Kejadian mastitis subklinis pada kambing perah Peranakan Etawa di desa Bangelan kecamatan Wonosari kabupaten Malang

Etawa crossbred goat is one species of goat that is raised for milk production. One of the diseases that often occur in dairy livestock is mastitis, in which there is inflammation of the mammary gland. It is common in goat, that mastitis does not show clinical symptoms (subclinical). This research aims to determine the incidence of subclinical mastitis in Etawa crossbred goats in Bangelan village Wonosari district Malang regency. This research involved 25 respondent farms, which are Etawa crossbred dairy goat farms. In this research, subclinical mastitis cases were directly detected using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The results showed that out of 70 samples collected, 41 (58.6%) samples were positive. These CMT positive goats were from 88% of the respondent farms.

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Risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy cows on Swiss organic and conventional production system farms

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/2060-vetmed ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 52 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 487-495 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M.G. Doherr ◽

M. Roesch ◽

W. Schaeren ◽

M. Schallibaum ◽

J.W. Blum

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Production Systems ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Dry Period ◽

Dry Cow Therapy ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Milk Urea ◽

Good Hygiene

Epidemiological studies comparing risk factors for subclinical mastitis (SM) in organic (OP) and conventional dairy production systems (CP) are lacking. In 60 OP and 60 CP farms, 970 cows were used to study risk factors for SM at 31 days postpartum. Cows showing a positive (≥ 1+) California Mastitis Test (CMT) in at least one quarter, but without clinical symptoms, were classified SM-positive. For OP cows increased (P < 0.05) odds ratios (OR) for SM were found for other than Simmental and Simmental × Red Holstein breeds, for increasing number (> 27) of cattle on the farm, for the use of mineral feed supplements, for irregular milking intervals (< 12 and > 12 h/day), and for milk urea concentrations of 210.1–270 mg/dl, whereas decreased OR for SM were recorded for cows kept in barns on beddings other than on rubber mats or concrete, for farms with rinsing water temperatures of milking systems between 54.75 and 60°C, for milk lactose > 50.5 g/l, and for blood albumin levels of ł 38.5 g/l. For cows on CP farms, increased (P < 0.05) OR for SM were found for other than Simmental ´ Red Holstein and Simmental breeds, for a bedding area width of > 117 cm, and for antibiotic mastitis treatment since the last dry period, whereas reduced (P < 0.05) OR for SM were found for farms with a moderate (in contrast to good) hygiene status and for routine application of antibiotics during the dry period. Observed differences between OP and CP were assumed to be partially related to system-specific management, such as antibiotic dry cow therapy, nutrition and milking routine.

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Frequency of microorganisms isolated at different stages of lactation and milk production loss associated with somatic cell count and to mastitis-causing pathogens

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-10185 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 393-403

Author(s):

H.N. Costa ◽

C.F.A. Lage ◽

V.M.R. Malacco ◽

A.L. Belli ◽

A.U. Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Milk Production ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Chi Square ◽

Lactation Curve ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Culture Negative ◽

Production Losses

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of isolation of agents causing subclinical mastitis in a herd and to estimate production losses associated with SCC> 200,000cells/mL. Three 7-day interval microbiological cultures were performed in all lactating animals from the same farm that was evaluated from June to July. To evaluate the negative and positive isolation frequencies between the lactation phases, a Chi-square test was performed. Simple linear regressions were performed to evaluate the lactation curve of animals grouped by pathogens isolated from negative cows in the microbiological culture and with SCC <200,000cells/mL. To estimate the production losses between the groups, regression coefficients were used. Results found in this experiment were: Culture-negative cows with SCC ≥ 200,000cells/mL, cows testing positive in milk culture, with SCC <200,000cells/mL and cows testing positive in milk culture, with SCC ≥ 200,000cells/mL. Milk production was -3.5; -0.5 and -4.27kg, respectively, when compared to culture-negative cows with SCC <200,000cells/mL. Cows infected with yeast cells, Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Staphylococcus aureus and environmental streptococci produced -3.42; -0.5; -0.168 and -2.5kg of milk when compared to culture-negative cows with SCC <200,000cells/mL. SCC indicates an inflammatory reaction in the mammary gland and it is directly associated with milk production losses and with presence of microorganisms in the mammary gland.

