scholarly journals Zeroize: A New Method to Improve Utilizing 5G Networks when Running VoIP over IPv6

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjur Kolhar
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Voice Over Ip ◽  
New Method ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Packet Header ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Ipv6 Protocol ◽  
Ipv6 Networks ◽  
Voice Data ◽  
Near Future

5G technology propagation curve is ascending rapidly. 5G will open up the horizon to improve the performance of many other IP-based services such as voice over IP (VoIP). VoIP is a worldwide technology that is expected to rule the telecommunication world in the near future. However, VoIP has expended a significant part of the 5G technology bandwidth with no valuable use owing to its lengthy packet header. This issue even worsens when VoIP works in IPv6 networks, where the wasted bandwidth and airtime may reach 85.7% of 5G networks. VoIP developers have exerted many efforts to tackle this snag. This study adds to these efforts by proposing a new method called Zeroize (zero sizes). The main idea of the Zeroize method is to use superfluous fields of the IPv6 protocol header to carry the digital voice data of the packet and, thus, reduce or zeroize the VoIP packet payload. Although simple, the Zeroize method achieves a considerable reduction of the wasted bandwidth of 5G networks, which also directly affects the consumed airtime. The performance analysis of the Zeroize method shows that the consumed bandwidth is saved by 20% with the G.723.1 codec. Thus, the Zeroize method is a promising solution to reduce the wasted bandwidth and airtime of 5G networks when running VoIP over IPv6.

scholarly journals Zeroize: A New Method to Improve the Utilization of 5G Networks When Running VoIP over IPv6

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Manjur Kolhar
Keyword(s):  
Internet Protocol ◽  
New Method ◽  
Voice Over Internet Protocol ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Telecommunication Sector ◽  
The Core ◽  
Packet Header ◽  
Ipv6 Protocol ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Voice Data

5G technology is spreading extremely quickly. Many services, including Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP), have utilized the features of 5G technology to improve their performance. VoIP service is gradually ruling the telecommunication sector due to its various advantages (e.g., free calls). However, VoIP service wastes a substantial share of the VoIP 5G network’s bandwidth due to its lengthy packet header. For instance, the share of the packet header from bandwidth and channel time reaches 85.7% of VoIP 5G networks when using the IPv6 protocol. VoIP designers are exerting considerable efforts to solve this issue. This paper contributes to these efforts by designing a new technique named Zeroize (zero sizes). The core of the Zeroize technique is based on utilizing the unnecessary fields of the IPv6 protocol header to keep the packet payload (voice data), thereby reducing or “zeroizing” the payload of the VoIP packet. The Zeroize technique substantially reduces the expanded bandwidth of VoIP 5G networks, which is reflected in the wasted channel time. The results show that the Zeroize technique reduces the wasted bandwidth by 20% with the G.723.1 codec. Therefore, this technique successfully reduces the bandwidth and channel time of VoIP 5G networks when using the IPv6 protocol.

scholarly journals Contracting VoIP Packet Payload Down to Zero

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-150
Author(s):  
Mosleh M. Abualhaj ◽  
Mayy M. Al-Tahrawi ◽  
Mahran Al-Zyoud
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Voice Over Ip ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Fundamental Issue ◽  
Network Bandwidth ◽  
Ip Network ◽  
Packet Header ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Voice

Abstract The inefficient use of the IP network bandwidth is a fundamental issue that restricts the exponential spreading of Voice over IP (VoIP). The primary reason for this is the big header size of the VoIP packet. In this paper, we propose a method, called Short Voice Frame (SVF), that addresses the big header size of the VoIP packet. The main idea of the SVF method is to make effective use of the VoIP packet header fields that are unneeded to the VoIP technology. In particular, these fields will be used for temporarily buffering the voice frame (VoIP packet payload) data. This will make the VoIP packet payload short or even zero in some cases. The performance evaluation of the proposed SVF method showed that the use of the IP network bandwidth has improved by up to 28.3% when using the G.723.1 codec.

