scholarly journals The English Influence on Japanese, Indonesian and Malang Slang Words: a Study of Wakamono Kotoba, Bahasa Gaul, and Slang Malang

Author(s):  
Suraida Nurul Oktavia ◽  
Vera Yulianti

In the characteristics of the morphological formation of Japanese slang words (Wakamono Kotoba), Indonesian slang words (Bahasa Gaul), and Malang slang words (Slang Malang), there is a phenomenon of English influence. The purpose of this study is to examine the morphological characteristics of the English influence on Japanese slang words (Wakamono Kotoba), Indonesian slang words (Bahasa Gaul), and Malang slang words (Slang Malang). The data was collected from Twitter accounts which the users are native Japanese language, native Indonesian language, and native Malang language. The analysis was based on the classification of word-formation categories Akihiko Yonekawa (Yonekawa, 1998). The result of the study shows that the English influence on Japanese slang words is in the category of English borrowing and the combination of Japanese and English. Meanwhile, the English influence on Indonesian slang words and Malang slang words is only in the form of English borrowing.

Author(s):  
I. R. Khuzina ◽  
V. N. Komarov

The paper considers a point of view, based on the conception of the broad understanding of taxons. According to this point of view, rhyncholites of the subgenus Dentatobeccus and Microbeccus are accepted to be synonymous with the genus Rhynchoteuthis, and subgenus Romanovichella is considered to be synonymous with the genus Palaeoteuthis. The criteria, exercising influence on the different approaches to the classification of rhyncholites, have been analyzed (such as age and individual variability, sexual dimorphism, pathological and teratological features, degree of disintegration of material), underestimation of which can lead to inaccuracy. Divestment of the subgenuses Dentatobeccus, Microbeccus and Romanovichella, possessing very bright morphological characteristics, to have an independent status and denomination to their synonyms, has been noted to be unjustified. An artificial system (any suggested variant) with all its minuses is a single probable system for rhyncholites. The main criteria, minimizing its negative sides and proving the separation of the new taxon, is an available mass-scale material. The narrow understanding of the genus, used in sensible limits, has been underlined to simplify the problem of the passing the view about the genus to the other investigators and recognition of rhyncholites for the practical tasks.


Author(s):  
Cesar de Souza Bastos Junior ◽  
Vera Lucia Nunes Pannain ◽  
Adriana Caroli-Bottino

Abstract Introduction Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal neoplasm in the world, accounting for 15% of cancer-related deaths. This condition is related to different molecular pathways, among them the recently described serrated pathway, whose characteristic entities, serrated lesions, have undergone important changes in their names and diagnostic criteria in the past thirty years. The multiplicity of denominations and criteria over the last years may be responsible for the low interobserver concordance (IOC) described in the literature. Objectives The present study aims to describe the evolution in classification of serrated lesions, based on the last three publications of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the reproducibility of these criteria by pathologists, based on the evaluation of the IOC. Methods A search was conducted in the PubMed, ResearchGate and Portal Capes databases, with the following terms: sessile serrated lesion; serrated lesions; serrated adenoma; interobserver concordance; and reproducibility. Articles published since 1990 were researched. Results and Discussion The classification of serrated lesions in the past thirty years showed different denominations and diagnostic criteria. The reproducibility and IOC of these criteria in the literature, based on the kappa coefficient, varied in most studies, from very poor to moderate. Conclusions Interobserver concordance and the reproducibility of microscopic criteria may represent a limitation for the diagnosis and appropriate management of these lesions. It is necessary to investigate diagnostic tools to improve the performance of the pathologist's evaluation, for better concordance, and, consequently, adequate diagnosis and treatment.


