scholarly journals The urban Tlemcenian glottal stop in a prospective coma due to contact and accommodation: A cross-sectional investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-45
Author(s):  
Khadidja Hammoudi
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dialect Contact ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Glottal Stop ◽  
Age Grading

Although many researchers have attempted to include age as a variable in explaining linguistic variation, the delicate mechanisms via which variability in speech relates to age-grading aspect are still incomplete in especially lesser-known Arabic-speaking communities akin to Tlemcen, an urban city in Algeria. This paper aims at cross-sectionally investigating the sociolinguistic situation occurring in the Tlemcen speech community especially concerning the use of the glottal stop, an urban realisation of classical Arabic qaf. With the help of a survey interview, questionnaire and non-participant observation, data were collected from a convenient sample of 122 participants of different age cohorts and genders from Tlemcen. The results show that the dialect contact taking place in the community is moving towards aspects of koineisation, mainly levelling and simplification. Social and psychological features are said to explain the dialectal ruralisation guided by post-adolescent and young male native urban dialect speakers, while females of all ages, including old people, are strictly preservative.    

The urban Tlemcenian glottal stop in a prospective coma due to contact and accommodation: A cross-sectional investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-157
Author(s):  
Khadidja Hammoudi
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dialect Contact ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Glottal Stop ◽  
Age Grading

Although many researchers have attempted to include age as a variable in explaining linguistic variation, the delicate mechanisms via which variability in speech relates to age-grading aspect are still incomplete in especially lesser-known Arabic-speaking communities akin to Tlemcen, an urban city in Algeria. This paper aims at cross-sectionally investigating the sociolinguistic situation occurring in the Tlemcen speech community especially concerning the use of the glottal stop, an urban realisation of classical Arabic qaf. With the help of a survey interview, questionnaire and non-participant observation, data were collected from a convenient sample of 122 participants of different age cohorts and genders from Tlemcen. The results show that the dialect contact taking place in the community is moving towards aspects of koineisation, mainly levelling and simplification. Social and psychological features are said to explain the dialectal ruralisation guided by post-adolescent and young male native urban dialect speakers, while females of all ages, including old people, are strictly preservative.   Keywords: Accommodation, age, dialect contact, glottal stop, Tlemcen, speech community.

scholarly journals The (un)preparation of the judiciary hospital for resocialization: violation of human rights

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Flávia Ferreira de Almeida Santana ◽  
Maria Odete Pereira ◽  
Marília Alves
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Security Measure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychic Disorders ◽  
Measure Methods ◽  
Therapeutic Space

Abstract Objective: To analyze the hospital's capacity of custody and treatment for resocialization of patients with psychic disorders, under security measure. Methods: An empirical, qualitative, interpretive and cross-sectional study was carried out in a hospital of custody and treatment (HCT) of a city in the southeast region of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with 22 administrative, health e security workers, through an interview with a semi-structured instrument and non-participant observation. Data were submitted to Content Analysis and presented in the categories: the hospital of custody and treatment: therapeutic space, in fact?; the HCT as a place of segregation and punishment; and the in(ability) of the legal mental hospitals for resocialization. Results: Some professionals considered the hospital as a treatment space, while others considered it an instrument of punishment. However, the punitive nature of the interventions predominated. From the perspective of the participants, the hospital does not promote the resocialization. Conclusion: In the hospital there are no treatments that attend to the uniqueness of the patients who were under safety measure, therefore, they are not prepared to return to the social life, as it happens in prisons. The institution does not promote the resocialization of the patients.

Variation and third age: A sociolinguistic perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (s2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Schreier
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Change ◽  
National Council ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Third Age ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Style Shifting ◽  
Age Grading ◽  
Ethnic Group Membership

