scholarly journals PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI PROGRAM PENDAMPINGAN DESA WISATA DI DESA BEJIJONG KABUPATEN MOJOKERTO

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
M Nilzam Aly ◽  
Bambang Suharto ◽  
Sri Endah Nurhidayati ◽  
Nuruddin Nuruddin ◽  
Ria Triwastuti
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Preparation Method ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Online Marketing ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Many

Ideally, community empowerment programs in rural areas should not be implemented once in a while. This is very important to maintain the aspect of sustainability and achieve the goals maximally. People in rural areas are the target of empowerment programs considering the many problems that exist there. Statistical data shows that the distribution of the majority of the national poor is in rural areas. One method of reducing poverty is through the development of tourist villages. The purpose of this community service program is to increase the understanding and skills of the community in Bejijong Tourism Village, especially in the field of homestay management and online marketing of citizen handicraft products. The stages in this empowerment program through three methods, namely preparation, implementation, and evaluation. The preparation method was carried out with focus group discussions with residents and field observations. The method of implementation is carried out by the methods of socialization, training and mentoring. Meanwhile, the evaluation method is carried out through discussions with partners. The results of this activity indicate that the understanding and competence of citizens has increased for the better. The results of this activity were measured using a questionnaire (pre-test and post-test) and calculated using a Likert scale.abstrakProgram pemberdayaan masyarakat di wilayah pedesaan idealnya dilaksanakan tidak dengan sekali waktu. Hal ini menjadi sangat penting untuk menjaga aspek keberlanjutan dan mencapai tujuan secara maksimal. Masyarakat di perdesaan menjadi sasaran program pemberdayaan mengingat banyak sekali permasalahan yang ada di sana. Data statistik menunjukkan sebaran penduduk miskin nasional mayoritas berada di wilayah perdesaan. Salah satu metode untuk mengurangi angka kemiskinan adalah melalui pengembangan desa wisata. Tujuan dari program pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan keterampilan masyarakat di Desa Wisata Bejijong khususnya dalam bidang pengelolaan homestay dan pemasaran daring produk kerajinan warga. Tahapan dalam program pemberdayaan ini melalui tiga metode yaitu persiapan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi.  Metode persiapan dilakukan dengan metode focus group discussion bersama  warga dan observasi lapangan. Metode pelaksanaan dilakukan dengan metode sosialisasi, pelatihan, dan pendampingan. Sedangkan metode evaluasi dilaksanakan dengan metode diskusi dengan mitra. Hasil kegiatan ini menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman dan kompetensi warga  mengalami peningkatan kea rah yang lebih baik. Hasil kegiatan ini diukur dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner (pre tes dan pos tes) dan dihitung dengan skala likert.

scholarly journals Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dusun Ngelorejo Melalui Pengolahan Limbah Konveksi Menjadi Kerajinan Keset Berbasis Sustainability Livelihood

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imroatun Nafiah
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Development Organization ◽  
Productive Activities ◽  
The Subject

