Compensatory-adaptive mechanism of cardiorespiratory system in athletes’ fatigue state

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-104
Author(s):  
Artem Savelyev
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Cardiorespiratory System ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Preparatory Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Competition Period ◽  
Sufficient Degree ◽  
Preparatory Stage ◽  
High Level

At the present level of sports development, the search for opportunities to improve the performance and endurance of athletes is one of the most important terms for achieving high sports results. Performing physical activity at the limit level makes increased demands on the ac-tivity of the body, requires more significant adaptive changes in the functioning of all organs and systems, but it allows to raise the overall level of efficiency. Factors that determine the effective-ness of combinations of training loads are the volume of loads, their direction and sequence of ex-ecution. Consideration of these factors should be reflected in the organization of the training process. The combination of training loads aimed at the education of general, special and strength endurance should be most often used in the general preparatory stage of the preparatory period, and the combination of loads aimed at the education of special, speed and strength endurance – in the special preparatory stage of the preparatory period and in the competitive period. Planning the volume and intensity of the training load and its implementation should correspond to the functional capabilities of the athlete’s body. To prevent the probability of any deviation from normal functioning of energy sustaining systems of the body, one needs a speedy and effective recovery of these systems. Only in this case the training process can proceed quite systematically, and the results of the trainee will become more stable at all stages of the competition period. All this makes it relevant to study the processes of rational interaction of cardiorespiratory and motor systems of the body during training and competition. This knowledge allows with a sufficient degree of accuracy to determine the development of the performance of athletes, optimize the training process, improve its quality and efficiency, maintain a high level of performance for a long time.

scholarly journals Dijagnostika i razvoj funkcionalnih sposobnosti stonotenisera

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Branko Đukić
Keyword(s):  
Functional Ability ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Functional Abilities ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Sports Activity ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Ping Pong ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree

Table tennis is acyclic, polistructural sports activity which requires a high degree of physical, psychological, technical and tactical preparedness of the athlete. In the function of development and maintenance of functional ability high level, variety of methods impose, apply different training means, methods and loads. In this paper are presented laboratory and field testing results of aerobic functional capabilities of best ping pong players of Serbia and Serbian youth team before the European Championships in Bratislava in 2015, as well as exercises that can be applied in the training process of functional abilities development. Dosage, intensity and exercise selection should depend on the level of athletes physical fitness, and the level of adoption and trained kicks, athletes age, training periodization and etc.

scholarly journals Particularities of Female Training in Military Physical Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
Robert Stănciulescu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Training System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Functional Characteristics ◽  
Assessment Standards ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Military

Abstract The entire training process aims at completing the professional training of the military so that they can maintain a high level of work capacity and combat ability, even under multiple demands. The morphological and functional characteristics of the military in this category require the organization and development of a well-planned, organized and managed training system that ensures that the assessment standards are met but at the same time does not produce physical, mental or functional disturbances of the body.

scholarly journals General characteristics of the construction stage of pre-competitive training

2020 ◽  
pp. 181-185
Author(s):  
V. Tereshchenko ◽  
B. Koropatov ◽  
P. Nikolenko
Keyword(s):  
Practical Importance ◽  
Technical Training ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Level ◽  
Training Exercises

In the article the analysis of construction of training is given in the annual loop of preparation of decathlon competitors, that allows to manage a sport from and provides continuous development of trained. The problem of preparing athletes to competitions is one of the most important in sports training. It is of great practical importance. The increase of the level of sports results is a consequence of a significant increase in the amount of training loads. Further growth of sports results is possible provided the quality of the training process is improved. Analysis of the performances of Ukrainian and foreign athletes at major competitions showed that the vast majority of athletes do not achieve their best results. The competitive period is characterized by the fact that the athlete must maintain for a long time a high level of special physical and technical training, which was acquired in the preparatory period. This can be achieved by using competitive and similar special training exercises. Participation in competitions makes high demands on the athlete's body, so in the competitive period, the athlete in their training sessions should include exercises of general and special nature. The stage of direct pre-competition training (SDPT) is an important component of the athlete's training process in the competitive period. Success in competitions largely depends on the effectiveness of the training process at this stage. It is shown that in the work on the organization and management of training of high-class athletes at the competitive stage, the success of the athlete's performance is largely due to correct scientifically sound predictions that can influence the organizational processes of athletics. The quality and accuracy of these decisions, the responsibility for their adoption increase even more at the stage of direct pre-competition preparation for the main start. Having one goal -performing at the main start, the most highly qualified athletes prepare for this start without speeding up their training, trying to solve the main task.

scholarly journals Structure and content of the athletes training program in classical powerlifting at the stage of preparation for higher achievements

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Verbovyi ◽  
M. Roztorhui
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Training Program ◽  
The Body ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Sufficient Degree ◽  
Systematic Planning ◽  
Load Intensity ◽  
Adaptive Shifts ◽  
Competitive Activities

