scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 Through the Lens of Islamic Law: An Indonesian Case

Lentera Hukum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Mohammad Syahrul RA ◽  
Yusuf Hamdika ◽  
Sholahuddin Al-Fatih
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Global Citizens ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
Rapid Transmission ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a virus founded in China, has spread worldwide as it has become pandemic. As a result, significant and detrimental impacts are undeniable to global citizens, including those in Indonesia. With the government's suggestions like introducing physical distancing and large-scale social restriction, they slow down economic growth. Also, they impact religious practices, particularly those performed by Muslims in Indonesia. This paper will discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of Islamic law. There are two main issues to analyze. First, what is the impact of COVID-19 on community activities in the view of Islamic law? Second, what is the impact of COVID-19 on religious communities in carrying out worship? This paper finds that the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted religious worship activities in public places by considering this virus's rapid transmission. It is followed by the closure of worship places to encourage citizens to practice their religious activities at home. Thus, the whole community was urged, and some were prohibited following the mapping zone experienced by each region. Given Islamic law believed and trusted by Muslims, in the end, the government has issued a new normal policy by opening places of worship with health protocols. KEYWORDS: COVID-19, Islamic Law, Religious Practices, Indonesian Muslims.

scholarly journals RELASI MASJID DAN PASAR: KAJIAN SOSIOLOGI HUKUM TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN PENERAPAN PEMBATASAN SOSIAL BERSKALA BESAR SAAT PANDEMI COVID 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-131
Author(s):  
Indra Budi Jaya
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Sociology Of Law ◽  
Restriction Policy ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Islam as a religion wants its people to always maintain a balance between religiosity (al din) and worldly problems (al dunya). The relationship between the two describes something that is separate but inseparable (harmony). However, for modern society, this condition often creates contradictions, this condition was seen at the time of the Covid 19 pandemic. The implementation of Large-Scale Social Restrictions by the government in an effort to overcome the spread of the impact of Covid 19 to the community by limiting activities in mosques and allowing activities in the market to continue in fact responded by the community differently. The methodology used is qualitative by using social policy analysis. This paper tries to examine social policies towards the application of large-scale social restrictions on mosques and markets. In this paper, the sociology of law theory is used, namely Law is a social engineering tool which emphasizes that law becomes the commander who must bring change to society. The results obtained in the research are that the community responds to the large-scale social restriction policy differently, where the purpose of the policy is for the community to be expected to make changes by complying with the rules that have been set by the government, the conditions for rejection and various responses are caused by disharmony between implementation of policies with public awareness of the law.Keyword : Policy, large-Scale Restrictions and the sociology of law. AbstrakIslam sebagai agama mengkhendaki umatnya agar senantiasa menjaga keseimbangan antara religiusitas (al din) dan masalah keduniaan (al dunia). Hubungan keduanya menggambarkan sesuatu yang terpisah namun tidak bisa dipisahkan (harmoni). Namun bagi masyarakat modern kondisi tersebut seringkali justru menimbulkan pertentangan, kondisi tersebut nampak pada saat terjadinya pandemi Covid 19. Penerapan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar oleh pemerintah dalam upaya penanggulangan penyebaran dampak Covid 19 kepada masyarakat dengan membatasi aktivitas di masjid dan membiarkan kegiatan di pasar tetap berjalan nyatanya direspon oleh masyarakat secara berbeda. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan menggunakan analisis kebijakan sosial, Tulisan ini mencoba menelaah kebijakan sosial terhadap penerapan pembatasan sosial berskala besar terhadap masjid dan pasar. Dalam penulisan ini dipergunakan teori sosiologi hukum yaitu Law is a tool social engineering yang menegaskan bahwa hukum menjadi panglima yang harus membawa perubahan terhadap masyarakat. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian adalah Masyarakat merespon kebijakan pembatasan sosial berskala besar tersebut secara berbeda, dimana tujuan kebijakan tersebut adalah untuk masyarakat diharapkan dapat melakukan perubahan dengan mematuhi aturan yang telah di tetapkan oleh pemerintah, kondisi penolakan dan respon beragam tersebut di sebabkan oleh ketidak harmonisannya antara penerapan kebijakan dengan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap hukum.Kata Kunci : Kebijakan,  Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar dan Sosiologi Hukum

scholarly journals The Impact of Covid-19 on the Development of Various Business Sectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-326
Author(s):  
Sunarmin Sunarmin ◽  
Ahmad Junaidi ◽  
Endah Fantini
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Business World ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The Government ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
The Impact

