scholarly journals TERJEMAHAN TURN YANG MENGAKOMODASI FLOUTING MAKSIM PRINSIP KERJASAMA DALAM NOVEL THE CAIRO AFFAIR KARYA OLEN STEINHAUER (Kajian Terjemahan Menggunakan Pendekatan Pragmatik)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Rozi Hanifia Putri ◽  
Djatmika Djatmika ◽  
Riyadi Santosa
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Cooperative Principle ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Word Selection ◽  
Relationship Of

<p><strong>Latar Belakang:</strong> Penelitian ini membahas tentang analisis terjemahan <em>turn</em> yang mengakomodasi terjadinya <em>flouting </em>maksim prinsip kerjasama (PK) dalam novel <em>The Cairo Affair</em> (TCA)<em>.</em> Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan pragmatik penerjemahan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk: (1) mengidentifikasi jenis <em>flouting </em>maksim PK yang terjadi dalam ujaran teks sumber maupun teks sasaran dan menjelaskan makna implikatur pada novel TCA; (2) mendeskripsikan teknik penerjemahan dari <em>turn</em> yang mengakomodasi flouting maksim PK; dan (3) mengetahui hubungan dari teknik penerjemahan terhadap kualitas terjemahan, yang meliputi keakuratan dan keberterimaan</p><p><strong>Metodologi:</strong> Penelitian ini merupakan penelitan kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif induktif. Sumber data penelitian ini berasal dari novel TCA; dan informan untuk menilai kualitas terjemahan. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara pengkajian dokumen, kuisioner dan <em>Focus Group Discussion</em> (FGD).</p><p>Result: Jenis <em>flouting </em> maksim PK dibagi menjadi dua menurut jumlahnya, yaitu tunggal dan ganda, dan mayoritas didominasi oleh <em>flouting</em> maksim tunggal, yaitu flouting maksim relasi pada domain –P –D. Terdapat 12 teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan penerjemah untuk menerjemahkan <em>turn</em> yang mengakomodasi <em>flouting </em>maksim PK, yaitu teknik kesepdanan lazim, variasi, peminjaman (murni dan naturalisasi), amplifikai (penambahan dan eksplisitasi), reduksi, kalke, harfiah, transposisi, modulasi, kreasi diskursif, generalisasi, dan adaptasi. Kualitas terjemahan dinilai dari dua aspek yaitu keakuratan dan keberterimaan. Dari temuan teknik tersebut dapat dihasilkan terjemahan <em>turn</em> yang akurat dan berterima. Keberterimaan dalam penelitian ini selain dipengaruhi oleh pemilihan kata, dipengaruhi juga oleh domain hubungan antara peserta tutur. Tingkat keberterimaan yang kurang di karenakan penerapan teknik variasi pada domain +P +D. Pemilihan kata yang tidak tepat juga berpengaruh besar terhadap keberterimaan pada domain +P –D. Data pada domain +P –D menunjukkan bahwa penutur yang memiliki kedudukan lebih tinggi dari mitra tuturnya, seharusnya memakai bahasa yang informal bukan formal.</p><p>Kesimpulan: Teknik kesepadanan lazim memiliki dampak yang positif terhadap kualitas terjemahan dilihat dari aspek keakuratan pesan dan keberterimaan. Sedangkan, teknik harfiah dan kreasi diskursif menghasilkan kualitas terjemahan yang kurang akurat dan kurang berterima. Teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan tidak menimbulkan pergeseran daya pragmatis dalam terjemahannya, namun memiliki pengaruh terhadap kekauratan pesannya.</p><p> </p><p>Kata kunci: <em>flouting</em> maksim PK, hubungan antara peserta tutur, teknik penerjemahan, kualitas terjemahan.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p><strong>Background:</strong> This research discusses a turn translation analysis which accommodates a flouting maxim of cooperative principle (CP) in The Cairo Affair novel (TCA). This research applies pragmatics translational approach. The aims of this research are: (1) to identify the types of flouting maxims CP that occur in source text or target text and to explain the implicature meaning in TCA novel; (2) to describe the translation techniques used in translating turns which accommodate flouting maxim of CP; and (3) to find out the relationship of translation techniques towards the translation quality, which includes accuracy and acceptability.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This is inductive descriptive- qualitative research. The data sources of this research are taken from TCA novel and informants for assessing the translation quality. The data were collected by a document analysis, questionnaire, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD).</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The types of flouting maxim of CP are divided into two according to the number of maxim flouted, single flouted and double flouted, and are dominated by a single flouted maxim, such as flouting maxim of relation in –P –D domain. There are 12 translation techniques used in translating turns, namely, established equivalent techniques, variation, borrowing (pure and naturalized), amplification (addition and explicitation), reduction, <em>calque</em>, literal, transposition, modulation, and adaptation. The translation quality is assessed in two aspects such as accuracy and acceptability. The translation techniques produce accurate and acceptable turn translation. The acceptability is also influenced by domain participant’s relationship. Less acceptable quality of translation is caused by the use of variation techniques in +P +D domain. Incorrect word selection influences the acceptability too in +P –D domain. The data shows that the speaker has a superior status than the listener, but the speaker prefers to use formal language rather than informal way. </p><p><strong>Conclussion: </strong>It can be concluded that established equivalent techniques has a positive impact to translation quality according to the accuracy of message and the acceptability. Meanwhile, literal and discursive creation techniques produce less accurate and less accebtable translation quality. The translation techniques used are not cause a pragmatic force shift on its translation, but it influence the message accuracy.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: flouting maxim of CP, participant’s relationship, translation techniques, translation quality</p>