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Subclinical mastitis assessed by deviations in milk yield and electrical resistance

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029997002586 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 31-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

EZRA SHOSHANI ◽

AMIEL BERMAN

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Test Scores ◽

Electrical Resistance ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Significant Difference

Concurrent falls in milk production and electrical resistance of composite milk were examined in Israeli Holstein cows. The cows were milked three times a day by a system that recorded yield and the lowest electrical resistance in the composite milk from the four glands. The study included two groups: cows that experienced on day 0 a decline in resistance and milk production [ges ]20% from the mean of the previous 9 d (62 cows, case group) and cows that experienced no such episodes over 9 d before and after a fixed day (118 cows, control group). Bacteriological status and somatic cell count (SCC) or California mastitis test scores were assessed on the fixed day in the control group, and on days 0, 1 and 2 in the case group. California mastitis test scores greater than 2 and SCC thresholds of 5×105 cells/ml were used to create two classes of leucocytosis. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in frequency distributions of pathogens and their types: in 30% of cows infection was not detected, 33% were infected by major pathogens (95% of which were Staphylococcus aureus), and 53·5% by minor pathogens (80% Micrococcus spp.). Cows in the case group had lower milk production during the 8 d following day 0. Mean electrical resistance was lower in infected cows and particularly in cows infected by Staph. aureus. High leucocytosis was associated with reduced electrical resistance in both groups, and was found in 93% of cows in the case group v. 25% in the control group. The results suggest that falls in electrical resistance of milk and in milk production were not linked to a specific pathogen, and were followed by 3–8 d of reduced milk production and electrical resistance. The study suggests that there are episodic aggravations in mammary health that do not evolve into clinical mastitis but may induce significant losses in milk yield and quality.

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Post-dipping in Milk Production, Composition, and Quality

Annual Research & Review in Biology ◽

10.9734/arrb/2021/v36i1230461 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 44-50

Author(s):

Elizabeth Simões do Amaral Alves ◽

João Manoel Da Silva ◽

Micheline Thais dos Santos ◽

Yamina Coentro Montaldo ◽

Paula Cibelly Vilela Da Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Percentage Increase ◽

Effective Measure ◽

Total Solids ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Staphylococcus Spp ◽

Production Composition

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of post-dipping on milk production, composition, and quality of cows with subclinical mastitis. Samples of mast milk from two different dairy farms were analyzed in two moments: before the post-dipping implantation and after 30 days, the samples were conditioned to the refrigeration temperature in an isothermal box and sent to the laboratory for the following analyzes: California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cell Count (SCC), Fat, Protein, Lactose, Total Solids (TS), Non-Fat Solids (NFS) and microbiological tests, as well as individual milk weighing. The experimental design was completely randomized and arranged in a split-plot scheme, submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) by the F test. The post-dipping practice during 30 days resulted in the means and standard deviation of the analyzes of the studied variables, where the values of SCC, CMT, and microbiological score profile were statistically significant. The highest etiological agent found was Staphylococcus spp. The fat and lactose profile increased in both farms, but there was no significant difference. Protein increased in both farms, but in farm I, there was no significant difference and in farm 2, there was a significant difference. Total Solids, Non-greasy solids, and weighing had a percentage increase, but the means of weight did not differ statistically. The post-dipping technique was an effective measure in the control of subclinical mastitis and brings health benefits to the mammary gland.

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Prevalence of mastitis in dairy goat farms in Eastern Algeria

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2019.1563-1572 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1563-1572 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zahra Gabli ◽

Zouhir Djerrou ◽

Abd Elhafid Gabli ◽

Mounira Bensalem

Keyword(s):

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Mammary Glands ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Control Measures ◽

Dairy Goat ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Eastern Algeria ◽

And Control ◽

Positive Half

Aim: This study aimed to investigate mastitis in dairy goat farms through the California mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriological examinations. Materials and Methods: A total of 845 goats belonging to 18 farms from four regions (Tébessa, Guelma, Souk Ahras, and Skikda) were examined. Results: Clinical examination of the mammary glands showed that 30/845 (3.55%) goats had clinical mastitis and 32 goats had half-teat inflammation. CMT subclinical mastitis (SCM) was detected in 815 goats that were presumed to be healthy. CMT showed 46 (5.64%) CMT-positive goats as well as 47 (2.88%) positive half-udders with a score of ≥2. A total of 79 bacteria were isolated and identified from the 79 bacterial positive samples. Bacteriological analyses showed that Gram-positive staphylococci were largely responsible for clinical and SCM. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, with an isolation frequency of 56.96%, were the most prevalent bacteria from all isolated organisms. The second most prevalent organism was Staphylococcus aureus at 40.50% and streptococci (2.53%) had the smallest percentage of isolation. Conclusion: It is suggested that due to the prevalence of mastitis in this species, farmers should be aware of the problem to plan preventive and control measures to reduce dairy goat losses due to this disease.

