scholarly journals An Attempt to Calculate the Number of Inhabitants in Relation to the Social Dimension in Neo-Babylonian Residential Architecture on the Example of Babylon

Author(s):  
Ali Al-Ibadi

In the article, I attempt to estimate the number of inhabitants of Neo-Babylonian households based on archaeological data based on the example of Babylon (Neo-Babylonian period: 1100/1000–539 BCE). In order to discover how the household or an individual room was used, we must reconstruct the way that a household functioned. However, since no households can be found in archaeological research, it is necessary to turn to ethnographic sources. The article has been divided into three parts. The first part contains key information on households in the Neo-Babylonian period, indicated on the basis of ethnographic sources and compared with archaeological remains. In the second part of the article, I analyse various mathematical formulas used to calculate the number of residents on the basis of archaeological data. The third part comprises a discussion presenting my own mathematical formulas regarding the collected data.

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-112
Author(s):  
Herry Susanto

Salah satu unsur penting dalam pelayanan gereja yang terabaikan adalah peran sosial gereja untuk mewujudkan kesejahteraan. Padahal warga jemaat berhadapan dengan berbagai isu sosial. Salah satu yang cukup krusial adalah kemiskinan. Dalam upaya merevitalisasi pelayanan gereja, salah satu yang perlu diwujudkan adalah integrasi antara kepedulian sosial dan pelayanan gereja. Artikel ini akan menjelaskan bahwa gereja memiliki panggilan dan tanggung jawab sosial. Fondasi bagi gagasan ini adalah karakteristik pelayanan Yesus yang termuat dalam Lukas 4:18-19, yang merupakan kutipan dari Yesaya 61:1-2; 58:6. Berdasarkan penggunaan Yesaya 61:1-2 yang dikombinasikan dengan Yesaya 58:6, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa penulis Injil Ketiga memodifikasi kutipan tersebut untuk memperkuat karakteristik sosial dalam pelayanan Yesus. Dimensi sosial pelayanan Yesus merupakan landasan penting untuk membangun pelayanan gerejawi yang memiliki kesadaran sosial untuk membentuk kehidupan umat secara menyeluruh. Dalam menguraikan gagasannya, artikel ini akan menerapkan metode kualitatif yang berorientasi pada studi literatur dan analisis hermeneutika. Adapun pendekatan hermeneutika yang akan diterapkan berfokus pada pembacaan Injil sebagai biografi Yunani-Romawi. Prinsip-prinsip yang umum digunakan dalam metode kritik naratif juga akan diterapkan. Karena adanya kutipan dari Kitab Yesaya, pendekatan hermenutika yang digunakan juga akan menganalisis cara penulis Injil Ketiga menggunakan teks Yesaya tersebut. Artikel ini akan berfokus pada tiga aspek, yaitu karakteristik sosial Injil Ketiga, karakteristik sosial pelayanan Yesus berdasarkan Lukas 4:18-19, dan implikasi dimensi sosial pelayanan Yesus bagi upaya revitalisasi pelayanan gereja. One important element that neglected in church ministry is the social responsibility of the church in realizing the well-being of the community. Whereas the congregation is dealing with various social issues. One that is quite crucial is poverty. In an effort to revitalize church ministry, one that needs to be realized is the integration of social care and church ministry. This article will explain that the church has social calling and responsibility. The foundation for this idea is the characteristics of Jesus' ministry conveyed by Luke 4:18-19, which is a quotation from Isaiah 61:1-2; 58:6. Based on the use of Isaiah 61:1-2 combined with Isaiah 58:6, this article shows that the writer of the Third Gospel modified the quotation to strengthen social characteristics in Jesus' ministry. The social dimension of Jesus' ministry is an important foundation for building church ministries that have social awareness to shape the lives of believers holistically. This article will apply qualitative methods that focus on literary study and hermeneutical analysis. The hermeneutical approach applied here focuses on reading the Gospels as Greco-Roman biography. The principles commonly used in narrative criticism will also be applied. Because of the quotation from the Book of Isaiah, this article will also analyze the way the writer of the Third Gospel used the text of Isaiah. This article will focus on three aspects, namely the social characteristics of the Third Gospel, the social characteristics of Jesus' ministry based on Luke 4: 18-19, and the implications of the social dimension of Jesus' ministry for revitalizing church ministry.