Outbreaks of the new corona virus or Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) are increasingly felt in the domestic economy, especially in terms of consumption, corporate, financial sector, and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The existence of Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) that has been declared by the government most of the activities involving the public are restricted, such as offices or offices that are closed, restrictions on religious activities and restrictions on public transportation. The business world has not been separated from the shadows of the Corona Covid-19 pandemic. Instead of diminishing, some countries have confirmed that they will experience a second wave of pandemic that began in Wuhan, China. The purpose of this study is to find out whether the impact of Covid-19 will have a widespread effect on business entities and the sustainability of business entities. This research is a descriptive study, using the literature method where research is conducted by studying and collecting data from libraries related to tools, both in the form of journals and scientific studies of research that has been published in public journals. The results of the study concluded that the impact on Covid-19 had a significant influence on the development of the business world. The biggest influences occur in the mall/supermarket, hospitality, manufacturing and various businesses related to the use of mass labor. In this study, not many scientific writers have focused on examining the impact of this 19 on the business world in general. Although the fact in the field of influence of Covid-19 is clearly seen the fact in the life of the wider community due to many businesses limit / lay off and even deduct workers' income from the value of income received.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Jumlah Sampah di Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir Regional Kota Payakumbuh

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yenni Ruslinda ◽  
Indah Kurnia Asyura ◽  
Rizki Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Truck Drivers ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
Processing Site ◽  
Domestic Sources ◽  
The Impact

Restrictions on community activities during the Covid-19 pandemic have an impact on the amount of waste a city produces. This study aims to analyze the amount of incoming waste at the Payakumbuh Regional Final Processing Site (TPA) before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, analyze the impact of the pandemic on waste sources and provide recommendations for waste management during the pandemic. Data on the amount of waste entering the TPA was obtained from measurements of waste at the weighbridge before the pandemic (February – March 2020) and during the pandemic (April – May 2020). The analysis of the impact of the pandemic on the source of the waste is based on the results of interviews with truck drivers and analysis of truck routes. The results showed a decrease in the amount of waste transported to the landfill by 11.15% during the Covid-19 pandemic. The average amount of waste before the pandemic was 237.36 tons/day, while during the pandemic is 210.90 tons/day. The decrease in the amount of waste is due to restrictions on community activities outside the home with the implementation of the Large-Scale Social Restriction (PSBB) policy. The implementation of PSBB policy during the pandemic caused a decrease in the amount of waste from institutional, commercial and city service facilities by 29.48-50% and an increase in domestic sources by 21.22%.

scholarly journals Changes in Congregational Prayer Practices During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Aceh from Maqashid al-Sharia Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-449
Author(s):  
Salman Abdul Muthalib ◽  
Tarmizi M. Jakfar ◽  
Muhammad Maulana ◽  
Lukman Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Worship Practices ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Activity Restrictions