2021 ◽  
pp. 3-29
Author(s):  
Kateryna Horodensʹka ◽  

This study aims at investigating the development of grammatical theory at the Institute of the Ukrainian Language for the last 30 years. The paper summarizes achievements in grammar theory from applying the functional, i.e., semantic and grammatical, approach developed by I.R. Vykhovanetsʹ to differentiating units into word and nonword classes and distinguishing morphological categories of major word classes. This facilitated the establishment of the theoretical basis of functional and categorical morphology. The author analyses studies in formal grammatical, semantic, functional, categorical, deri vational, and anthropocentric syntax that attest to the multidimensional growth of a syntactic theory and main aspects of the Ukrainian word formation on the basis of semantic and categorical syntax and a formant- and stem-based derivatology. Some of the latest multi-pronged processes in word formation reflect dynamics of word formation rules, the replenishment of word formation resources, and the development of the word-formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The solving of a complex set of theoretical issues in the modern Ukrainian word-formation introduced the methodological foundations for the recent normative description of the word formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The article addresses issues in studies on applied grammar determined by the process of glo balization and democratization of the Ukrainian society and the needs of Modern Ukrainian language practice to be met. Particular importance is attached to the grammatical prescriptive norms in the professional use, the actualization of case forms appearing in the passive vocabulary, and the dynamics of morphological and syntactic norms in various functional and stylistic dimensions of Standard Ukrainian. Keywords: functional grammar, functional morphology, functional syntax, categorical grammar, categorical syntax, categorical word formation, classification of parts of speech, morphological categories.


Author(s):  
Guzel Faizullina ◽  
Elena Ermakova

В статье рассматриваются словообразовательные возможности антропонимики русского и татарского языков. Наименования человека (личные имена, отчества, фамилии, прозвища) являются частью лексической системы языка, а значит, появляются, формируются и развиваются в соответствии с общеязыковыми законами. В дальнейшем эти наименования становятся деривационной базой для появления новых антропонимов и отантропонимных топонимов. Анализ и сопоставление аналогичных и уникальных наименований человека и их производных, способов и средств словотворчества в разных языках позволяют определить особенности менталитета, выявить межэтнические контакты, результаты взаимодействия и взаимовлияния разных наций и народов. Материалом для наблюдения послужили данные толковых и этимологических словарей разносистемных языков, словарей русских и татарских имен и фамилий. В качестве иллюстративного материала представлены данные архивных документов, хранящиеся в ГБУТО «Государственный архив в г. Тобольске»; полевой материал, который был собран во время диалектологических экспедиций в сельские населенные пункты Тюменской области (2014–2018 гг.). Несмотря на то, что вторичные наименования рассматриваются в разносистемных языках, наблюдения над материалом позволяют сделать выводы о наличии универсальных концептов, об общих культурных ценностях. В силу культурно-исторических связей формирование татарских фамилий проходило позднее по тем словообразовательным моделям, которые сложились в русском языке, и с помощью таких же формантов, как и в русском языке, от одной мотивирующей основы (имени собственного) могут образовываться дериваты – две и более фамилий; в обоих языках деривационной базой служат не только имена, но и их квалитативы; широко распространены фонетические варианты фамилий. Нередко трудно, а порой практически невозможно определить происхождение фамилий разных народов в силу их фонетического созвучия. Производные единицы сами становятся базой для появления новообразований – антропонимных топонимов. Для анализа ономастикона, представленного в статье, использовался описательный метод с применением его основных приемов: наблюдения, обобщения и классификации материала. Для семантической реконструкции был использован метод этимологического анализа с учетом фонетического и словообразовательного аспектов. Анализ формирования и становления топонимов в регионе позднего заселения, каким является Западная Сибирь, представляется актуальным, поскольку в научный оборот вводятся новые антропонимические данные, которые подтверждают общие закономерности формирования русской и татарской ономастики. Тождественность лексических и деривационных процессов формирования ономастикона в разносистемных языках обусловлена общностью территории, на которой в тесном взаимодействии проживают разные народы.The article considers derivational possibilities of anthroponymy of Russian and Tatar languages. Names person (personal names, middle names, surnames, nicknames) are part of the lexical system of the language, and therefore appear, are formed and developed in accordance with the common language laws. In the future, these names become a derivation base for the emergence of new anthroponyms and from the antroponimnykh of toponyms… Analysis comparison of similar and unique names of the person and their derivatives, ways and means word creation in different languages allow you to determine the features mentality, identify enter-ethnic contacts. The results of the interaction and mutual influence of different Nations and peoples. Material for observation based on data from sensible and etymological dictionaries of different languages, dictionaries Russian and Tatar names, names. As illustrative material presented archival documents stored in the GUTO «State archive in Tobolsk»; field material that was collected during the dialectological expeditions in rural settlements of the Tyumen regions (2014–2018). Despite the fact that the secondary names are considered in multi-system languages, observations on the material allow you to make conclusions on the existence of universal concepts and General cultural values: due to cultural and historical ties, later formation Tatar surnames passed on those word- formation models, which have developed in the Russian language, and with the help of the same formants; Russian language, from one motivating basis (own name ) can to form the derivatives two and further the names in both languages the derivation base is not only the names, and their qualitative; widely common phonetic variants of the names. Often difficult, and sometimes it is almost impossible to determine the origin of the names of different peoples because of their phonetic harmony. Derived units themselves become the basis for the emergence of tumors – the phenomenon affected not only the surname of different peoples, but also atastrophic names. For the analysis of onomasticon presented in the article, we used descriptive method: observation, generalization and classification of the material. In semantic reconstruction the etymological method was used analysis taking into account phonetic and word-formative aspects. Identity lexical derivation processes formations the onomasticon dissimilar languages is due to community territory. On which they live in close cooperation Russians and Tatars.


