Mycorrhizal relationship in lupines: a review

Legume crops are widely cultivated with agronomical and economic significance. Majority of legume species are known to form mycorrhizal symbioses. However, plants in the genus Lupinus are generally considered as nonmycorrhizal. In this review, published researches with regards to mycorrhizal colonization and function in lupines were revisited. Research findings on mycorrhizal colonization (field or laboratory conditions) and functions (promotion in plant growth, nutrient uptake and metabolites) are summarized. These studies show that 35 out of 43 Lupinus species are colonized by mycorrhizal fungi although their root colonization rates are very low (>10%). The symbiotic status between mycorrhizal fungi and Lupinus species depend on lupine species, fungal taxa, and edaphic growth conditions. The functions of mycorrhizas on lupines exhibit more on physiology than the absorption of P. The responses of lupines to mycorrhizal fungi changed depending on mycorrhizal and Lupinus species and especially soil P concentrations. Based on current limited studies, conclusions on the nature of mycorrhizal relation in lupine could be compromised unless further studies with detailed field surveys and well-designed experiments are implemented.

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Micro-Landscape Dependent Changes in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community Structure

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11115297 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 5297

Author(s):

Stavros D. Veresoglou ◽

Leonie Grünfeld ◽

Magkdi Mola

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Fungal Community Structure ◽

High Connectivity ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal ◽

Colonization Rates

The roots of most plants host diverse assemblages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which benefit the plant hosts in diverse ways. Even though we understand that such AMF assemblages are non-random, we do not fully appreciate whether and how environmental settings can make them more or less predictable in time and space. Here we present results from three controlled experiments, where we manipulated two environmental parameters, habitat connectance and habitat quality, to address the degree to which plant roots in archipelagos of high connectivity and invariable habitats are colonized with (i) less diverse and (ii) easier to predict AMF assemblages. We observed no differences in diversity across our manipulations. We show, however, that mixing habitats and varying connectivity render AMF assemblages less predictable, which we could only detect within and not between our experimental units. We also demonstrate that none of our manipulations favoured any specific AMF taxa. We present here evidence that the community structure of AMF is less responsive to spatio-temporal manipulations than root colonization rates which is a facet of the symbiosis which we currently poorly understand.

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Decline of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in long fallow disorder of field crops and its expression in phosphorus deficiency of sunflower

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9870847 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 847 ◽

Cited By ~ 171

Author(s):

JP Thompson

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Root Length ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽

Poor Growth ◽

Plant Weight ◽

P Deficiency ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular ◽

Fallow Soil

Poor growth of crops after long fallows (> 12 months) in cracking clay soils of the northern areas of the Australian grain belt is known as 'long fallow disorder'. Various crop species, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], sudan grass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf], sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and maize (Zea mays L.), had less root colonization with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and plant weight after long fallows than after short fallows. An experiment was conducted with a phosphorus-deficient soil that had been either fallowed for 3 years or sequentially cropped to cotton, sorghum and sunflower. Cropped soil had more mycorrhizal propagules consisting of intact spores and colonized roots than long fallow soil. In the glasshouse, mycorrhizal colonization of sunflower (cv. Hysun 33) developed quickly in previously cropped soil to peak at 80% of root length at 72 days (flowering), but in long fallow soil it proceeded slowly, attaining 35% of root length at 72 days. Inoculation of long fallow soil with 20% w/w cropped soil resulted in extensive root colonization (89% at 72 days), eliminated P deficiency symptoms and more than doubled plant growth and final P uptake. Inoculation with similar soil treated with gamma radiation to kill propagules of mycorrhizal fungi had no effect on plant growth. Sunflower grew extremely poorly in irradiated soil with considerable leaf necrosis due to P deficiency. Reinoculation with cropped soil resulted In high levels of mycorrhizal colonization and good plant growth. It was concluded that long fallow disorder is caused by a decline in viable propagules of mycorrhizal fungi during fallowing, resulting in poor root colonization and symbiotic effectiveness of a subsequent crop. Fertilizing with phosphorus (50 mg P/kg soil) delayed the development of mycorrhizal colonization, but increased final lengths of colonized roots at 72 days. Zinc fertilizer (15 mg Zn/kg soil) slightly improved mycorrhizal colonization, and basal fertilizer (N, K, S, Ca) substantially improved colonization in long fallow soil inoculated with cropped soil.