This article try to examine the process of community empowerment carried out by the UIN Sunan Kalijaga Sociology Student group on the Ngelorejo Village PKK (Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga—Family Welfare Development) Organization. This empowerment is an activity that aims to improve the ability/skill in processing convection waste into a handicraft of doormats that has a sale value. The still low level of economic prosperity in Ngelorejo Hamlet is behind the students' initiative to carry out economic-based empowerment programs. With the hope that PKK members can carry out more productive activities, bearing in mind that the organization has only been established since 2015. This research uses qualitative research methods with the theory of community empowerment by using a sustainable livelihoods approach. Data was collected through interviews, written document searches in the form of books and articles, observations, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and data analysis. Furthermore, the management of data follows scientific procedures by classifying data, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the existence of an empowerment program pioneered by students had a positive impact on PKK mothers in improving individual skills to create an economic craft, so that it could be a business reference for PKK organizations in increasing the productivity of their members. This activity, theoretically supports many theories about the importance of sustainability in empowerment by directly involving the community, so that they are no longer the object but they are simultaneously the subject of empowerment.Artikel ini berusaha untuk mengkaji proses pemberdayaan masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh kelompok Mahasiswa Sosiologi UIN Sunan Kalijaga terhadap Organisasi Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK) Dusun Ngelorejo. Pemberdayaan ini merupakan kegiatan yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan (skill) dalam mengolah limbah konveksi menjadi kerajinan keset yang bernilai jual. Masih rendahnya tingkat kesejahteraan ekonomi di Dusun Ngelorejo melatar belakangi mahasiswa berinisiatif untuk melakukan program pemberdayaan berbasis ekonomi. Dengan harapan para anggota PKK dapat melaksanakan kegiatan yang lebih produktif, mengingat organisasi tersebut baru berdiri sejak tahun 2015. Penelitian ini menggukan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan teori pemberdayaan masyarakat dengan menggunakan pendekatan sustainable livelihood. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, penelusuran dokumen tertulis baik berupa buku maupun artikel, pengamatan (observasi), Focus Group Discussion (FGD), dan analisis data. Selanjutnya pengelolahan data mengikuti prosedur ilmiah dengan cara pengklasifikasian data, analisis data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dengan adanya program pemberdayaan yang dipelopori oleh mahasiswa memiliki dampak yang positif bagi ibu-ibu PKK dalam meningkatkan skill individu guna menciptakan suatu kerajinan bernilai ekonomis, sehingga dapat menjadi referensi usaha bagi Organisasi PKK dalam meningkatkan produktifitas anggotanya. Kegiatan ini, secara teoritis mendukung banyak teori mengenai pentingnya keberlanjutan dalam pemberdayaan dengan melibatkan langsung masyarakat, sehingga mereka tidak lagi menjadi objek akan tetapi secara bersamaan mereka menjadi subjek pemberdayaan.

scholarly journals KAPASITAS PENGANGGARAN DESA DI KABUPATEN MUNA PROPINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jopang Jopang ◽  
Zulfiah Larisu ◽  
Arifin Utha ◽  
Eko Harianto
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Public Consultation ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Consultative Body ◽  
The Village

The purpose of this study was to analyze and describe the capacity of village budgeting in Muna District. The approach used is qualitative research. The study was conducted in real-world settings, namely conducting in-depth investigations into the natural context in which the processes and outputs of village budgeting take place. The study locations are 7 seaside villages and 8 non-seas villages in Muna Regency. The scope of time is three budget years, namely 2015-2017. The main data collection procedure is the study of documents. To obtain primary data, procedures for public consultation and/or focus group discussion are taken. The technical public consultation was mutually agreed upon by involving the Community Empowerment Agency and Village Government of Muna Regency as the technical agency. Public consultation material was explored and developed from the results of focus group discussions. Focus group discussions were conducted at the village level, involving Village Devices, members of the Village Consultative Body, and Village Community Empowerment Institutions. Available data are analyzed by the procedure of content analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis to reveal the stages of the village budgeting process, who is involved and what is the main role.The results of the study show that the capacity of village budgeting in Muna Regency is not optimal, that is, the village budgeting system has not functioned properly in allocating and using inputs to produce budgetary outputs that are beneficial for achieving village development goals. Villages in Muna Regency have budget documents namely APB Desa and RAB which are stipulated by village regulations.  Keywords: Capacity, Budgeting. Village

scholarly journals PELATIHAN GURU SEKOLAH DASAR UNTUK MEMBANGUN KOMUNIKASI EFEKTIF DENGAN ORANG TUA SELAMA PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH

2021 ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Carolina Dindy Dwi Miranti ◽  
Agustina Hendriati
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Effective Communication ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Teachers And Parents