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
Oleg A. Mitko ◽  
Sergey G. Skobelev

Purpose. The article is devoted to the characteristics of a double-edged iron sword, which can be attributed to the unique phenomena of the early Iron Age of the Minusinsk Basin. Results. According to its morphological characteristics, the sword is an increased technological modification of the traditional Tagar dagger. The total length of the sword is 59.5 cm; the width of the lenticular blade in cross-section is about 7 cm. The handle with a volute-like pommel is separated from the blade by a narrow butterfly-shaped crosshair. The length of the hilt is 8 cm, which corresponds to the size of the hilts of most Scythian swords. This is a very small size, since in men the average palm width is about 12 cm. Probably, the rounded outlines of the pommel and narrow crosshairs allow, due to their shape, to hold the short handle of a heavy sword more tightly. Conclusion. According to the classification of O. I. Kura, Scythian swords with a narrow butterfly-shaped crosshair and volute-like pommel are included in Group III, Type II A2 dating from the end of the 5th – 4th centuries BC, which corresponds to the boundary between the Podgorny and Saragashen stages of the Tagar culture. The earliest form of sword hilts with typologically similar forms of crosshairs (kidney-shaped, heart-shaped, butterfly-shaped) with bar-shaped pommels appeared in the North Caucasus in the first half of the 7th century BC. On the territory of the Minusinsk Basin, most morphologically similar daggers are usually dated to the 6th – 4th centuries BC. Before the discovery of the Krasnoyarsk sword, long-bladed iron weapons were not known there. At the same time, swords of the Scythian time were found in the nearest regions of Altai and Kazakhstan. The later appearance of the technology for processing iron in the Minusinsk Basin makes it possible to consider the Krasnoyarsk sword an import item. According to another hypothesis, it belongs to the period of the late 3rd – 2nd centuries BC, when local craftsmen mastered the processing of iron and began to make massive quantities of weapons and tools from low-carbon steel. In doing so, they copied traditional archaic forms.


Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 580
Author(s):  
Hongyi Liu ◽  
Yufeng Zhang ◽  
Wei Xu ◽  
Yu Fang ◽  
Honghua Ruan

Identification based on conventional morphological characteristics is typically difficult and time-consuming. The development of molecular techniques provides a novel strategy that relies on specific mitochondrial gene fragments to conduct authentication. For this study, five newly sequenced partial mitogenomes of earthworms (Bimastos parvus, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eisenia andrei, Eisenia nordenskioldi, and Octolasion tyrtaeum) with lengths ranging from 14,977 to 15,715 were presented. Each mitogenome possessed a putative control region that resided between tRNA-Arg and tRNA-His. All of the PCGs were under negative selection according to the value of Ka/Ks. The phylogenetic trees supported the classification of Eisenia and Lumbricus; however, the trees based on cox1 did not. Through various comparisons, it was determined that cox1 fragments might be more suitable for molecular identification. These results lay the foundation for further phylogenetic studies on Lumbricidae.