Author(s):  
CATHERINE HEZSER

This chapter evaluates the use of rabbinic literature in the study of Jewish daily life and material culture. It explains that one of the main problems associated with research on material culture and daily life is the establishment of a proper relationship between rabbinic literary references and archaeological data, between text and object. It suggests that these problems can be resolved by approaching the issues on the basis of a historical-critical study of rabbinic sources in a broad interdisciplinary framework, which takes account of archaeological research within the Graeco-Roman and early Byzantine context and which uses tools, methods and models developed by the social sciences.


2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Syahruddin Mansyur

AbstrakKepulauan Banda dikenal sebagai wilayah yang memiliki pengaruh kolonial yang kuat. Salah satu tinggalan arkeologi yang banyak ditemui di wilayah ini adalah batu nisan. Sebagai salah satu budaya materi, batu nisan memiliki beragam informasi yang terdapat pada batu nisan itu sendiri mulai dari bentuk, bahan, dan ragam hias. Penelitian ini merupakan tinjauan awal untuk mengetahui tipologi dan beragam informasi yang dapat diungkap dari inskripsi yang termuat pada batu nisan. Melalui tahapan penelitian arkeologi dengan melakukan analisis terhadap keragaman jenis artefak dan analisis terhadap data inskripsi, penelitian ini mengungkap bahwa tipologi batu nisan memiliki kekayaan ragam hias berupa lambang heraldik, iluminasi, dan inskripsi. Aspek lain pada data inskripsi adalah informasi tentang orang-orang yang dimakamkan memiliki status sosial tinggi, di antaranya; para pejabat pemerintahan, pejabat militer, pejabat perdagangan, pejabat keagamaan, para perkenier, beserta para keluarganya. Aspek lain yang berhasil diungkap bahwa kehidupan sosial masyarakat Eropa saat itu menganggap bahwa batu nisan adalah salah satu simbol kemewahan. AbstractBanda Islands are known as the region that has a strong colonial influence. One of the archaeological remains found in the region is the tombstone. As one of the material culture, the tombstone has a variety of information contained on a tombstone itself from the shape, material, and ornaments. This study is a preliminary review to determine the typology and variety of information that can be revealed from inscriptions contained in the tombstone. Through the stages of archaeological research by analysing the diversity of artefacts and analysis inscriptions data, this study revealed that the typology of the tombstone has a wealth of ornamentation in the form of heraldic emblem, illumination, and inscriptions. Another aspect from the inscription data is information about people who are buried has a high social status. They are from government officials, military officials, trade officials, religious officials, the perkenier (landlord), along with his family. Another aspect that can be revealed is the social life of Europe in that time considered that the tombstone is one of the symbols of luxury.


Author(s):  
J. K. Chambers

Nature leads the way. Man emerges on the scene, follows her footprints, marks and registers them in language, and makes a Science of Nature. Then he looks back and discovers that Language, while following the path of Nature, has left a trail of her own. He returns on this new trail, again marks and registers its footprints, and makes a Science of Language.The Birth of Language (1937)The great majority of linguists in Canada today belong to only the second academic generation of linguists in Canadian universities. Members of the first generation are, of course, still active—in some cases more active than the younger members of their departments. They are characterized, roughly, as founding members of the Canadian Linguistic Association, or as members of long standing. They are also characterized in a few cases as having been the teachers of junior members of the profession, although this is less often the case than it is in other disciplines, partly because there have been very few graduate programs in Linguistics until recently, and partly because there has been little demand for linguists trained in the specialty of the first generation anyway, which is almost unanimously dialect geography, and partly because there has been a decided tendency toward hiring non-Canadians in the social sciences to fill positions in Canadian universities. Now, with the increase in graduate programs in Linguistics, the more diverse specializations, and the national consciousness that Canadian universities can also be served by Canadians, the third generation of linguists will increasingly be selected from the students of the present academic generation, which is how academic generations have been gauged in other cultures for centuries.