A Comprehensive Review on Reconfigurable Drones: Classification, Characteristics, Design and Control Technologies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Saddam Hocine Derrouaoui ◽  
Yasser Bouzid ◽  
Mohamed Guiatni ◽  
Islam Dib
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cluttered Environments ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Control Technologies ◽  
And Control ◽  
Near Future

Recently, reconfigurable drones have gained particular attention in the field of automation and flying robots. Unlike the conventional drones, they are characterized by a variable mechanical structure in flight, geometric adaptability, aerial reconfiguration, high number of actuators and control inputs, and variable mathematical model. In addition, they are exploited to flight in more cluttered environments, avoid collisions with obstacles, transport and grab objects, cross narrow and small spaces, decrease different aerial damages, optimize the consumed energy, and improve agility and maneuverability in flight. Moreover, these new drones are considered as a viable solution to provide them with specific and additional functionalities. They are a promising solution in the near future, since they allow increasing considerably the capabilities and performance of classical drones in terms of multi-functionalities, geometric adaptation, design characteristics, consumed energy, control, maneuverability, agility, efficiency, obstacles avoidance, and fault tolerant control. This paper explores very interesting and recent research works, which include the classification, the main characteristics, the various applications, and the existing designs of this particular class of drones. Besides, an in-depth review of the applied control strategies will be presented. The links of the videos displaying the results of these researches will be also shown. A comparative study between the different types of flying vehicles will be established. Finally, several new challenges and future directions for reconfigurable drones will be discussed.

scholarly journals Mudanças de final de século no padrão de distribuição das atividades econômicas no Estado de São Paulo: O caso do "abcd Paulista"

GEOgraphia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Rodrigues Lúcio
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Industrial Districts ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Industrial District ◽  
Industrial Activity ◽  
Local Taxes ◽  
Organizational Patterns ◽  
Near Future

Este artigo propõe tratar dos conceitos de Distritos Industriais e Clusters. A idéia básica procura analisar em que medida o assim chamado "ABCD Paulista" pode ser considerado um Distrito Industrial ou um Cluster. Tentamos analisar os principais padrões organizacionais da atividade industrial nos quatro municípios que formam o ABCD Paulista. Na mesma linha de raciocínio discutem-se possíveis mudanças futuras, incluindo impactos dessas mudanças na política fiscal. Abstract The present article deals with the concepts of Industrial Districts and Clusters. The main idea behind our analysis is to study in which measure the so called "ABCD Paulista" can be considered as an Industrial District or a Cluster. We try to analyze the main organizational patterns of the industrial activity in the four municipalities that compound the ABCD Paulista. In the same line of reasoning we discuss severa1 possible changes towards the near future, including the impacts of changes in local taxes.

scholarly journals Network Threats Mitigation Using Software-Defined Networking for the 5G Internet of Radio Light System

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Cabaj ◽  
Marcin Gregorczyk ◽  
Wojciech Mazurczyk ◽  
Piotr Nowakowski ◽  
Piotr Żórawski
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Internet ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Security Framework ◽  
High Quality ◽  
User Experiences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Near Future

Currently 5G communication networks are envisioned to offer in a near future a wide range of high-quality services and unfaltering user experiences. In order to achieve this, several issues including security, privacy, and trust aspects need to be solved so that the 5G networks can be widely welcomed and accepted. Considering above, in this paper, we take a step towards these requirements by proposing a dedicated SDN-based integrated security framework for the Internet of Radio Light (IoRL) system that is following 5G architecture design. In particular, we present how TCP SYN-based scanning activities and DHCP-related network threats like Denial of Service (DoS), traffic eavesdropping, etc. can be detected and mitigated using such an approach. Enclosed experimental results prove that the proposed security framework is effective and efficient and thus can be considered as a promising defensive solution.

APPLICATION OF THE PHOTO-INDUCED CHARGE EFFECT TO STUDY LIQUIDS AND GASES

2000 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 211-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. IVANOV ◽  
L. KONSTANTINOV
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
The State ◽  
New Method ◽  
Charge Effect ◽  
Induced Charge

The possibility is shown of developing a new method based on the surface photo-charge effect (SPCE) to study liquids, gases and vapors. The main idea is that, due to the strong susceptibility of this effect to the state of the irradiated interface, each change in the liquid- or gas-contacting surfaces would cause changes in the observed signals. The experiments performed so far support such a possibility.

scholarly journals Energy Proficient Strategies and Future Challenges in 5G Networks in Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (III) ◽  
pp. 214-222
Author(s):  
Dost Muhammad Khan ◽  
Tariq Aziz Rao ◽  
Najia Sehr
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Power Optimization ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Wireless Cellular Networks ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Near Future