The basis for building the training of highly qualified athletes in powerlifting for many years is a jump-like or systematic planning of load components in the structural formations of the training process, characterized by increasing volume and intensity as athletes become skilled. As a result of application of such approach to construction of preparation of sportsmen already at a stage of preparation for higher achievements parameters of volume and intensity of loading reach the maximum possible indicators that causes forcing of sports results and exhausts reserve possibilities of an organism of powerlifters. The purpose of this research is to substantiate the structure and content of the training program for athletes in classical powerlifting at the stage of preparation for higher achievements. To achieve this goal, analogy, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, induction, extrapolation, analysis of best practices were used. Based on the analysis of available scientific knowledge and best practices, the structure and content of the training program for athletes in classical powerlifting at the stage of preparation for higher achievements are substantiated. The author's program is based on the use of a differentiated approach to planning the volume and intensity of the load in different groups of exercises in microcycles, which allows to maintain high levels of load intensity against the background of reducing the amount of load. The use of a differentiated approach to the planning of load components in groups of exercises in microcycles provides a sufficient degree of adaptive shifts in the body of athletes to ensure increased performance of competitive activities and reduce the likelihood of forcing sports results.

scholarly journals Platelet Innate Immune Receptors and TLRs: A Double-Edged Sword

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7894
Author(s):  
Théo Ebermeyer ◽  
Fabrice Cognasse ◽  
Philippe Berthelot ◽  
Patrick Mismetti ◽  
Olivier Garraud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Vascular Integrity ◽  
Immune Receptors ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Stress Signals ◽  
Platelet Functions

Platelets are hematopoietic cells whose main function has for a long time been considered to be the maintenance of vascular integrity. They have an essential role in the hemostatic response, but they also have functional capabilities that go far beyond it. This review will provide an overview of platelet functions. Indeed, stress signals may induce platelet apoptosis through proapoptotis or hemostasis receptors, necrosis, and even autophagy. Platelets also interact with immune cells and modulate immune responses in terms of activation, maturation, recruitment and cytokine secretion. This review will also show that platelets, thanks to their wide range of innate immune receptors, and in particular toll-like receptors, and can be considered sentinels actively participating in the immuno-surveillance of the body. We will discuss the diversity of platelet responses following the engagement of these receptors as well as the signaling pathways involved. Finally, we will show that while platelets contribute significantly, via their TLRs, to immune response and inflammation, these receptors also participate in the pathophysiological processes associated with various pathogens and diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis.

scholarly journals The Influence of Continuous and Interval Aerobic Training on the Oxidative Status of Woman Basketball Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojana Maric
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Enzyme Protection ◽  
Preparatory Stage ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT Oxidative stress is a state of disturbed balance between reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species on the one hand and on the other antioxidant protection. Increased oxygen consumption during exercise could be the cause of oxidative stress. Th e aim of this study was to monitoring the parameters of oxidative stress and components of antioxidative defense during the training process, establish oxidative status basketball players in standby mode after the load caused by two types of aerobic training - continuous aerobic and interval (HIIT) training. As part of a longitudinal experimental study selected a sample of 12 basketball players during the training process. All respondents were female, age 14 to 27 years. Th e study was conducted in preparatory stage. Oxidative status was determined through the index of lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS), nitric oxide (NO) in the form of nitrite (NO2) levels of superoxide anion radicals (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), while the activity of the enzyme protection from oxidative damage was determined through superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduction glutathione (GSH). Th e group analyzed in relation to the type of the training intervention was signifi cantly diff erent from the results in the test in the parameters of NO and TBARS. When the enzyme activity of protection against oxidative damage statistically signifi cant diff erences between groups arise for CAT and GSH. Th e emergence of oxidative stress is not necessary phenomenon of high aerobic training load, training leads to the maintenance of physiological balance in the body.

scholarly journals Improving the Training of Qualified Athletes-Students by Modern Nutritiological Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-449
Author(s):  
L. M. Gunina ◽  
◽  
K. M. Milashius ◽  
A. A. Chernozub ◽  
S. I. Danylchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Sports Training ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Effective Combination ◽  
High Level ◽  
Based Medicine

Currently, a significant part of highly qualified athletes are students of higher educational institutions at the same time, which manifests itself not only in an ultra-high level of physical activity, but also in significant psycho-emotional stress. Therefore, the search and introduction of modern technologies in the process of sports training, including pharmacological, hygienic, rehabilitation, etc. are continuing. An essential place among such technologies is occupied by a comprehensive methodology of nutrition-metabolic support of the training process, built on the principles of evidence-based medicine and using the latest achievements of laboratory and functional diagnostics, biochemistry and pharmacology. The purpose of the study is the formation of ideas about the necessity, validity and effectiveness of nutritive-metabolic support of the process of sports training of students of higher education institutions. Nutrition-metabolic support is part of a sporting nutritiology that possesses all the features of basic science – terms, definitions, and at the same time has great practical significance, helping to form relevant and well-grounded programs of nutrition-metabolic support of the training and competitive process of athletes, as well as to contribute to preservation the health and quality of life of athletes. This position is particularly important in student sports, where the body of an athlete is exposed to additional stressors due to the complexity of the need for a rational and effective combination of the educational and training process of highly qualified athletes. Conclusion. The applied nutritive-metabolic technologies such as methods of metabolic support of motor activity should take into account the specialization and qualifications of athletes, their gender-age characteristics and should be applied depending on the training period and the orientation of the loads. In connection with the improvement and tightening of doping control, it is extremely important that sports nutrition products and special nutritional supplements that are widely used to optimize the functional state of the athlete's body and maintain their health and quality of life do not contain substances related to the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List, while ensuring a pronounced ergogenic effect