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Effects of nitrogen deposition and phosphorus addition on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata)

10.21203/rs.2.12558/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Chuyu Lin ◽

Yaoxiong Wang ◽

Meihua Liu ◽

Quan Li ◽

Wenfa Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

N Deposition ◽

Relative Content ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Spore Density ◽

Symbiotic Relationship ◽

P Addition ◽

Colonization Rates

Abstract Background Nitrogen (N) deposition is a key factor that affects terrestrial biogeochemical cycles with a growing trend, especially in the southeast region of China, where shortage of available phosphorus (P) is particularly acute and P has become a major factor limiting plant growth and productivity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish a mutualistic symbiosis with plants, and play an important role in enhancing plant stress resistance. However, the response of AMF to the combined effects of N deposition and P additions is poorly understood. Results Our results showed that N deposition significantly increased AMF root colonization rates and spore density, but inhibited both symbiotic relationship and spore propagation. In N-free plots, P addition significantly increased AMF root colonization rates, but did not significantly alter spore density. In low-N plots, AMF root colonization rates significantly decreased under low P addition, but significantly increased under high P addition, and spore density exhibited a significant decline under both low and high P additions. In high-N plots, AMF root colonization rates and spore density significantly increased under P additions. In general, AMF were closely related to the relative content of N and P in the soil. Interactive effects of simulated N deposition and P addition on both AMF root colonization rates and spore density were significant. AMF root colonization rates were significantly negatively correlated with soil moisture. Conclusions Moderate N deposition or P addition can weaken the symbiotic relationship between plants and AMF, significantly reducing AMF colonization rates and inhibiting spore propagation. However, a moderate addition of P greatly enhances spore yield. Soil moisture content is the main factor regulating AMF colonization rates. In the case of interactive effects, the AMF colonization rates and spore density are affected by the relative content of N and P in the soil.

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Soil P reduces mycorrhizal colonization while favors fungal pathogens: observational and experimental evidence in Bipinnula (Orchidaceae)

FEMS Microbiology Ecology ◽

10.1093/femsec/fiaa178 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 96 (11) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

María Isabel Mujica ◽

María Fernanda Pérez ◽

Marcin Jakalski ◽

Florent Martos ◽

Marc André Selosse

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Large Population ◽

Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Short Term ◽

Soil P ◽

Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

P Addition

ABSTRACT Little is known about the soil factors influencing root-associated fungal communities in Orchidaceae. Limited evidence suggests that soil nutrients may modulate the association with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF), but their influence on non-mycorrhizal fungi remains unexplored. To study how nutrient availability affects mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fungi associated with the orchid Bipinnula fimbriata, we conducted a metagenomic investigation within a large population with variable soil conditions. Additionally, we tested the effect of phosphorus (P) addition on fungal communities and mycorrhizal colonization. Soil P negatively correlated with the abundance of OMF, but not with the abundance of non-mycorrhizal fungi. After fertilization, increments in soil P negatively affected mycorrhizal colonization; however, they had no effect on OMF richness or composition. The abundance and richness of pathotrophs were negatively related to mycorrhizal colonization and then, after fertilization, the decrease in mycorrhizal colonization correlated with an increase in pathogen richness. Our results suggest that OMF are affected by soil conditions differently from non-mycorrhizal fungi. Bipinnula fimbriata responds to fertilization by altering mycorrhizal colonization rather than by switching OMF partners in the short term, and the influence of nutrients on OMF is coupled with indirect effects on the whole fungal community and potentially on plant's health.

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Ring nematodes (Mesocriconema xenoplax) alter root colonization and function of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in grape roots in a low P soil

Soil Biology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.010 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 40 (7) ◽

pp. 1870-1877 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. Paul Schreiner ◽

John N. Pinkerton

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

And Function

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiosis in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) under No-tillage and Tillage Practices in a Semiarid Region

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/ag.d-339 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahieddine Sebbane ◽

Sonia Labidi ◽

Miloud Hafsi

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Spore Density ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage Practices ◽

Triticum Durum Desf ◽

Colonization Rates

Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are root symbionts that improve host plant growth and resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses allowing a sustain plant production particularly under harsh conditions. Methods: The objective of this study is to compare the effect of conventional tillage and no-tillage practices on AMF symbiosis with durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf) through the evaluation of root colonization and AMF spore density in the soil of three different sites in a semi-arid region in Algeria. Two sites were conducted under rain-fed conditions and one was irrigated.Result: Mycorrhizal root colonization varied according to the site and the tillage practice, while spore density differed between sites. Spore density was higher in sites under rain-fed conditions suggesting that water deficit stimulate sporulation, while root colonization seems to be limited by drought. No-tillage improved root colonization rates by 54.3% compared to conventional tillage system and this improvement, particularly the arbuscular percentage, was higher under drought conditions. In addition, root colonization rates showed a positive correlation with the organic matter content and pH in the soil and a negative correlation with the available phosphorus in the soil. These results indicate that no-tillage enhance the establishment of AMF symbiosis with durum wheat under semi-arid conditions.