scholarly journals The Influence of Translation Techniques on the Accuracy and Acceptability of Translated Utterances that Flout the Maxim of Quality

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ria Aresta
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Literal Translation ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Maxim Of Quality ◽  
Embedded Case Study

Translating the implied meanings in utterances is one of the trickiest situations translators may confront. One example is in translating utterances that flout the maxim of quality. When a speaker flouts the maxim of quality, they are implying further information that is not represented in the utterance. Translators use various translation techniques in order to convey the meaning of the original text in the most appropriate and acceptable form in the target text. This study investigates how translation techniques may affect the quality of a translation. The approach implemented in this study is pragmatics in translation. This study belongs to the field of descriptive qualitative research with an embedded case study. For data, we look at all the utterances which may be said to be flouting the maxim of quality in the source text and its translation. Content analysis and focus group discussion were applied as the methods to collect and analyze the data. A focus group discussion was used to assess translation quality. The majority of the data was classified as accurate and acceptable, while the rest was considered less accurate and inaccurate due to the application of the translation technique amplification (addition), discursive creation and literal translation. Some data was also found to be less acceptable due to literal translation and pure borrowing.

scholarly journals The Influence of Translation Techniques on the Accuracy and Acceptability of Translated Utterances that Flout the Maxim of Quality

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Ria Aresta
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Literal Translation ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Maxim Of Quality ◽  
Embedded Case Study

Translating the implied meanings in utterances is one of the trickiest situations translators may confront. One example is in translating utterances that flout the maxim of quality. When a speaker flouts the maxim of quality, they are implying further information that is not represented in the utterance. Translators use various translation techniques in order to convey the meaning of the original text in the most appropriate and acceptable form in the target text. This study investigates how translation techniques may affect the quality of a translation. The approach implemented in this study is pragmatics in translation. This study belongs to the field of descriptive qualitative research with an embedded case study. For data, we look at all the utterances which may be said to be flouting the maxim of quality in the source text and its translation. Content analysis and focus group discussion were applied as the methods to collect and analyze the data. A focus group discussion was used to assess translation quality. The majority of the data was classified as accurate and acceptable, while the rest was considered less accurate and inaccurate due to the application of the translation technique amplification (addition), discursive creation and literal translation. Some data was also found to be less acceptable due to literal translation and pure borrowing.

scholarly journals Translation Techniques of Modality Metaphor in Anne of Green Gables

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Yurike Suhertian Poyungi ◽  
Mangatur Nababan ◽  
Riyadi Santosa
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Translation Research ◽  
Anne Of Green Gables ◽  
Systemic Functional Linguistic ◽  
Translation Techniques

This is a descriptive qualitative research that aims to analyze the types of modality metaphor and their translation techniques in the novel entitled Anne of Green Gables. It is a translation research using Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) approach. Data were collected by content analysis and focus group discussion (FGD). The data were analyzed by Spradely’s data analysis method. The content analysis is used to analyze the types of modality metaphor based on Halliday and Matthiessen’ theory. Furthermore, the translation technique is analyzed by Molina and Albir’s classification and is done by focus group discussion. The result of this research shows that there are two types of modality metaphor found in the novel, they are probability and obligation. Moreover, the translation techniques that used to translate the modality metaphor are established equivalence, compensation, paraphrase, modulation, deletion, discursive creation and implicitation. The use of these translation techniques shows the translator creativity to translate the modality metaphor. 