scholarly journals Performing Homework on Physical Education by Students to Increase the Level of Physical Qualities

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Sergey Anatolevich Leshkevich ◽  
Vadim Anatolevich Leshkevich ◽  
Nataliya Nikolaevna Lipovaya ◽  
Elena Ivanovna Potyomkina ◽  
Svetlana Yurevna Kargina
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
The Body ◽  
Theoretical Assumption ◽  
Active Lifestyle ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Level

The question on the need to perform homework on physical education for students in the form of additional physical activity is considered in the article. The problem of motor activity lack is studied and a solution presented in the form of certain exercises set in order to accustom the student to regular physical activity is found. The positive and negative aspects of this innovation are considered. Method of research. To confirm the theoretical assumption about the benefits of doing homework, a study that lasted for three months was conducted. The study engaged 60 students (30 young males and 30 young females) aged 17-19 years, in which they were divided equally by gender into 2 groups – control (CG) and experimental (EG). The results of the study. As a result of experiment, after doing homework for 3 months, improvements in student’s physical qualities in the experimental group could be observed. Among them: strength, endurance, flexibility, dexterity, speed and coordination of movements. It is concluded that due to physical exercises performed independently at home, the blood supply to the muscles and regulation of their activity by the nervous system improves – muscle mass increases, the immune system strengthens and, consequently, health improves, endorphins are produced in the body, so students feel better after training. Also, training the muscular system increases endurance in conditions of both physical and mental stress, thanks to an active lifestyle, the body's metabolic rate remains at a high level for long time, which prevents aging. Regular exercise makes it easier to fall asleep and improves the quality of sleep.

scholarly journals The features of the training process 11-12 years old at the initial training stage

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-115
Author(s):  
Yu. Martynov ◽  
A. Sobolenko ◽  
N. Koryukaev
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Training Stage ◽  
Successful Resolution ◽  
Scientific Substantiation ◽  
High Level

The article expands the theoretical understanding of the morphotype of freestyle wrestlers and its role in planning the content of the training process; The existing method of planning and organizing the initial training phase in freestyle wrestling has been supplemented. In recent years, in sports struggle increased the intensity of motor action on the carpet, increased contact, increased speed of performance of technical and tactical techniques. The high level of modern sports brings higher requirements for the functional and physical preparedness of wrestlers. A promising direction for improving the system of sports training in free combat is the scientific substantiation of effective methods for improving the fitness of an athlete. Successful resolution of this issue is possible by improving existing and developing new training programs for athletes specializing in free combat.  Age peculiarities of the development of the body of athletes at the stage of initial training determine the need for consideration in the planning of the training process of morphological and physiological changes, as well as sensitive periods of development of physical qualities.

scholarly journals Investigating operator vibration exposure time of 13 hp power tiller fuelled by diesel and biodiesel blends

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Heidary ◽  
S.R. Hassan-Beygi ◽  
B. Ghobadian
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Latency Period ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vibration Exposure ◽  
Reciprocal Effect ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Power Tiller ◽  
High Level

One of the most useful agricultural machinery is power tiller; this kind of tractor is widely used in small fields. The operators of this kind of machinery are exposed to high level of vibration. Long time working with these machinery causes dynamic disorders, damaging different parts of the body, digestion disorders and vascular diseases. In this research, vibration acceleration of 13hppower tiller was collected in 5 levels of engine speed and 6 kinds of consumed fuel blends investigating the power tiller vibration exposure time. The data were analyzed by factorial tests with completely random design. The results showed that reciprocal effect of fuel and engine speed are prominent in 1% level. The working conditions of the power tiller operator fall into the highest class of risk according to ISO 5349-2 (2001) and in less than 4 years White Finger Syndrome may have induced in 10% of operators. Results of experiments revealed that the exposure time decreases with increase in engine speed especially in 1,800 and 2,200 rpm. The reason is the vibration intensification that happened in handle of power tiller in 1,800 rpm engine speed so it reduced the exposure time severely. The latency period for the appearance of vibration-induced White Finger Syndrom in biodiesel 10%, 15% and 20%, respectively, so using diesel fuel can be replaced by these three kinds of fuel in power tillers.

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