scholarly journals Gender differences in life expectancy of the population of Tatarstan

POPULATION ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Alisa Ibragimova
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Behavioral Factors ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
The Government

During the spread of coronavirus infection around the world, much attention is being paid to study of excessive mortality of the population, which has impact on life expectancy. Achieving the goals set by the Government of the Russian Federation to achieve life expectancy of 78 years by 2030 depends on many factors, including reduction of gender differences in life expectancy and excess mortality of the male population from various classes of causes. But in 2020 there was a turning point which led to a decrease in life expectancy to the level of 2014. This fact requires a more detailed study of the negative consequences of gender differences in this demographic indicator. The data of Rosstat and the sociological study "Demographic well-being of Tatarstan" conducted by the Family and Demography Center of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences served as an information resource. The purpose of the article is to identify the main social consequences of gender differences in life expectancy. The main socio-cultural and behavioral factors of male mortality are highlighted. Among the behavioral factors that are closest to explaining the high mortality of Russian men is alcohol consumption, which is considered as an optional phenomenon of suicide. The direct expression (consequence) of a certain behavior is the most characteristic tendency of men to neglect their own health. In order to change the situation, only the state policy on development of measures aimed at creating conditions for raising the life expectancy is not sufficient, it is also necessary to change the consciousness of men to form motivation for the need to preserve and strengthen health.

PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF STREET HAWKING ON THE WELL-BEING OF CHILDREN IN ANYIGBA, DEKINA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-07
Author(s):  
Alfred Eboh
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Perceived Effects ◽  
The Government

Background: The hawking of wares by children has been a serious issue confronting the Nigerian society. Children hawk in some of the most horrible conditions conceivable, where they face a serious risk of injury, chronic illness, kidnapping, rape or death. Objective: The focus of this study was to assess the perceived effects of street hawking on the well-being of children in Anyigba, Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State. Methods: The population of this study consists of parents of the street hawkers in Anyigba while cross-sectional survey design was used through the purposive sampling technique to choose the sample size of one hundred and sixty-two (162) respondents. The validated structured questionnaire and In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) served as the instruments for the data collection respectively. The hypotheses were tested using Chi-Square at a predetermined 0.05 level of significance. The quantitative data were analysed with the aid of the SPSS (version 20). Results: The results indicated among others that street hawking had significant social implications and physical consequences on children's moral behaviour as well as health status in the study area. Conclusion: The study, therefore, concluded that the government of Kogi State should carry out an enlightenment campaign through the media and religious institutions on the negative consequences of street hawking are recommended as panacea. Also, the child right act instrument and its implementation should be strengthened in order to curb street hawking in the study area.

Living on a low income as a systemic impediment to socio-economic development of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
NATALIIA TOLSTYKH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Government

The article sheds light on various approaches that seek to determine how widespread poverty and life on a low income are in Ukraine nowadays. As a social phenomenon, poverty has traditionally been associated with destitution and living below the subsistence level set by the government. However, the author holds the view that life on a low income not only means living near or below the poverty line. There is another part of Ukraine’s population that should also be considered needy — those whose income is less than twice as the subsistence level, and most of them are also subject to socio-economic deprivation. Drawing upon the findings of a social survey conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the NAS of Ukraine in 2019, the paper analyses the standard of living among different income groups. Particular attention is given to consumption patterns and social well-being of respondents in the lower income brackets. From the data, it can be inferred that living conditions of many Ukrainians are inadequate to sustain and develop human potential; furthermore, the low-income households have literally to struggle every day to make ends meet. The author brings into focus the main macroeconomic factors contributing to this situation and its adverse effect on the nation’s social potential. Some of the most common social consequences of living on a low income have been identified, such as limited consumption, a person’s dissatisfaction with life and his/her position in society. The above-mentioned survey also provides the estimates of how much the current subsistence level (with regard to Ukraine) should be. Having been made by different socio-demographic and occupational groups of Ukraine’s population, these estimates are a useful source of information — given that subsistence level is considered the basic social standard. According to the survey, all these figures are at variance with the official subsistence level, which is noticeably lower, and this indicates that the current subsistence level needs an upward revision. Today, the overall socio-economic situation in Ukraine is unfavourable for neoliberal economic reforms initiated by the government. Since these policies are primarily designed to reduce the role of state in managing the economy and implementing social welfare programmes, following this path will inevitably result in the entrenchment of mass poverty and in a major loss of Ukraine’s human potential, as well as labour force. The author argues that tackling the country’s chronic low income problem is only possible if a new strategy for socio-economic development is adopted, where social welfare is prioritised.

scholarly journals Gender differences in mental health expectancies in early- and midlife in six European countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 202 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Traolach S. Brugha ◽  
Ruth Matthews ◽  
Jordi Alonso ◽  
Gemma Vilagut ◽  
Tony Fouweather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorder ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population