scholarly journals A Translation Study on School Signboards in Surakarta: Types, Functions, And Quality

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
Ardianna Nuraeni ◽  
Fenty Kusumastuti ◽  
M.R. Nababan
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Translation Study

This research aims to map out types of bilingual signboards found in Elementary and Secondary schools in Surakarta based on their functions, to assess their quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability, and to describe factors influencing the translation quality. This descriptive qualitative research used data sources in the form of documents and persons, i.e. bilingual signboards displayed on school walls and those called raters who have competencies in assessing translation quality. Content analysis, Interview, and Focus Group Discussion were applied as the methods to collect and analyze the data of bilingual signboards. As a result, there are three types of school signboard, namely signboards showing names of place, signboards showing the condition of a particular place, and those saying proverbs. Dealing with the function, signboards having informative, suggestive, restrictive and mandatory functions are identified. The majority of the data resulting accurate and less acceptable translation is found in universal signboards, while culture-bound signboards tend to be rendered less accurate and less acceptable due to some factors that can be read thoroughly in this article.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Desain Pembelajaran Matematika Realistik Melalui Lesson Study Berbantuan Wolframs Mathematica

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Saiful Marom
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Lesson Study ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
Learning Mathematics

Abstrak Matematika adalah salah satu matapelajaran yang dipelajari oleh peserta didik sejak jenjang Sekolah Dasar sampai di tingkat Perguruan Tinggi oleh karena itu matematika menjadi salah satu pondasi keilmuan pada jenjang dasar. Dalam proses pembelajaran matematika banyak sekali kendala yang terjadi karena matematika adalah konsep yang mempunyai tingkat abstraksi yang cukup tinggi sehingga diperlukan suatu inovasi pembelajaran oleh para pendidik untuk mengurangi tingkat abstraksi dalam belajar matematika. Konsep matematika adalah konsep dari dinamika kehidupan yang disimbolkan dengan bahasa matematis dan diselesikan menggunakan logika matematika. Berdasarkan hal tersebut peneliti tertarik untuk menerapkan pembelajaran matematika realistic atau pembelajaran yang didasarkan pada kehidupan nyata. Inovasi pembelajaran ini tidak mudah dikarenakan dibutuhkan konsep yang mendalam oleh para pendidik. Berdasarkan hasil focus group discussion dengan para pendidik di lingkungan SD Negeri 4 Muryolobo banyak pendidik yang kesulitan dalam menerapkan inovasi tersebut sehingga peneliti menawarkan solusi untuk membuat forum lesson study untuk kegiatan pendampingan pengembangan desain pembelajaran matematika realistik yang kemudian untuk membuat simulasi digunakan wolframs mathematica. Dalam hasil penelitian ini membawa dampak positif karena dengan adanya kegiatan lesson study dapat meningkatkan motivasi Pendidik untuk melaksanakan desain pembelajaran matematika realistik di lingkungan Sekolah Dasar Negeri 4 Muryolobo Jepara. Kata kunci:Pembelajaran Matematika Realistik, Lesson Study, wolframs Mathematica. Abstract Math is one of supervised by studied by school tuition since junior high school ground until at higher levels of education hence maths both one of the foundation to achieving qualification at the the base of this scientific. In the process of learning mathematics a lot of the obstacles because math is concept have a level of abstraction that enough high that required a innovation learning by educators to reduce a level of abstraction in learning mathematics.The concept of math is the concept of the dynamics of life symbolized to the language mathematical and resolved use mathematical logic, based on it researchers interested to apply learning mathematics realistic or learning based on real life. Innovation learning this is not easy because needed concept depth by educator. Based on the results of focus group discussion with educators in the neighborhood of ElementarySchool4 of muryolobo many educator who difficulty in applying innovation so the researchers with solution to make the forum as well as the learned study to mentoring activity design development learning mathematics realistic after you make simulation used wolframs mathematica.In the result of this research give positive impact because with the activities as well as the learned study can increased the motivation educator to implement design learning mathematics realistic in the neighborhood Elementary Schools 4 of Muryolobo. Keywords: Realistic Mathematic Learning, Lesson Study, wolframs Mathematica.

scholarly journals Translation Techniques and Their Impacts to the Modality Orientation’s Shift in The Jungle Book Movie Subtitle