Abstract The correlation between external factors such as age, gender, ethnic group membership and language variation is one of the stalwarts of sociolinguistic theory. The repertoire of individual members of speaker groups, vis-à-vis community-wide variation, represents a somewhat slippery ground for developing and testing models of variation and change and has been researched with reference to accommodation (Bell 1984), style shifting (Rickford, John R. & MacKenzie Price. 2013. Girlz II women: Age-grading, language change and stylistic variation. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17. 143–179) and language change generally (Labov, William. 2001. Principles of linguistic change, vol. 2: Social factors. Oxford: Blackwell). This paper presents and assesses some first quantitative evidence that non-mobile older speakers from Tristan da Cunha, an island in the South Atlantic Ocean, who grew up in an utterly isolated speech community, vary and shift according to external interview parameters (interviewer, topic, place of interview). However, while they respond to the formality of the context, they display variation (both regarding speakers and variables) that is not in line with the constraints attested elsewhere. These findings are assessed with focus on the acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in third-age speakers (particularly style-shifting, Labov, William. 1964. Stages in the acquisition of Standard English. In Roger Shuy, Alva Davis & Robert Hogan (eds.), Social Dialects and Language Learning, 77–104. Champaign: National Council of Teachers of English) and across the life-span generally.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota of Healthy Aged Chinese Is Similar to That of the Healthy Young

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaorui Bian ◽  
Gregory B. Gloor ◽  
Aihua Gong ◽  
Changsheng Jia ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Compositional Data Analysis ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Cohorts

ABSTRACT We report the large-scale use of compositional data analysis to establish a baseline microbiota composition in an extremely healthy cohort of the Chinese population. This baseline will serve for comparison for future cohorts with chronic or acute disease. In addition to the expected difference in the microbiota of children and adults, we found that the microbiota of the elderly in this population was similar in almost all respects to that of healthy people in the same population who are scores of years younger. We speculate that this similarity is a consequence of an active healthy lifestyle and diet, although cause and effect cannot be ascribed in this (or any other) cross-sectional design. One surprising result was that the gut microbiota of persons in their 20s was distinct from those of other age cohorts, and this result was replicated, suggesting that it is a reproducible finding and distinct from those of other populations. The microbiota of the aged is variously described as being more or less diverse than that of younger cohorts, but the comparison groups used and the definitions of the aged population differ between experiments. The differences are often described by null hypothesis statistical tests, which are notoriously irreproducible when dealing with large multivariate samples. We collected and examined the gut microbiota of a cross-sectional cohort of more than 1,000 very healthy Chinese individuals who spanned ages from 3 to over 100 years. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing results used a compositional data analysis paradigm coupled with measures of effect size, where ordination, differential abundance, and correlation can be explored and analyzed in a unified and reproducible framework. Our analysis showed several surprising results compared to other cohorts. First, the overall microbiota composition of the healthy aged group was similar to that of people decades younger. Second, the major differences between groups in the gut microbiota profiles were found before age 20. Third, the gut microbiota differed little between individuals from the ages of 30 to >100. Fourth, the gut microbiota of males appeared to be more variable than that of females. Taken together, the present findings suggest that the microbiota of the healthy aged in this cross-sectional study differ little from that of the healthy young in the same population, although the minor variations that do exist depend upon the comparison cohort. IMPORTANCE We report the large-scale use of compositional data analysis to establish a baseline microbiota composition in an extremely healthy cohort of the Chinese population. This baseline will serve for comparison for future cohorts with chronic or acute disease. In addition to the expected difference in the microbiota of children and adults, we found that the microbiota of the elderly in this population was similar in almost all respects to that of healthy people in the same population who are scores of years younger. We speculate that this similarity is a consequence of an active healthy lifestyle and diet, although cause and effect cannot be ascribed in this (or any other) cross-sectional design. One surprising result was that the gut microbiota of persons in their 20s was distinct from those of other age cohorts, and this result was replicated, suggesting that it is a reproducible finding and distinct from those of other populations.

scholarly journals Echocardiographic assessment of suspicious clinical and electrocardiogram findings of healthy young male military aspirants: a cross sectional observational study

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Navaraj Paudel ◽  
Vijay Madhav Alurkar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Sinus Bradycardia ◽  
Pulmonary Stenosis ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Structural Abnormality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
Apparently Healthy