BackgroundHealth expectancies, taking into account both quality and quantity of life, have generally been based on disability and physical functioning.AimsTo compare mental health expectancies at age 25 and 55 based on common mental disorders both across countries and between males and females.MethodMental health expectancies were calculated by combining mortality data from population life tables and the age-specific prevalence of selected common mental disorders obtained from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD).ResultsFor the male population aged 25 (all countries combined) life expectancy was 52 years and life expectancy spent with a common mental disorder was 1.8 years (95% CI 0.7-2.9),3.4% of overall life expectancy. In comparison, for the female population life expectancy at age 25 was higher (57.9 years) as was life expectancy spent with a common mental disorder (5.1 years, 95% CI 3.6-6.6) and as a proportion of overall life expectancy, 8.8%. By age 55 life expectancy spent with a common mental disorder had reduced to 0.7 years (males) and 2.3 years (females).ConclusionsAge and gender differences underpin our understanding of years spent with common mental disorders in adulthood. Greater age does not mean living relatively more years with common mental disorder. However, the female population spends more years with common mental disorders and a greater proportion of their longer life expectancy with them (and with each studied separate mental disorder).

scholarly journals LITERATE LIFE EXPECTANCY AND ITS GENDER DIFFERENTIALS IN OMAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
M. Mazharul Islam ◽  
Md. Hasinur Rahaman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Alternative Measure ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Gender Differentials

Measuring human quality and well-being by the human development index (HDI) is very challenging as it is a composite index of many socio-economic variables. However, a simple index called literate life expectancy (LLE) by combining life expectancy and literacy only can be used as an alternative measure, which is less data intensive than HDI. LLE is the average life expectancy that a person lives under literate state. Length of life in literate state has many positive implications on social, economic and political aspects of life. In this paper an attempt has been made to construct LLE for Omani population with its gender differentials. The data for the study were extracted from the 2015 Statistical Year Book and the 2010 Population and Census report of Oman published by the National Centre for Statistics & Information. Despite socioeconomic progress, levels of education among women in Oman are not the same as men. The analysis shows the remarkable differences in the LLE between men and women for almost all age groups. The Omani female population is much lag behind in literate life expectancy than the Omani male population. The results underscore the need to take necessary steps for reducing gender gap in LLE in Oman.  

The British State and the Structure of Political Opportunity

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Political System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
British Politics ◽  
Male Population ◽  
State Action ◽  
The Government ◽  
British State

The mid-Victorian state was a modest, and only moderately democratic, affair. It was modest both in its size and in what it set out to do. There was no pretense that the government could do much on its own to remedy or compensate for social ills, and there was no party in the land with a serious program of state intervention. This minimalist character of the state, whose restricted ambitions were underpinned by the constraints of Gladstonian finance, was reinforced by its inaccessibility. Political participation was the preserve of a distinct minority, less than 15 percent of the male population after the reform of 1832. The Second Reform Bill of 1867 widened the franchise further, to about 35 percent of men, but political citizenship continued to be denied to the bulk of the working class and to all women.By contrast, few people—scholars or laymen—would attach the label “modest” to the state in the twentieth century, and, for all the flaws and imperfections that reduce its representativeness, it is obviously part of a highly democratic polity. The sphere of state action has expanded enormously since 1850, and, despite the recent efforts of Conservatives, the government still bears responsibility for numerous aspects of its citizens' well-being. Over roughly the same span of years the British political system has been democratized. Successive installations of reform in 1867, in 1884–85, in 1918, and in 1929 have brought first working-class men, then middle-class women, and finally all women into the formal political system. These two processes—the expansion of government and the democratization of British politics—constitute the major transformations in public life in modern Britain.

scholarly journals The state and dynamics of the Russian mass consciousness and behavioral practices under the covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-754
Author(s):  
M. K. Gorshkov ◽  
I. O. Tyurina
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The expansion of the covid-19 has created a new pandemic social reality. In fact, for the first time in modern history, mankind faces a global crisis determined not by geopolitical or economic challenges but by a disease which spreads in most countries and all continents as a pandemic, which affects the current social-economic processes and development forecasts, reveals and intensifies the most acute social problems, and significantly transformed the functioning of the contemporary society. The pandemic was a complete surprise for the world and national communities - a surprise not so much medical or epidemiological as social. Already at the beginning of the pandemic, there was an opposition of two approaches to its probable social consequences. Some experts believed that it would change the society radically and irreversibly, would transform social institutions and change everyday life, and the world will never be the same. Others argued that the new social practices would not affect the deepest foundations of the established social order which would be later restored in its pre-coronavirus form [10]. However, it is obvious that the global and extraordinary social upheavals caused by the pandemic would have large-scale social consequences that need to be described and analyzed, in particular the impact of the coronavirus on the most important spheres and aspects of life as assessed by the people. The article is based on the results of the all-Russian sociological study and presents a comprehensive analysis of the Russian life under the pandemic. The authors provide data on the dynamics of material and social situation of Russians, explain the impact of the pandemic on the social-psychological well-being, public mentality and spiritual atmosphere. The authors pay particular attention to the behavioral practices of different groups of the Russian population according to their adaptation to new social-economic conditions, preservation and development of human potential, and view of the countrys future.