Lyuboslovie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 293-310
Author(s):  
Teodora G. Ilieva ◽  

In this article the neo-semanticisms are presented by real neologisms and occasionalisms, excerpted in recent years from Bulgarian media texts with different thematic orientation and stylistic expression. Commens are also made on the lexicon that has emerged through tracing and borrowing, which builds formal relations of homonymy with words that already exist in our language. Each of the 44 lexical items is presented in a dictionary article, including its morphological and semantic characteristics; word formation parameters; the motivating foreign word (if any); distribution of the palette of semes registered in the lexicographic arrays; the new sememe – the result of semantic transformation, in a minimal context; classification of the free and/or stable word combination it forms; the formal and semantic relations in which it enters and its stylistic affiliation. The study finds that the enrichment of the vocabulary of the Bulgarian language is achieved as a result of democratization, colloquialization and internationalization of the language. Semantic modifications are realized mainly through: metaphorization, metonymization, personification and comparison.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (99) ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
NATALIA V. KOZLOVSKAYA ◽  
ALINA S. PAVLOVA

The article deals with the semantic analysis and reveals the peculiarities of the adaptation and functioning of the adjective neologismsderived from a borrowed stemby adding a Russian derivational affix.In the course of the first-stage researchthe thematic classification of the above-mentioned “hybrid” adjectivesis made (the current samplecomprises approximately 200 lexical units).The investigation of the lexical data has shown that the majority of “hybrid” adjectives are derived from English stems and mainly consist of relative adjectives. The article analyses the main derivational patterns in the word-formation of adjectives derived from borrowed nouns and adjectives, and the most productive suffixes are revealed. It is stated that the tendency for adjective derivation from the English stems ending in -ing (the trend which was first observed in the 1990s) has been growing rapidly at the beginning of the 21st century.The analysis of variedlexical data has shown that the functioning of “hybrid” adjectives in the texts different in genre and styleis connected with the phenomenon of variationwhich consists in the difference in root spelling, as well as in the competition between the adjective suffixes. In the concluding part of the article, the authors describe peculiar properties of semantic adaptation which are typical of adjective neologisms derived from loan-word stems.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Junqiu Wang ◽  
Jiaju Liu ◽  
Jiangqin Luo

The hallucal sesamoid bones (HSBs), having an important role in reducing load per unit area on the first metatarsal head, can be injured commonly which also affected the first metatarsophalangeal joint and the surrounding structure. Meanwhile, differences among each HSB type may be a major factor affecting the occurrence and development of HV. So far, many researchers had learned that there are three different conditions in hallucal sesamoid bone affecting the choice of clinical surgery corresponding to different solutions in clinic. Thus, it is necessary to study the anatomical morphological characteristics of the HSB which can be helpful in clinical diagnosis and treatment, especially hallux valgus (HV). 150 X-ray and three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) images consist of 72 left and 78 right metatarsals were applied in this anatomic study between two variables and showed by a simple scatter plot. The first metatarsophalangeal joint is divided into four different types: type I (no HSB, 1.3%), type II (with one HSB, 0.07%), type IIIa (with two HSBs when THB is bigger, 28%), type IIIb (with two HSBs when FHB is bigger, 65.3%), and type IV (with three HSBs, 4.7%). There was no statistical difference between the left and right sides, except HVA, Meary, and pitch (P<0.05); all a, b, c, d, and i have statistical difference between male and female (P<0.05). Meanwhile, HVA and IMA and HVA and type group have a significant correlation. In summary, HVA and IMA and HVA and classification of HSBs have significant correlations. The classification and location of HSBs can be an important basis to choose operation methods and postoperation evaluation.


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