To meet the extraordinary subscribers’ requests in near future, 5G wireless cellular networks are developing. With the arrival of 5th generation (5G), millions of new Base Stations (BS) and billions of associated gadgets will also be increased which require the extra power. More power utilization will result in an ascent in the CO2 discharge into the atmosphere, which may cause various human diseases. To meet the requests of an expanded limit, an enhanced data rate, and a superior nature of the service of the up-coming generation systems, there is a dire need to embrace energy proficient models, which consume less power. This manuscript gives an overview of energy proficient strategies and future challenges in 5G networks, which will be helpful for research scholars and organizations for future exploration of power optimization in 5G networks.

scholarly journals On 6G Visions and Requirements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyrki T. J. Penttinen
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Network Slicing ◽  
Functional Models ◽  
Communication Environments ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Actual Realization ◽  
Technical Terms

6G represents standardized communication systems that will be commercially available in 2030s. Even if the initial 5G networks, basing on the 3GPP Release 15, have hardly started become commercially available gradually as of 2019 and their large-scale deployment is still years away, industry is already keen to envision the justification and performance of the forthcoming generation. While there are no concrete 6G standards produced at this stage, their planning will benefit from realistic indications of the requirements and type of usage. The task is not straightforward as users, including a variety of verticals with their rather different communication environments, are sometimes not capable of expressing their future needs in technical terms nor industry might be able to prognosticate the demand that has not yet equivalence in preceding systems. This paper analyses some of the most important current visions of key standardization bodies and assesses indications of the industry for the potential requirements, service types, use cases, and architectural and functional models that can serve as a building block for the actual realization of the visions. This paper also presents means that can be applied in further interpretation and assessment of the vertical needs and priorities, with examples reflecting the benefits of Network Slice requirements that the GSMA North Americas Network Slicing Taskforce studied for foreseen near future environment and that may be extended to be utilized also in exploration of 6G requirements.

scholarly journals PS-PC: An Effective Method to Improve VoIP Technology Bandwidth Utilization over ITTP Protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
Mosleh M. Abualhaj ◽  
Sumaya N. Al-Khatib ◽  
Qusai Y. Shambour
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Voice Over Ip ◽  
Exit Point ◽  
Bandwidth Utilization ◽  
Packet Header ◽  
Pc Method ◽  
Voip Gateway

AbstractVoice over IP (VoIP) wastes a valuable amount of bandwidth because of its large packet header size compared to its small packet payload. The main objective of this paper is to reduce the amount of this wasted bandwidth, by proposing a new packets coalescence method, called Payload Shrinking and Packets Coalesce (PS-PC). The proposed PS-PC method reduces the amount of the wasted bandwidth by i) coalesces a group of VoIP packets in one header instead of a separate header to each packet and ii) shrinks the VoIP packet payload to a smaller one based on a certain algorithm. The proposed PS-PC method is deployed at the sender side VoIP gateway that represents an exit point to a myriad number of simultaneous VoIP calls. The performance evaluation showed better bandwidth usage when deploying the proposed PS-PC method with ITTP protocol in comparison to the traditional ITTP protocol without the PS-PC method.

scholarly journals Non-Universal Gauge Bosons Z′ and Rare Top Decays

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (31) ◽  
pp. 2187-2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongxing Yue ◽  
Hongjie Zong ◽  
Lanjun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Space ◽  
Top Quark ◽  
Branching Ratios ◽  
New Method ◽  
Gauge Bosons ◽  
Near Future

We study a new method for detecting non-universal gauge bosons Z′ via considering their effects on rare top decays. We calculate the contributions of the non-universal gauge bosons Z′ predicted by topcolor-assisted technicolor (TC2) models and flavor-universal TC2 models on the rare top decays t → cV (V = g,γ,Z) and t → clilj (li,lj = τ,μ, or e). We show that the branching ratios of these processes can be significantly enhanced. Over a sizeable region of the parameter space, we have Br (t → cg) ~ 10-5 and Br (t → cττ) ~ 10-7, which may approach the observable threshold of near future experiments. Non-universal gauge bosons Z′ may be detected via the rare top decay processes at the top-quark factories such as the CERN LHC.

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