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Mammary gland health of Santa Inês ewes at the drying and puerperium and evaluation of a dry-off terapy with gentamicin

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5563 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (12) ◽

pp. 2194-2200

Author(s):

Priscilla F.V. Pereira ◽

Ana P. Reway ◽

Aline Félix ◽

Edsel A. Beutemmüller ◽

Lucienne G. Pretto-Giordano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Somatic Cell Count ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Control Group ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Important Health ◽

Santa Inês ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

ABSTRACT: Mastitis represents an important health problem for Santa Inês breed, causing losses to the producer, due to loss of ewes or the decrease in weight gain of lambs. The aim of this work was to assess the health of the mammary gland of Santa Inês ewes at the drying and puerperium and to investigate the efficacy of a dry-off therapy with gentamicin. In this study, 64 ewes were divided in a control group (GC) and treatment group (GT), and the health of the mammary gland was assessed at the drying and puerperium. The GT ewes received 250mg of gentamicin (Gentocin® DryCow/Schering-Plough, product indicated for use in dairy cows) in each mammary half. For diagnosis, clinical examination, California Mastitis Test, somatic cell count and milk culture was performed. In the GC, of the 45 (70.3%) healthy mammary halves at the drying, 12 developed subclinical mastitis and nine clinical mastitis at the puerperium. In the GT, among 51 (79.7%) healthy mammary halves at the drying, six developed subclinical mastitis and 11 clinical mastitis at the puerperium. No association was observed between treatment and the occurrence of mastitis at puerperium. Of the 19 (29.7%) mammary halves of the GC that presented subclinical mastitis at the drying, three remained with subclinical mastitis and five developed clinical mastitis at the puerperium. In the GT, of the 13 (20.3%) mammary halves that had subclinical mastitis at the drying, four remained with subclinical mastitis and four developed clinical mastitis. No association was observed between treatment and cure or persistence of mastitis at the puerperium. The main microorganisms isolated, at the drying and puerperium, from animals with subclinical or clinical mastitis were Staphylococcus spp., predominantly coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CSN). At the puerperium, 29 cases of clinical mastitis occurred, 19 with isolation, where 10 were CNS and six S. aureus. Mannheimia haemolytica was isolated in one case of subclinical mastitis and other of clinical mastitis. News protocols and different ways of handling at drying and at puerperium must be investigated.

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Addition of Curcumin in Dairy Sheep Diet in the Control of Subclinical Mastitis

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.86851 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Antonise Mariely Jaguezeski ◽

Gessica Perin ◽

Regiane Boaretto Crecencio ◽

Matheus Dellaméa Baldissera ◽

Lenita Moura Stefanil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Milk Production ◽

Cell Damage ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Total Bacterial Count ◽