The COVID-19 pandemic impacts education sector. In the online-based distance learning period, the role of parents is very important to accompany students while studying. However, in reality, problems were found such as in the SHS elementary school in Central Jakarta, problems were related to communication between teachers and parents during the online learning period which often caused further misunderstandings and parents becomes less involved to accompany children to learn. It is worried can reduce student learning motivation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data collection was then carried out through interviews and focus group discussions which were then analyzed using a problem tree.. To overcome the problem, an intervention was designed, consisting of effective communication training for teachers in order to establish better relationships with parents during online learning. The study used a filed experiment with one-group pre-post test design. Based on the result of the pre-post test, it was revealed that there was an increase in teachers’ understanding. In conclusion, the objectives of the training provided to teachers were achieved; teachers realize and understand better on how to establish effective communication with parents. With the improved awareness and understanding of the teachers, it is hoped that they can improve their communication with parents so that parents would be more willing to be involved in their children’s studying process from home and misunderstandings from ineffective communication may be minimized.Pandemi COVID-19 berdampak pada sektor pendidikan. Pada masa pembelajaran jarak jauh berbasis daring, peran orang tua sangat penting untuk mendampingi siswa selama belajar. Namun pada kenyataannya ditemukan permasalahan seperti di SD SHS Jakarta Pusat yakni komunikasi antara guru dengan orang tua kurang berjalan dengan baik sehingga sering menyebabkan kesalahpahaman serta orang tua menjadi kurang terlibat dalam mendampingi anak belajar. Hal ini dikhawatirkan dapat menurunkan motivasi belajar siswa di masa pandemi COVID-19.  Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara dan diskusi kelompok terfokus (focus group discussion) yang kemudian dianalisis menggunakan pohon masalah. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, maka dirancang intervensi yakni pelatihan komunikasi yang efektif bagi guru untuk menjalin hubungan yang lebih baik dengan orang tua selama pembelajaran daring. Penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimen lapangan dengan desain one-group pre-post test. Berdasarkan hasil pre-post test diketahui bahwa terjadi peningkatan pemahaman guru. Kesimpulannya, tujuan pelatihan yang diberikan kepada guru tercapai; guru menyadari dan memahami lebih baik tentang bagaimana menjalin komunikasi yang efektif dengan orang tua. Dengan meningkatnya kesadaran dan pemahaman para guru diharapkan dapat meningkatkan komunikasi dengan orang tua sehingga orang tua lebih bersedia untuk terlibat dalam proses belajar anak-anaknya dari rumah dan kesalahpahaman dari komunikasi yang tidak efektif dapat diminimalkan.

Enhancing graduates’ employability through polytechnic–industry collaboration

2021 ◽  
pp. 095042222110631
Author(s):  
Innocent Otache
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
National Board ◽  
Job Requirements ◽  
Industry Collaboration ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Practical Implications

The unemployability of many Nigerian graduates is somewhat attributable to the existing wide collaboration gap between Nigerian higher education institutions and industry. Against this backdrop, this study explores how Nigerian polytechnics and industry can collaborate to enhance graduates’ employability. Adopting a focus group discussion approach, three focus groups involving 20 people (eight polytechnic lecturers, six National Board for Technical Education officials and six industry executives) participated in the study. Content analysis of the focus group discussions revealed the need to involve industry experts in curriculum development and review to meet today’s job requirements in industry. The need to involve industry experts in teaching certain aspects of the curriculum was also highlighted. The findings further revealed the desirability of exposing students and lecturers to industrial work situations to equip them with workplace skills and experience. Additionally, the study found that a comprehensive collaboration policy framework, funding, commitment, mutual benefits and trust are required to achieve successful polytechnic–industry collaboration. This research demonstrates that effective collaboration between polytechnics and industry will help to improve the employability of graduates. The findings provide policy and practical implications for polytechnics, regulatory bodies, industry and government.

scholarly journals PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI KELOMPOK TANI JERUK KALAMANSI

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Hermelin Saras Putri ◽  
Ririn Gusti
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Fresh Fruit ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Farmer Groups ◽  
The City

This study aims to systematically obtain information related to community empowerment through kalamansi citrus farmer groups. The method used is the focus group discussion by getting the results that community empowerment through the kalamansi citrus farmer group was established in 2008, has 27 members, the natural lemongrass farmer group gets certificate of appreciation from the Governor of Bengkulu as an Independent Kalamansi Citrus Farm Farmer / Success in the Context of the 50th Anniversary of Bengkulu Province, on 18 November 2018. As time goes by, Kalamansi oranges have produced many fruits, the empowerment of sustainable natural lemongrass farmer groups in Padang lemongrass village is one of a form of community empowerment. The community usually sells it in the form of fresh fruit to market traders in the city of Bengkulu. With the empowerment of this sustainable natural fresh farmer group, the community can use their land as a kalamansi orange plantation where the products they plant will be traded in the market or to Mr. Amti who needing the raw material for kalamansi syrup, the community can increase their family's economic income by planting kalamansi and oranges the community also conserves kalamsi citrus fruit in the city of Bengkulu. Keywords: Empowerment, farmer groups, kalamansi oranges. 