ABSTRACTBackground: Heavy exercise is associated with multiple physiological changes in cardiovascular system. Individuals who otherwise are healthy and asymptomatic are also found to have cardiac abnormalities. The aim of study is to find prevalance of structural abnormalities in apparently healthy males who are found to have abnormal/ suspicious clinical/electrogram findings during routine screening. Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was done in the department of cardiology within Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara over a period of 3 years (December 2013 to December 2016). The study population included all the participants who were apparently healthy young males competing for military recruitment. After the initial screening, those who had abnormal/suspicious findings in the physical examination or in ECG were subjected for trans-thoracic echocardiogram to assess for any structural abnormality Results: Out of 1950 individuals, who underwent physical examination and ECG, 165 had abnormal physical findings and 261 had abnormal ECG findings (21.84% of total had any form of abnormality). 72 (43%) had grade 2 short systolic murmur in the pulmonary area followed by pansystolic murmur in apex. Only 1.8% had diastolic murmur in aortic area. Most common ECG abnormality found was LVH followed by sinus bradycardia and Tinversion in III . Almost 7% of individuals with abnormal ECG findings. Only 16 (0.82% of the total screened/ 4.38% of suspicious findings) had structural abnormalities in echocardiography: 12 had RHD (MR-7, AR-3, R+AS+MR=2); 1 had ASD, 1 had VSD, 1 had Ebstein’s anomaly and 1 had mild valvular pulmonary stenosis (congenital). Conclusion: Individuals who are otherwise healthy and asymptomatic were found to have cardiac abnormality (almost 1.7% had serious electrical or structural abnormality). Cardiovascular screening of all the individuals seeking jobs requiring intense physical exertion is essential to prevent serious cardiovascular outcomes.Keywords: echocardiography; electrocardiography; intense exercise; physical cardiac findings.

scholarly journals A Bridge to Portugal: Language and Identity in Bridgeport, CT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-140
Author(s):  
Fabio Scetti
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
American English ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Language And Identity ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Status

Here I present the results of BridgePORT, an ethnographic study I carried out in 2018 within the Portuguese community of Bridgeport, CT (USA). I describe language use and representation among Portuguese speakers within the community, and I investigate the integration of these speakers into the dominant American English speech community. Through my fieldwork, I observe mixing practices in day-to-day interaction, while I also consider the evolution of the Portuguese language in light of language contact and speakers’ discourse as this relates to ideologies about the status of Portuguese within the community. My findings rely on questionnaires, participant observation of verbal interaction, and semi-structured interviews. My aim is to show how verbal practice shapes the process of identity construction and how ideas of linguistic “purity” mediate the maintenance of a link to Portugal and Portuguese identity.

scholarly journals Maxillofacial injuries among Brazilian children and adolescents victims of traffic accidents

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laís Gonzaga de FARIAS ◽  
Rebeca Valeska Soares PEREIRA ◽  
Lorenna Mendes Temóteo BRANDT ◽  
Thaliny Batista Sarmento de OLIVEIRA ◽  
Alidianne Fábia Cabral XAVIER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Maxillofacial Injuries ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of morbidity due to traffic accidents in children and adolescents and its relationship with maxillofacial injuries in the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed 533 forensic reports of individuals aged 0-19 years, victims of external causes in Campina Grande, Brazil, in 2013. Data were collected through a form containing variables sex, age, day of week, time, type of traffic accident, injured body region, presence of fractures, maxillofacial and oral cavity injuries. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS) was used for data analysis. Prevalence ratios and confidence intervals at 95% were estimated with the chi-square test. RESULTS: There was predominance of males (75.0%) aged 15-19 years (65.0%), with association between sex and occurrence of traffic accidents (p <0.001). The afternoon shift recorded 36.7% of cases of accidents involving motorcyclists (55.0%). In 25.0% of cases, there were injuries on the head and 26.7% on the face. Head and face injuries were observed in 10.0% of patients, while maxillofacial and oral cavity injuries were present in 21.7% and 6.7%, respectively. There was an association between occurrence of accident and face injuries (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Traffic accidents affect mostly young male individuals, causing multiple injuries in different body areas, including maxillofacial and oral cavity injuries.

scholarly journals Anaemia among young male workers in Alexandria, Egypt

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 1005-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Curtale ◽  
M. Abdel Fattah ◽  
M. El Shazly ◽  
M. Youssef Shamy ◽  
F. El Sahn
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Male Workers

In a cross-sectional survey, we investigated exposure to and the presence of factors associated with anaemia, such as socioeconomic conditions, dietary habits, intestinal parasitic infections and lead among 355 young male workers [7-19 years of age]employed in private workshops. Of the total study sample, 44.5% [158 participants]were found to be anaemic. The major risk factors for anaemia were multiple parasitic infection, high intensity of parasitic [Ascaris lumbricoides]infection and drinking tea soon after a meal. A significantly lower prevalence of anaemia was noted after Ramadan; it appeared to be the main factor associated with the presence or absence of anaemia and warrants further attention.