Covid-19 has changed the habits of almost all activities of human life, including religious matters. The worship practices have also changed, such as performing prayers at home, keeping distant rows, and wearing masks. This paper is empirical legal research that seeks to examine the living law in the Aceh society with a maqashid shari’a perpective during a pandemic. The data collection techniques were interview, observation, and document study. It concludes that the government policies, including the 2020 Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB), the 2021 Implementation of Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM), fatwas of Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and Tausiyah of Acehnese Ulema regulating and calling for restrictions on religious activities are rules with benefit values and in accordance with the principle of maqasid al-shari'a. Despite some people's rejection, the policies are, in fact, based on maqasid al-shari'a, namely protecting the life (hifz al-nafs) so that people will not get infected by the virus. Moreover, public safety is the highest law purpose to maintain. The policies also prove the state's role through the rule when conditions endanger the community in addition to avoiding harms as a part of Islamic law orders. (Covid-19 telah mengubah kebiasaan hampir seluruh aktivitas kehidupan manusia, mulai dari ekonomi, sosial, budaya, pendidikan bahkan agama. Pada aspek agama aktivitas ibadah juga mengalami perubahan misalnya himbauan shalat di rumah, menjaga jarak saf dan memakai masker. Tulisan ini merupakan penelitian hukum empiris yang berupaya menelaah hukum sebagaimana yang terjadi dalam realitas masyarakat dengan pendekatan hukum Islam saat pandemi. Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data yang dipakai adalah wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumen. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pada awalnya himbauan sebagai pemerintah tidak secara menyeluruh diikuti oleh masyarakat karena setiap daerah berbeda tingkat penularan dan kondisi covid terjadi. Setelah aturan PPKM 2021 diterapkan hal ini relatif teratur termasuk di Aceh karena dibedakan empat level dan berdasarkan tingkat penularan dan korban yaitu, merah, orange, kuning dan hijau. Kebijakan pemerintah agar tidak salat jamaah di masjid pada saat kondisi penularannya tinggi sebenarnya mengacu pada konsep maqashid syari’ah yaitu menjaga jiwa (hifz al-nafs) agar masyarakat tidak tertular virus. Meskipun sebagian masyarakat khusus daerah atau kabupaten yang tingkat penularannya rendah menganggap bahwa shalat berjamaah di masjid tetap harus dilakukan dengan pertimbangan menjaga agama (hifz al-din) sesuai protokol kesehatan. Namun patut dicatat kebijakan pemerintah tersebut mengandung kemaslahatan yang bertujuan untuk menghindari kemudharatan dan menolak bahaya sebagaimana disebutkan dalam kaidah fikih. Sehingga menghindarkan diri dari kemudharatan dan taat kepada pemerintah juga merupakan perintah syariat Islam.)

scholarly journals Pemodelan Dampak COVID-19 Terhadap Kebutuhan Energi di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Agus Sugiyono ◽  
Joko Santosa ◽  
Adiarso ◽  
Edi Hilmawan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Energy Planning ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

In order to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic, the government issued a large-scale social restriction policy (PSBB). The policy in the form of restrictions on social activities will limit economic activity which ultimately has an impact on decreasing energy demand. This PSBB policy is challenge in implementing a national energy management plan, and might causes some of the energy planning targets not to be achieved. To analyze the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on national energy demand, an energy model was created using LEAP software. LEAP is a model for comprehensive energy planning from energy resources to energy use based on an accounting system. For the purposes of analysis, LEAP requires quite detailed data, in the form of socioeconomic data, energy data, and community activity data due to social restrictions. In this paper, the results of energy modeling simulation are discussed in terms of energy demand based on the scenario of no pandemic or bussiness as usual (BAU) and three pandemic scenarios, namely: optimistic (OPT), moderate (MOD), and pessimistic (PES) scenarios. Energy demand in 2020 is predicted to decrease by 10.7% (OPT scenario), 15.3% (MOD scenario), and 20.0% (PES scenario) compared to the BAU scenario. The model can still be further developed to analyze the impact, both on the overall of demand side and energy supply side and also environmental aspects.

scholarly journals Pendekatan Pemodelan Matematika Dinamis Dalam Analisis Prediksi COVID-19 Sebagai Masukan Kebijakan Pemerintah Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ibnu Susanto Joyosemito ◽  
Narila Mutia Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Rate ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Uncertain Time ◽  
The Impact