scholarly journals Women Who Study in Madrasah School Experienced Higher Number of Female Circumcision Compared to Western or English Schools

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salmah Lao Manalocon- Basher
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Female Circumcision ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Experiences Of Women ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods ◽  
External Genital Organs

Female circumcision refers to the procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female external genital organs. The reasons for doing this vary but it is commonly observed in places where Muslims predominate. The study is intended to determine: 1) the rate of females who had undergone female circumcision in Madrasah School compared to those who went to English schools, 2) the prevalence rate of female circumcision among Meranaos, and 3) the practices and experiences of women who have undergone FC. The study utilized a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods using a designed questionnaire, interview and focus group discussions with the respondents. The results showed that more girls who were studying in Madrasah have undergone this practice compared to the number of girls who are in Western or English schools. It also showed that the prevalence rate of this practice is indeed high in the rural areas, which is 86%. The practice of FC is performed either during Fridays, Holidays or Mondays and Thursdays. Each mentioned day has meanings and there are certain procedures and instructions being followed in doing the practice. In conclusion, religious justification remains the strong reason why FC is still rampantly performed in the different rural areas of Lanao del Sur, Philippines.

scholarly journals Penyempurnaan Hukum Formal Perpajakan Terkait Tata Cara Perpajakan

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-240
Author(s):  
Haula Rosdiana ◽  
Maria R.U.D. Tambunan ◽  
Inayati Hifni
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Government ◽  
Taxation System

Dalam mengoptimalkan penerimaan pajak, pemerintah selayaknya mendesain sistem perpajakan yang berpegang prinsip efisiensi dengan tetap memperhatikan aspek keadil-an dan kesederhana. Dalam sistem perpajakan, hukum formal mempunyai peranan penting dalam mengejawantahkan hukum material, karena itu Undang-undang Ketentu-an Umum dan Tata Cara Perpajakan (KUP) menjadi salah satu kunci keberhasilan implementasi kebijakan pajak. Mengingat strategisnya peran UU KUP, perlu untuk mereview kembali UU KUP yang saat ini berlaku serta perlu dilakukan suatu penyempurnaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data kualitatif yang terdiri dari studi literatur dan focus group discussion. Penelitian bertujuan memberikan masukan atas KUP yang saat ini masih dalam proses pembahasan dengan menekankan pada aspek kemudahan (ease of administration), keadilan (equity) dan kepastian hukum (law enforcement). Hasil penelitian ini menekan-kan pada hal-hal terkait (i) perlunya meningkatkan basis data perpajakan, (ii) perlunya menjalankan kemudahan administrasi yang berdasarkan ketentuan yang tegas, jelas, dan sederhana, (iii) penegakan hukum yang tegas, (iv) adanya sanksi yang sebanding dengan pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh wajib pajak, dan (v) peningkatan kualitas layanan dan profesionalisme petugas pajak. Kajian ini diharapkan mampu mendorong terwujudnya regulasi perpajakan pro terhadap optimalisasi penerimaan tanpa mencede-rai hak-hak wajib pajak. Proposal for Amendment of Formal Law on Taxation Procedure  In optimizing tax revenue, the government should design a taxation system that adheres to the principle of efficiency, justice and simplicity. In the taxation system, formal law has an important role in manifesting laws, therefore laws and taxation procedures (KUP) are one of the keys to the successful implementation of tax policies. Considering the strategic role of the KUP Law, it is necessary to review the KUP Law which is currently in force and needs to be improved. This study uses a qualitative approach with qualitative data collection techniques consisting of literature studies and focus group discussions. The research aims to provide input on KUP which is currently still in the process of discussion by emphasizing aspects of ease (ease of administration), justice (equity) and legal certainty (law enforcement). The results emphasize issues related to (i) the need to increase the taxation database, (ii) the need to carry out administrative facilities based on firm, clear and simple provisions, (iii) strict law enforcement, (iv) comparable sanctions with violations committed by taxpayers and (v) improving the quality of service and professionalism of tax officials. This study is expected to be able to encourage the realization of tax regulations that are pro to the optimization of revenue without harming the rights of taxpayers.