Author(s):  
Henry Louis Gates, Jr

Race is one of the most elusive phenomena of social life. While we generally know it when we see it, it's not an easy concept to define. Social science literature has argued that race is a Western, sociopolitical concept that emerged with the birth of modern imperialism, whether in the sixteenth century (the Age of Discovery) or the eighteenth century (the Age of Enlightenment). This book points out that there is a disjuncture between the way race is conceptualized in the social science and medical literature: some of the modern sciences employ racial and ethnic categories. As such, race has a physical, as opposed to a purely social, dimension. The book argues that in order to more fully understand what we mean by race, social scientists need to engage genetics, medicine, and health. To be sure, the long shadow of eugenics and the Nazi use of scientific racism have cast a pall over the effort to understand this complicated relationship between social science and race. But while the text rejects pseudoscience and hierarchical ways of looking at race, it makes the claim that it is time to reassess the Western-based, social construction paradigm. The chapters in this book consider three fundamental tensions in thinking about race: one between theories that see race as fixed or malleable; a second between the idea that race is a universal but modern Western concept and the idea that it has a deeper and more complicated cultural history; and a third between sociopolitical and biological/biomedical concepts of race. Arguing that race is not merely socially constructed, the chapters offer a collection of views on the way that social scientists must reconsider the idea of race in the age of genomics.


2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-158
Author(s):  
Ellen R. Kintz

The meaning of ancient Maya social organization continues to engender heated debate. Hierarchy and heterarchy are suggested as organizational principles that reflect the variability characteristic of the Maya households past and present. The presence or absence of lineage in the core area or hinterland reflects the social dimension of Maya social organization and small and larger households are tied to the larger political structure. Detailed archaeological data have documented extreme economic variability in Maya household patterns and relationships associated with these. Scholars argue that structures contain rich symbolic statements and reflect Maya ideological structure. Discussion of Maya household patterns moves beyond a monolithic understanding of social organization in the past and the present, including extreme variation in kinship and marriage patterns, associated economic structure, power, and symbolic representations that bind the society and tie individuals to higher structural levels.