World Health Organization has declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as pandemic on March 11, 2020. It becomes a global health issue since all countries over the world including Indonesia are fighting against the disease. In order to minimize the impact of COVID-19, the government need to implement the right policy. One of the important elements in deciding the policy is by having the estimation of the COVID-19 cases using the modeling simulation. The objective of this community service activity was to provide the analysis the COVID-19 cases in Indonesia using a dynamic modeling approach. Two basic scenarios of with and without the policy implementation was simulated simultaneously with Monte Carlo method. The model results demonstrated that it needs to implement Large Scale Social Restriction (LSSR) policy to reduce the contact rate in order to reduce the spread of transmission and to extend the period of LSSR until the peak of pandemic in Indonesia is passed. The peak of pandemic under LSSR policy scenario will be reached in the middle of July. Those result were presented twice to government party. Unfortunately, the LSSR was relaxed soon after the second presentation. A precise prediction by the model was occurred when the relaxation of LSRR was implemented, then the peak of COVID-19 pandemic was shift to the uncertain time. It is suggested that the stakeholders especially the policy maker should consider the modeling analysis as a tool for helping in the policy arrangement of COVID-19 countermeasure.   Keywords: COVID-19, Dynamics Modeling, High Leverage Policy, Social Restriction   Abstrak   Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) telah menetapkan Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) sebagai pandemi pada 11 Maret 2020. COVID-19 menjadi isu kesehatan secara global karena semua negara di dunia termasuk Indonesia sedang berjuang melawannya. Untuk meminimalisir dampak COVID-19, pemerintah perlu menerapkan kebijakan yang tepat. Salah satu elemen penting dalam pengambilan keputusan adalah dengan melakukan estimasi kasus COVID-19 dengan menggunakan pemodelan. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan analisis kasus COVID-19 di Indonesia dengan menggunakan pendekatan pemodelan dinamis. Dua buah basis skenario yaitu dengan dan tanpa implementasi kebijakan disimulasikan secara bersamaan dengan metode Monte Carlo. Hasil keluaran model menunjukkan perlunya penerapan kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) untuk mengurangi laju kontak (contact rate) dengan penderita guna mengurangi penyebaran penularan dan memperpanjang periode PSBB hingga puncak pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia terlampaui. Puncak pandemi dalam skenario kebijakan PSBB akan terjadi pada pertengahan Juli. Hasil pemodelan tersebut sudah dua kali dipresentasikan kepada pihak pemerintah. Sayangnya, PSBB diperlonggar diimplementasikan oleh pemerintah setelah presentasi kedua. Prediksi yang tepat secara kuantitatif oleh model terjadi pada saat PSBB diperlonggar diimplementasikan oleh karenanya puncak pandemi COVID-19 bergeser ke waktu yang belum dapat dipastikan. Untuk itu disarankan agar para pemangku kepentingan terutama pembuat kebijakan dapat mempertimbangkan analisis pemodelan sebagai alat bantu dalam menyusun kebijakan untuk tindakan penanggulangan COVID-19.   Kata kunci: COVID-19, Modeling, Kebijakan Berpengaruh Tinggi, Pembatasan Sosial

scholarly journals Identitas Agama dan Pola Gerakan Sosial (Studi Kasus Front Pembela Islam Di Kota Palembang)

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Rendi Ariansyah ◽  
Masyhur Masyhur
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The title of this research is "Religious Identity and Social Movement Pattern (Case Study of Islamic Defenders Front in Palembang City)". This study examines the pattern of FPI social movements in the city of Palembang in upholding Amar Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar and the impact of the use of the religious identity. This paper parses and discusses how the FPI in eradicating immoral place (Controling) and other social activities carried out by the Islamic Defenders Front in the city of Palembang and how the impact of the use of religious identity on the FPI social movement in the city of Palembang.  The method used in this study is a qualitative method that is the method of field research. In this study there are two sources of data, namely primary data and secondary data sources. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation and data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. Determination of informants in research carried out in a manner that has been determined. The informants chosen in this study were the Chairperson of Palembang City FPI, Palembang City FPI Secretary and Palembang City FPI Secretary General Wing.  The findings obtained from this study include, first, the pattern of field action used by the Islamic Defenders Front is controling immoral places. Islamic Defenders Front usually do after getting reports from the public and of course follow the procedures that have been determined by the standard procedures of FPI. Secondly, the pattern of the FPI movement in religious activities that is, conducting Majlis Ta'lim or Tabligh Akbar from mosques, especially in the Daarul Muttaqin mosque, is carried out every Saturday night. Then the routine recitation of the FPI maracas every evening Friday, and open preaching training in the city of Palembang, so the organization's religious activities are open to the public. Third, the pattern of the FPI movement in social activities that is, in the field of education FPI provides education in a strict manner especially religious education, such as chanting, memorizing the Qur'an and other religious knowledge. As for FPI health activities in Palembang City generally in South Sumatra, such as blood donations, mass circumcision, providing ambulance cars, social services and opening posts for those affected by the disaster, be it fires, landslides and other disasters in South Sumatra. HILMI is a subsidiary of the FPI organization that moves to help when there is a disaster that occurred in South Sumatra. Fourth, the FPI movement pattern in political activities to voice or support candidates who ask for help from FPI, there must first be an agreement and help or defend Muslims and fight for Islamic law. If the candidates are willing, FPI is ready to help fight for their aspirations through political channels. The impact of the use of religious identity on the patterns of movement carried out by FPI in its activities has always been responded well from the government and accepted by the community. Because the impact of every movement or action there has never been a conflict between the government and the people in Palembang City.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Ekonomi Masyarakat Melalui Pembuatan WA Group Bisnis dalam Meningkatkan Pemasaran Ibu-Ibu di Perumahan Puri Depok Mas, Depok