scholarly journals Ilha do Combú: um olhar sob as perspectivas conceituais do lazer e seus equipamentos

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arcanjo Miguel Garcia Maia ◽  
Jonathan Rodrigues Nunes ◽  
Silvia Helena Ribeiro Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
The State ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Conceptual Issue ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Island Community ◽  
Tourist Development ◽  
The Moment

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar à sociedade a Ilha do Combú, área que pertence a Belém do Pará e suas diversas formas de ser trabalhado. A partir da questão conceitual do lazer, procurar-se-á, a partir do empreendimento particular de Dona Nena (Filha do Combú), e da festividade de Santo Antônio, fazer uma análise da diversidade que compõe as comunidades que residem na ilha, porém que não são trabalhadas da melhor forma possível, tomando como ponto de partida as teorias de diferentes autores referidos à lazer, tentando ressaltar a potencialidade que a ilha abrange sob a ampla perspectiva do aproveitamento de horas livres, tantos de turistas quanto de residentes do munícipio de Belém, sabido que ambos são relevantes para a perspectiva do estudo sobre lazer. O trabalho finalizará, portanto, tentando fazer um consenso entre as diferentes teóricas dos autores para com a classificação da Ilha em sua totalidade, sob a ótica destes estudos sobre o tema do lazer, suas motivações, e seus referidos equipamentos e suas classificações. Island of Combú: the local community according to the conceptual perspectives of leisure ABSTRACT This paper has as objective approach the experience of Combú of the island community, place that belongs to Belém of the state of Pará, and due to the closeness to the capital while urban city has stronger relation with the visitation of eventual tourists whom haz the intection of approaching of green areas. Seeing that this flow produces na urbanizing impact in the area, the search proposed to approach the relation of the community with this new utility found in their place of everyday. Starting of the conceptual issue of leisure, it was made na analysis of yhe cultural and anthropological diversity that composes the families that reside in the island. And their relation with tourism. For such, it was made field visitis and open interview on the particular enterprise of Ms. Nena (Filha do Combú), and participant observation at the Santo Antônio de Piriquitatara festivity, one of the festivities that were occurring at the moment, seeking to pay attention to the frequencie and charactheristics on the recurrents tourists on site, as far as the perception of the local communnity to this touristic flow. The work endend trying to make na overview between the diferente theories of the authors to the island rating, both in relation to the use, as approaching the island as an equipment, and also in relation to the ends and motivations of tourists, always taking into account the percpetion of the local communnity. KEYWORDS: Local Culture; Leisure; Riveirine Communities; Tourist Development.

Guideline Values for Minimum Nasal Cross-Sectional Area in Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1043-1050
Author(s):  
Maija T. Laine-Alava ◽  
Siiri Murtolahti ◽  
Ulla K. Crouse ◽  
Donald W. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Nasal Airway ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Research Criteria

Objective: The purpose was to determine age-specific values of the minimum cross-sectional area of the nasal airway in children without cleft lip or palate and to assess whether gender differences occur with growth in order to develop guidelines for assessment in children with clefts. Participants: All schoolchildren aged 8 to 17 years who met the research criteria were studied during rest breathing using the pressure-flow technique. The children came from a rural area of 3800 inhabitants. Consecutive age cohorts were used for comparisons. Results: Nasal cross-sectional area increased in females from 0.38 cm2 in 8-year-olds to 0.58 cm2 in 17-year-olds. There was a decrease in size at ages 10 to 11 and 14 to 15 years. In males, the area increased from 0.40 to 0.68 cm2 and decreased slightly from 9 to 10 and 14 to 15 years. The annual changes were statistically significant in females between 8 and 9 and 11 to 13 years of age, and in males from 11 to 12, 13 to 14, and 15 to 17 years of age. Across gender, the only significant difference occurred at age 16. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the increase in nasal airway size is not consistent during growth. Nasal airway size showed almost equal values for both genders in young children but was systematically larger in boys from 14 years of age on. The results refer that by 17 years of age nasal airway may not have reached adult size in males.

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