Total Blood ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from rhizome of Curcuma longa, has been successfully used in animals and humans due to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, a study demonstrated that curcumin ointment reduced pain, mammary tension and erythema in humans with mastitis 72 h after the treatment. Mastitis in sheep is an important problem due to restrictions associated to the use of antibiotics, affecting milk production and becoming a public health issue. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify whether the addition of curcumin in the diet of six female sheep with subclinical mastitis could have curative efficacy and benefits to animal health.Cases: Six Lacaune sheep with subclinical mastitis that persisted for more than thirty days after the parturition were used. The animals received feed containing the curcumin (60 mg/animal/day) during 10 days. On days 0 and 10 of the experiment, total blood was collected to perform the hemogram and serum biochemistry (triglycerides, cholesterol, glucose, total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and urea), as well as individual milk samples for centesimal composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). Total leukocytes and erythrocytes, as well as hemoglobin content, were obtained using the hematological counter CELM-CC-550. Blood smears were stained by theRomanowsky method and used for leukocytes differentiation. After ten days of treatment, five sheep were negative in the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Total erythrocytes increased, while total leukocytes decreased after the treatment. Seric levels of AST, triglycerides, cholesterol and globulins decreased, while seric levels of albumin and urea increased after tendays of treatment. No differences were observed regarding milk production and composition, as well as for SCC and TBC on days 0 and 10 post treatment.Discussion: The use curcumin to prevent or to delay the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in ewes was first tested. In an experiment of lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in rats, researchers identified receptors type Toll 4 which are related with the induction of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and 1β, molecules involved in the migration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation. According to literature, curcumin was able to reduce theactivity of myeloperoxidase in the mammary gland, an enzyme used as indicator of neutrophil infiltration, demonstrating the potent anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin. This effect can be associated to the release of interleukin-8, a cytokine that promotes the migration of neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils into the site of infection, i.e., the mammary gland. It is important to highlight that neutrophils, due to its capacity to release inflammatory mediators and to delay apoptosis, has the potential to maintain a permanent inflammatory process, effects that were prevented or reduced by curcumin, specially the apoptotic and cytotoxic effects. It is important to emphasize the direct effect of curcumin on bacteria present in the mammary gland, since it exerts potent bactericidal effect. In summary, the use of curcumin in sheep with subclinical mastitis exerted beneficial effects in the dose of 60 mg/sheep/day, since it showed 83.3% of curative efficacy in the test CMT. This effect of curcumin can be direct or indirect, since the curcumin provided in the diet showed anti-inflammatory properties byreducing oxidation reactions and cell damage. Overall, the addition of curcumin in sheep diet improved the hematological and biochemical variables after only ten days of treatment. Future studies should be performed to clarify and determine whether the curcumin provided in diet can be an alternative to treat clinical or subclinical mastitis.Keywords: curcumin, mammary infection, immunity, biochemistry parameters, ovine.

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Physiological and Pathological Alterations in the Mammary Gland of Holstein Cows during Transition Period

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.102863 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 ◽

Author(s):

Jean Silva Ramos ◽

Karina Medici Madureira ◽

Vinicius Alvim Passos Baldacim ◽

Cynthia Pereira Da Costa e Silva ◽

Mailson Rennan Borges Dias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Mammary Gland ◽

Physical Examination ◽

Transition Period ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Pathological Changes ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Prophylactic Measures

Background: Physiological and immunological adaptations occurred in peripartum period may be responsible for susceptibility to intramammary infections during colostrogenesis. Increase in blood flow and hormones cause physiological edema by accumulation of lymphatic fluid in interstitial space. Specific composition of mammary secretion increases the susceptibility to mastitis. So, the study of physical, cellular and microbiological changes in the mammary gland in this period are fundamental for understanding, diagnosing and adopting prophylactic measures for bovine mastitis. This study aimed to characterize physiological and pathological changes that occur in the mammary gland during transition period.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirteen cows, in second to fourth lactation were followed from 3 weeks pre-calving to 3 weeks post-calving. Cows were submitted weekly to physical examination of mammary gland, strip cup test, California Mastitis Test (CMT), Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (MSCC), and bacteriological examination of mammary secretion. Mammary quarters were divided into two groups: BAC-: samples that did not present bacteriological growth throughout transition period; BAC+: samples that presented bacteriological growth in at least two isolates of the same bacterial genus. Regarding physical examination of mammary gland, the parameters localized or generalized alteration in volume, asymmetry, reddish color, reduced skin elasticity, increased temperature, and swollen consistency presented higher frequencies in the BAC- group. On the other hand, infection in mammary quarters of cows from BAC+ group promoted a decrease in frequencies of increased volume, decreased elasticity, and elevated temperature in the mammary gland, in addition to a higher positivity to CMT and higher cellularity. Overall rate of intramammary infection was 25.82%, with non-aureus Staphylococci (NAS) being the predominant agent (69.2%). Maximum peak of bacterial isolates occurred immediately after calving (33.3%). Differences were observed between groups (P = 0.021) for CMT, showing a higher frequency of positive tests in BAC+ group (36.5%) compared to BAC- group (18%). MSCC varied between weeks (P = 0.001), groups (P = 0.001), and between the interaction of the two variables (P = 0.019). Highest median value of MSCC was observed at calving (1.5 × 106 cells/mL), being different (P = 0.001) from the +1, +2, and +3 weeks and the lowest median value of MSCC (0.08×106 cells/mL) was observed in +3 compared to previous weeks (P < 0.05).Discussion: NAS was predominantly isolated in mammary secretions of cows during peripartum, it is commonly found in the skin and canal of the teat and are associated with subclinical mastitis. Peak of mammary infection was observed on calving, probably by the cortisol peak resulting in a stress leucogram and decrease in the functional activity of immune cells. Changes observed in the physical examination of mammary gland of cows from BAC- group are compatible with physiological edema caused by circulatory changes that occurs with the proximity of calving, increasing blood flow necessary for production of colostrum. Alterations in the mammary quarters of cows from BAC+ group may be associated with functional loss of mammary parenchyma or persistent infectious process, characterizing clinical findings of pathological changes during transition period. Mammary quarters of the BAC+ group presented higher percentages of positive reactions to CMT in weeks +1 and +2, and higher MSCC values and are associated with infection of the mammary gland.