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Laras Cempaka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Restriction Policy ◽  
Cluster Area ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
The Government

Economic activities in society during this pandemic need to be increased. Among them is by moving the economy from small community groups in residential areas. There is a huge opportunity for economic activity in today's residential areas, especially after the government adopted the PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restriction) policy, which in the end, many community activities were transferred to their respective areas of residence. This is an opportunity for the surrounding community to build their economic passion. One of the strategies is to create a forum in order to improve marketing, increase capabilities through knowledge sharing sessions and rotate the economy between people. The activities carried out in this service area by creating a business community in the WhatsApp group (WAG) platform and managing the business activities in it. There are approximately 226 residents of the Puri Depok Mas (Depok) cluster area who are members of this community. PDM Market Partners, which are business communities in the cluster area, have been established since the pandemic, with members as members of sellers and buyers. Sellers are dominated by new businesses, some of which were established during the pandemic. With the existence of a business community through this WAG, it can accommodate all the needs of the seller with regard to the scope of his business and to the buyer for the goods he needs.

DAMPAK PENERAPAN PEMBATASAN SOSIAL BERSKALA BESAR (PSBB) TERHADAP PENGHIDUPAN PEKERJA SEKTOR INFORMAL DI PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
Ian Wira Pratama Iskar ◽  
Anggih Fajrin Akbar ◽  
Willy Dozan ◽  
Andis Muhammad Yudiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Literary Study ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Social Restriction ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

This research aims to explain the large scale social restriction (PSBB) on informal workers in DKI Jakarta province, and to formulate what efforts should be made to mitigate the negative impact of the PSBB. The collection of data in this study uses literary study methods whereby data retrieval is taken from existing media, such as online media and social media. Some of the things that have become the impact of the implementation of social restriction on large scale (PSBB) for informal workers in DKI Jakarta province is the number of workers who are in the paint to reduce the company spending, the buying power in the community is reduced so that the economic Theravada, and for workers who get money from working daily. From the conclusion of the results of this analysis is the government of DKI Jakarta play an important role in the service to the community in fulfilling the life of the community.  Key words: Impact evaluation, large-scale social restrictions, Informal sector  

scholarly journals Advocacy and Legal Aid During Covid-19 Pandemic: How Indonesia Survives?

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galuh Dwi Novanda
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
National Disaster ◽  
The Impact

The spread of the corona virus or better known as covid-19 in Indonesia is a serious matter that needs to be dealt with immediately considering the number of victims caused by the virus that was first discovered in Wuhan. As in mid-March, after the first death in Indonesia due to the corona virus and the designation of the catastrophic virus as a global pandemic by WHO or the World Health Organization, this indicates that the government must be tougher in controlling corona virus transmission in Indonesia. Even since March 15, 2020 Indonesia has determined the status of the co-19 distribution as a national disaster. The implications of the outbreak of the pandemic are the impact on problems both in the health and economic fields. In connection with health issues, the Indonesian government itself has established a public health emergency as stated in the Decree of the Head of the National Disaster Management Agency. This is as stated in Article 10 of Law Number 6 Year 2018 on Health Outrageousness as seems to be a lockdown consideration, there are large-scale social restrictions which are clearly evident in article 59 paragraph (2) which includes the consolation of schools and workplaces, restrictions on religious activities and / or restrictions on activities at public places or facilities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document