2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco D’Agostino

L’articolo propone l’antico tema della convivenza tra i popoli, quanto mai attuale al giorno d’oggi, per il fatto che ci troviamo di fronte a nuove forme di conflitto, non gestibili con vecchi parametri concettuali, che impongono di riflettere sul come sia possibile una società multiculturale. Le strade ipotizzabili per una convivenza a carattere interculturale e interreligioso sono soltanto tre: la via dell’assimilazione, la via della marginalizzazione e la via dell’integrazione: le prime due sono state abbondantemente sperimentate in diversi contesti politico-nazionali e mostrano da tempo tutti i loro limiti, la terza via è quella che, molto faticosamente, si cerca di mettere alla prova in molti paesi del mondo di oggi ed è quella che richiede un significativo impegno intellettuale e di buona volontà (politica e morale). Un punto essenziale che qualifica il modello dell’integrazione è il primato della persona, secondo due linee: il primato della persona sullo Stato di cui sia cittadina e il primato della persona sulla comunità di cui essa sia un membro. La persona è intesa nel suo essere soggetto in relazione, giacché essa manifesta tutte le proprie potenzialità donandosi all’altro e non chiudendosi autoreferenzialmente in se stessa. Questo è il fondamento autentico di ogni progetto di pace, che prima ancora di essere un progetto politico possiede il carattere di un autentico progetto antropologico. Tale relazionalità chiede, pertanto, di essere garantita. Garante della relazionalità è proprio il diritto, quale forma di esperienza umana costitutivamente relazionale. Lo Stato dovrà operare per garantire la relazionalità multietnica, attraverso l’assunzione di un atteggiamento di imparzialità, distinguendo i valori elaborati dalle culture, e le pratiche sociali ad essi corrispondenti, in almeno tre categorie: quella dei valori che appaiono semplicemente tollerabili, quella dei valori che meritino di essere ritenuti rispettabili e quella, infine, dei valori che per la loro forza intrinseca debbano essere qualificati come condivisibili L’aspetto più arduo concerne l’integrazione, i suoi limiti e quindi la tolleranza verso le culture. Occorre, infatti, fissare i confini della tolleranza che dovrà essere sempre condizionata, argomentata, dinamica, credibile e dovrà, infine, possedere un carattere dialogico. ---------- The article proposes the ancient theme of the cohabitation between peoples, very actual nowadays, for the fact that we have to face new forms of conflict, not manageable with old conceptual parameters, that impose to reflect on how a multicultural society is possible. The roads for an intercultural and interreligious cohabitation are only three: the way of assimilation, the way of the marginalization and the way of the integration: first two have been abundantly experimented in different political- national contexts and they have shown for time all their limits, the third way is that which, very laboriously, many countries of the world of today are trying to test and it requires a meaningful intellectual engagement and good (politics and moral) will. An essential point that qualifies the model of the integration is the primacy of the person according to two lines: the person’s primacy on the State of which it is citizen and the person’s supremacy on community of which it is a member. The person is understood in his being subject in relationship, since it manifests the whole own potentialities giving itself to the other and not closing in itself. This is the authentic base of every project of peace, that possesses the character of an authentic anthropological project even before being a political project. Such relational nature, therefore, must be guaranteed. Guarantor of the relational nature is really the law, as form of human experience constitutively relational. The State must operate to guarantee the multiethnic relational nature, through the assumption of an attitude of impartiality, distinguishing the values elaborated from cultures and the social practices corresponding to them, in at least three categories: that of the values that appear simply tolerable, that of the values which deserves to be thought respectable and, finally, that of the values which must be qualified as shareable for their intrinsic strength. The most arduous aspect pertains to the integration, its limits and therefore tolerance toward cultures. Needs, in fact, fixing the confinements of tolerance that must be always conditioned, deduced, dynamics, believable and, finally, it must possess a dialogical character.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Maria J. Sousa ◽  
Carla Ferreira ◽  
Dulce Vaz ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  

Innovation public policy has an essential role in influencing the competitive capacity of companies and is strongly associated with their ability to innovate and the way they are organized. As important as the technological organization of work is the social dimension, namely, involvement, participation, and commitment of the workforce, as these are, par excellence, factors that contribute to creating added value and differentiation for companies. In this sense, the concept of innovation depends on an integrated vision between the human dimension and the other multiple dimensions that innovation can assume. Public policies, besides the goal of creating a more modern and competitive business and industrial context, also are focused on the development of the workforce, not only in digital competences but also in soft skills. This type of skill contributes to creating a more innovative context and a culture of innovation. This article's goal is to make a global overview of innovation and the public policies to promote the modernization of companies and influence the way they contribute to economic growth.


2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Miftahul Huda

This paper takes into account the very fact that Syari’ah has been a subject of controversy over centuries. Its interpretation in the form of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is a strong indication that Syari’ah is not immune from personal subjectivication. Fiqh is quite personal whereby a jurist would read the message of Syari’ah and attempt to give his personal and subjective interpretation of it. Nonetheless, the paper is also of the argument that this controversy is in itself a source of the dynamics of Syari’ah. It is due to this controversy–otherwise known as the legal dispute- that fiqh is capable of being developed over times. Some substances of fiqh are responses to the opposing views on some issues. Not less important than this is to delve into the factors that triggered such controversy and dispute. The paper speaks of three factors, namely the nature of subject-matter, the way the jurists interpret it, and the social circumstances that surround the jurists and help shape their way of thinking. The first is epistemological, the second methodological, whereas the third to sociological. The three factors are inter-related and form as it were the comprehensive legal products which the Muslims currently inherited. The Tarjih in the meantime, is a form of a legal product, which serves both as a social and intellectual modality for the Muslims in their daily lives.


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