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Bacterial Detection Causing Subclinical Mastitis on Etawah Crossbreed Goat in Kokap, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta Province

Jurnal Sain Veteriner ◽

10.22146/jsv.39818 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Clara Ajeng Artdita ◽

Morsid Andityas ◽

Nur Ika Prihanani ◽

Yohanes Wawan Budiyanto

Keyword(s):

Animal Health ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Health Study ◽

Dairy Goat ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Study Program ◽

Selective Media ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Gram Staining ◽

Fermented Broth

Resident in Kokap, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta Province has another income sector, that is dairy goat (Etawah Crossbreed) farming and they have been joining into farm group, which is called Kelompok Ternak. There are many bacteria that causing dairy goat intra mamary infection, thus the milk production will be contaminated. Two hundred and four (204) milk samples from 103 lactation goat in four farm groups in Kokap, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta is used in this study. Out of these, 21 samples (10,29%) were detected strong positive (++ and +++) for subclinical mastitis by using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Among this positive result, the next step was bacteria detection. This tests were held in Preclinic Laboratory Animal Health Study Program, Vocational School, UGM. The samples were inoculated in blood agar, then colony was identify by Gram staining. The next steph is biochemical tests using McConkey Agar (MCA) and eosin methylene blue (EMB) as a selective media for Gram negative bacteria, manitol salt agar (MSA) as selective media for Staphylococcus, sugar fermented broth (glucose, lactose, mannitol, maltose, and sacharose), Kigler iron agar (KIA), lysine iron agar (LIA), motility indole ornithin (MIO), and Simmon’s citrate. The result was Staphylococcus aureus (80%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (20%), Escherichia coli (10%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%).

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Determining Extracellular Vesicles Properties and miRNA Cargo Variability in Bovine Milk from Healthy Cows and Cows Undergoing Subclinical Mastitis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-670491/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria dels Desemparats Saenz-de-Juano ◽

Giulia Silvestrelli ◽

Stefan Bauersachs ◽

Susanne Ulbrich

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Physiological State ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Resistive Pulse ◽

Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing ◽

Induced Changes

Abstract Background: Subclinical mastitis, the inflammation of the mammary gland lacking clinical symptoms, is one of the most prevalent and costly diseases in dairy farming worldwide. Milk microRNAs (miRNAs) encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed as potential biomarkers of different mammary gland conditions, including subclinical mastitis. However, little is known about the robustness of EVs analysis regarding sampling time-point or natural infections. To estimate the reliability of EVs measurements in raw bovine milk, we first evaluated changes in EVs size and concentration using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) during three consecutive days. Then, we analysed daily differences in miRNA cargo using small RNA-seq. Finally, we compared milk EVs differences from naturally infected udder quarters with their healthy adjacent quarters and quarters from uninfected udders.Results: We found that the milk EV miRNA cargo is very stable over the course of three days regardless of the health status of the quarter, and that infected quarters do not induce relevant changes in milk EVs of adjacent healthy quarters. Chronic subclinical mastitis induced changes in milk EV miRNA cargo, but neither in EVs size nor concentration. We observed that the changes in immunoregulatory miRNAs in quarters with chronic subclinical mastitis are cow-individual, however, the most upregulated miRNA was bta-miR-223-3p across all individuals.Conclusions: Our results showed that the miRNA profile and particle size characteristics remained constant throughout consecutive days, suggesting that miRNAs packed in EVs are physiological state-specific. In addition, since infected quarters are solely affected while adjacent healthy quarters remain unaffected. Finally, the cow-individual miRNA changes pointed towards infection-specific alterations.

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