scholarly journals Exploring the Preparedness of Ghanaians for Retirement and Ageing: A Case Study of the Cape Coast Metropolitan Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Korkoi Aboh ◽  
Busisiwe P. Ncama
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Older People ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
The Family

Introduction: There is evidence of the inability of older people in Nigeria, Ghana and other developing countries to sustain themselves through savings, assets or pensions. This situation highlights the minimal benefit of pensions, savings or assets as income sources for older people; old age very often brings poverty and disability. Methodology: A qualitative interpretive design informed the study. The study area was categorized into three distinct ecological areas namely urban, periurban and rural areas. Twenty interviews and three focus group discussions with 68 elderly persons were conducted in ten sub-districts in the Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana. The forty-eight elderly individuals were put into groups of 8, 20 and 20 for the focus group discussions. Data was thematically analysed.Results: Four major themes and subthemes were identified to reflect the pertinent issue of exploring and defining the preparedness of people for their retirement and ageing. There was evidence that preparing for old age is not an active precedent for the people of Cape Coast and they still believe in the traditional system of caring where it is the sole responsibility of the family to care for its own aged members.Conclusion: It is evident that formal care is not practiced in Ghana and that the aged therefore find the idea bewildering. They want to experience this care, but existing norms expect the family members to single-handedly provide care for their aged.

scholarly journals PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD SOCIO-SCIENTIFIC ISSUES AND THEIR VIEWS ABOUT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 642-652
Author(s):  
Hasan Ozgur Kapici ◽  
Genc Osman Ilhan
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Science Teachers ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Power Plants ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Service Science ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Teachers Attitudes

There is not a common attitude in a society for socio-scientific issues (SSI) such as whether to use nuclear power plants for energy production. Within this respect, the aim of the research is to examine pre-service science teachers’ and pre-service social studies teachers’ attitudes toward SSI and to reveal their views about setting up nuclear power plants in their country. The participant of research is 120 pre-service teachers. Firstly, Attitudes toward Socio-scientific Issues Scale (ATSIS) was implemented and then, focus group discussions were done with five students from each department separately so as to understand their views about nuclear power plants. Findings revealed that whereas pre-service teachers are eager to learn more about SSI, they have anxiety about it due to religion, moral and ethical perspectives. In addition, whereas both groups of pre-service teachers have some common views about nuclear power plants, pre-service science teachers do not have more positive views about having nuclear power plants in their country. Key words: attitude towards socio-scientific issues, focus group discussion, pre-service teachers, nuclear energy.

scholarly journals PELATIHAN PENGKAJIAN NYERI SEBAGAI UPAYA MENGOPTIMALKAN MANAJEMEN NYERI DI RUMAH SAKIT UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA

J-Dinamika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Efris Kartika Sari ◽  
Alfrina Hany ◽  
Rustiana Tasya Ariningpraja
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Post Test

Manajemen nyeri yang optimal merupakan salah satu upaya penting dalam lingkup layanan Rumah Sakit. Nyeri yang tidak tertangani dengan baik dapat menyebabkan masalah tambahan bahkan memperlambat perbaikan kondisi pasien. Perawat merupakan petugas kesehatan yang harus mampu dalam mendukung upaya tersebut. Pengkajian nyeri yang tepat akan menjadi dasar manajemen nyeri yang optimal pada pasien.Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan perawat dalam melakukan pengkajian nyeri pada pasien komunikatif maupun dengan gangguan komunikasi, sehingga sehingga perawat dapat melakukan pengkajian nyeri secara tepat, rutin, dan terstruktur. Hal ini diwujudkan dengan melatih perawat dengan berbagai teori tentang pengkajian nyeri, terutama penggunaan skala nyeri dengan berbagai kelebihan dan kekurangan masing-masing dan penerapan penggunaan skala nyeri tersebut.Kegiatan dilaksanakan di Rumah Sakit Universitas Brawijaya, Kota Malang pada November-Desember Tahun 2019. Metode kegiatan yang dilakukan terdiri dari: focus group discussion, pre-test dan post-test, dan pemberian materi.Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan pengkajian nyeri ini dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan perawat tentang pengkajian nyeri. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelatihan pengkajian nyeri pada perawat perlu dilakukan secara berkesinambungan untuk mendukung upaya manajemen nyeri yang optimal.

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