator, a hammer mill, weighing equipment, a mixer, containers for raw materials and fi nished products, transport, and aspiration equipment. The technical and economic analysis has shown that the erection and operation of the on-farm modular enterprise require 41% less capital investments than a traditional compound feed plant of the same capacity. The use of a small-scale modular plant will reduce operating costs by 23.8% (from 3094 to 2358 thousand rubles), increase the specifi c economic eff ect from the compound feed production by 1.6% (from 8.64 to 8.78 thousand rubles per ton) and return on margin by 4% (from 10.2 to 10.6%), reduce the payback period by 42% (from 0.8 to 0.46 years), and increase the net present value by 3% (from 66167 to 68216 thousand rubles), as compared to a conventional enterprise. The modular on-farm plants producing loose compound feed with a productivity of up to 3 tons per hour are profi table and economically sound as they can increase production effi ciency of compound feeds for farm animals.`

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