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Field growth of Pinussylvestris following nursery inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x90-123 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 914-918 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Elna Stenström ◽

Mats Ek

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽

Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽

Root Tips ◽

Seedling Size ◽

Field Growth ◽

Indigenous Forest ◽

Colonization Rates

Growth of Pinussylvestris L. seedlings inoculated with a number of forest mycorrhizal fungi (Amanitamuscaria (L. ex Fr.) Hooker, Lactariusrufus (Scop.) Fr., Suillusvariegatus (Swartz ex Fr.) O. Kuntze, Tricholomaalbobrunneum (Pers. ex Fr.) Kummer, and an unknown mycorrhizal fungus) in the nursery was studied for 3 years after field planting. At outplanting, 10–40% of the root tips were mycorrhizal, consisting of both the inoculated fungi and an indigenous nursery mycorrhiza, Thelephoraterrestris (Ehrh.) Fr. In the field the target fungi were replaced by several indigenous forest mycorrhizal fungi, which also rapidly colonized the remaining uncolonized root system. At outplanting, some of the inoculated seedlings were substantially smaller than the uninoculated seedlings. However, after 2.5 years seedlings in some of the treatments were up to 50% larger in volume than control seedlings. Even at low initial mycorrhizal colonization rates some mycorrhizal species stimulated seedling growth. The most noticeable response occurred in seedlings inoculated with A. muscaria; although they were about 50% smaller than the control seedlings at outplanting, they grew so rapidly that 18 months later they were about 20% larger than the controls. This observation contradicts previous reports on the importance of seedling size at outplanting. Possible explanations for the observed effects are discussed.

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Endophytic Fungal Root Colonization of Eragrostis tef in Eroded Croplands of the Ethiopian Highlands is Limited by Low Spore Density and Fertilisation

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9020073 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 73 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gezahagn Getachew ◽

Boris Rewald ◽

Douglas L. Godbold ◽

Hans Sandén

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Eastern Africa ◽

Eragrostis Tef ◽

Spore Density ◽

Ethiopian Highlands ◽

Set Up ◽

Spore Densities ◽

Colonization Rates

Eragrostis tef (teff) is a (sub-)tropical cereal crop and a staple food in Eastern Africa. As soil erosion has become increasingly worse in the Ethiopian highlands, we test the hypotheses that 1) eroded soils possess low arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spore densities, 2) teff growth is limited by low endophytic fungal root colonization rates and 3) colonization rates and spore densities are additionally reduced by fertilization. A pot experiment was set up to study the effect of cropland soil inoculation using pristine fungal communities (from adjacent forests) or fertilization. AMF spore densities in soil with and without teff and root colonization by AMF and dark septate endophytes (DSE) were related to straw and grain yields. AMF and DSE colonization rates were higher after inoculation, which provides evidence that a low spore density limits teff root colonization in eroded soils. However, teff yields were significantly increased after fertilisation but not inoculation. N-P fertilization further lowered root colonization rates and spore density. We conclude that forest soils serve as a refugium for soil biota in the degraded landscape of the Ethiopian highlands. As both increased AMF and DSE increase the stress resistance of plants, their inoculation potential should be considered when developing sustainable management methods for teff.

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CD38 as an immunomodulator in cancer

Future Oncology ◽

10.2217/fon-2020-0401 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (34) ◽

pp. 2853-2861

Author(s):

Yanli Li ◽

Rui Yang ◽

Limo Chen ◽

Sufang Wu

Keyword(s):

Multiple Myeloma ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Human Tissues ◽

Transmembrane Glycoprotein ◽

Cell Activation Marker ◽

Research Findings ◽

A Cell ◽

And Function ◽

Human Molecule

CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is widely expressed in a variety of human tissues and cells, especially those in the immune system. CD38 protein was previously considered as a cell activation marker, and today monoclonal antibodies targeting CD38 have witnessed great achievements in multiple myeloma and promoted researchers to conduct research on other tumors. In this review, we provide a wide-ranging review of the biology and function of the human molecule outside the field of myeloma. We focus mainly on current research findings to summarize and update the findings gathered from diverse areas of study. Based on these findings, we attempt to extend the role of CD38 in the context of therapy of solid tumors and expand the role of the molecule from a simple marker to an immunomodulator.

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