scholarly journals Silver linings of the COVID-19 lockdown in New Zealand

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249678
Author(s):  
Matthew Jenkins ◽  
Janet Hoek ◽  
Gabrielle Jenkin ◽  
Philip Gendall ◽  
James Stanley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Post Traumatic Growth ◽  
The Face ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Qualitative Responses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental Well Being

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption, distress, and loss of life around the world. While negative health, economic, and social consequences are being extensively studied, there has been less research on the resilience and post-traumatic growth that people show in the face of adversity. We investigated New Zealanders’ experiences of benefit-finding during the COVID-19 pandemic and analysed qualitative responses to a survey examining mental well-being during the New Zealand lockdown. A total of 1175 of 2010 eligible participants responded to an open-ended question probing ‘silver linings’ (i.e., positive aspects) they may have experienced during this period. We analysed these qualitative responses using a thematic analysis approach. Two thirds of participants identified silver linings from the lockdown and we developed two overarching themes: Surviving (coping well, meeting basic needs, and maintaining health) and thriving (self-development, reflection, and growth). Assessing positive as well as negative consequences of the pandemic provides more nuanced insights into the impact that New Zealand’s response had on mental well-being.

scholarly journals The Unexpected Social Consequences of Diverting Attention to our Phones

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elyssa M Barrick ◽  
Alixandra Barasch ◽  
Diana Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Social Connection ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Social Motives

Phone use is everywhere. Previous work has shown that phone use during social experiences has detrimental effects on cognitive processing, well-being, and relationships. In this work, we first replicate this by showing the negative effects of phone use on relationships during both controlled and naturalistic social experiences. In Study 1, participants that were randomly assigned to complete a task with a confederate who used their phone part of the time reported lower feelings of social connection than participants paired with a partner who did not use their phone at all. In Study 2, dyads in a park completed a survey about their experience of the day. Participants reported that increased phone use resulted in lower feelings of social connection, enjoyment, and engagement in the experience. People were keenly aware that phone use in social situations can be harmful. If the negative effects of phone use are so obvious, why do people continue to phub their friends? Studies 3 and 4 demonstrate that people accurately intuit the effects of others’ phone use on experiences, but fail to recognize the effects of their own phone use. Study 4 explains this phubbing blindspot by demonstrating asymmetric positive attributions – people attribute their own phone use to positive social motives, and overestimate their ability to multitask compared to others. These findings suggest that people may fail to recognize the negative consequences of their own phone use by attributing positive motives for phone use to themselves.

scholarly journals Health-saving technologies for citizens in the focus of urban planning policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Olga Nikolaevna Astafyeva ◽  
Irina Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Urban Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Planning Policy ◽  
Key Indicator ◽  
The Government

In the last few years, the approach “Urban Health” is gaining popularity in the world practice of municipal and state administration. Its peculiarity consists in the fact that in structuring any policies and making any decisions, priority is given to health and wellbeing of the population, and the key indicator of effectiveness is life expectancy. There is a range of works dedicated to ratio between physical and mental health of citizens and organization of the urban environment. However, the yet only Russian-language research on the practice of using Urban Health approach in different countries, the Russian experience is presented by Moscow alone and without emphasis on architecture and urban planning. The author systematizes the existing health-saving technologies that can serve as the foundation for environmental development programs; successful urban development programs of other countries are compared with such in Moscow and Russia, which allows revealing the merits and flaws of the latter. The conclusion is made that despite a set of measures presented in multiple programs and documents, which are aimed at improvement of health and well-being of the citizens, life expectancy and mitigation of risk of various diseases, do not appear as the goals of these programs. Therefore, urban planning policy can objectively be much more health-saving; the rhetoric and optics of the Urban Health approach, being articulated by the government,  can be more comprehensible for the population than the environmental agenda, and thus, promote the necessary urban changes.

IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY AND POPULATION INCOME IN 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Lyudmila A. Migranova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Third ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
Monetary Income

The article presents dynamics of the coronavirus infection in Russia and analysis of the situation in the national economy and population living standards amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Investigation of the socio-economic situation in the country was performed on the Rosstat preliminary data for 2020. The economy has suffered serious losses from the COVID-19 resurgence already in the second quarter: GDP in constant prizes was only 92% as compared to the corresponding period of 2019, budget revenues reduced at all levels, unemployment increased from 4,7% to 6%. This was immediately reflected in the indicators of well-being. Thus, for example, nominal per capita monetary income of the RF population reduced to 94.6%, and real — to 91,7% against the second quarter of the previous year. Owing to the Government measures to curb the spread of the virus, to provide assistance to business and citizens most affected by the pandemic, the situation began to gradually improve ealready in the third quarter. It is shown in the article that the second, stronger wave of COVID-19, which began in mid-September, did not allow to radically change the socio-economic situation in the country until the close of the year, as follows from the statistics for October-December 2020. The authors make a conclusion that Russia has managed to avoid a deep crisis. They provide a comparative analysis with the crisis situation of 2016. The pandemic will continue affecting the economy and living standards of the Russian population in 2021. Already at the beginning of the year, the RF Government took a series of measures to support the economy and population and to overcome the negative consequences of the year 2020.

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