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Arifah Tenny Romdhati ◽  
Mangatur Nababan ◽  
Riyadi Santosa
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Systemic Functional Linguistics ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Functional Linguistics ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
The Impact

This research aimed to analyze the translation techniques used by the subtitler to translate modality orientation and the impact of the translation techniques on the modality orientation shifts in “The Jungle Book” movie subtitle. This research was a descriptive qualitative research. The data in this research were words, phrases, and clauses as the marker of modality orientation in the movie, and translation techniques used by the subtitler. Modality orientation was obtained through content analysis based on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory as proposed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014). Then, translation techniques were obtained through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) as proposed by Molina and Albir (2002). The findings show that the subtitler uses seven techniques to translate modality orientation. They have established equivalence, modulation, discursive creation with established equivalence, deletion, transposition, discursive creation, and reduction with established equivalence. The subtitler uses established equivalence to translate orientation that produces same category, value, form, and orientation. Deletion technique, modulation, and creation discursive with established equivalence cause the loss of modality in the target language. Applying modulation, transposition, discursive creation, and reduction with established equivalence techniques make a shift on the modality orientation and also produce different meaning in the target language. The change of value in modality in the target language is caused by the use of modulation and reduction with established equivalence technique by the subtitler.

scholarly journals Analisis dan Optimalisasi Potensi Lahan Pertanian Sebagai Kajian Dampak Positif Erupsi Gunungapi Kelud 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Syamsul Bachri ◽  
Sugeng Utaya ◽  
Farizki Dwitri Nurdiansyah ◽  
Alif Erfika Nurjanah ◽  
Lela Wahyu Ning Tyas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Land Suitability ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Suitability Analysis

AbstractThe 2014 eruption of Kelud Volcano has brought various effects on the surrounding agriculture. Aside from negative impact, it affected the potentials of agricultural land positively. This research analyzed the optimization of eruption-affected land using several steps. The first step was land suitability analysis with multicriteria assessment and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. In addition to the physical analysis, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was performed in the second step to identify the community’s perception of the eruption impact. The research produced land suitability maps consisting of the following classification: S1 (64.74%), S2 (31.51%), and S3 (3.75%). The maps revealed that the majority of the land in Kelud Volcano had the potentials for agricultural development. These findings were supported by the perception of the local community, which argued that they could significantly benefit from the positive impact of the eruption. Abstrak Erupsi gunungapi Kelud pada tahun 2014 membawa dampak yang beragam terhadap kondisi pertanian di sekitarnya. Selain dampak negatif, erupsi gunungapi Kelud membawa dampak positif khususnya pada potensi lahan terdampak yang perlu dioptimalkan. Melalui penelitian ini, kajian optimalisasi potensi lahan terdampak erupsi dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan. Tahap pertama berupa analisis kesesuaian lahan melalui penilaian multikriteria dan teknologi Sistem Informasi geografis (SIG). Selain kajian fisik, kegiatan Focus Group Discussion (FGD) merupakan tahapan kedua yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana persepsi masyarakat terkait dengan dampak erupsi Gunungapi Kelud. Hasil penelitian menghasilkan peta kesesuaian dengan kelas kesesuaian S1 (64,74%), S2 (31,51%), S3 (3,75%). Berdasarkan hasil pemetaan ini, sebagian besar wilayah Gunungapi Kelud berpotensi untuk pengembangan pertanian. Hal ini didukung dengan persepsi masyarakat kawasan Gunungapi Kelud yang berpendapat bahwa dampak positif erupsi dirasakan secara signifikan.  

scholarly journals Defining and Valuing the Relationship Pattern of Actors’ Involvement on Cattle Farming Systems using Stakeholder Network Analysis in West New Guinea, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Deny Anjelus Iyai ◽  
Mulyadi Mulyadi ◽  
Muhammad Jen Wajo ◽  
Rosdiana Naibey ◽  
Dwi Nur Hayati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Economical Aspect ◽  
Cattle Farming ◽  
Stakeholder Network ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstrak Sapi merupakan salah satu peternakan prioritas utama di Indonesia. Ternak sapi telah memainkan peran penting dalam aspek ekonomi dari total pendapatan. Sebagai peternakan prioritas karena berbagai keterlibatan dan peran pemangku kepentingan. Studi dilakukan di Manokwari pada bulan April-Juni 2019 dengan menggunakan focus group discussion terhadap dua puluh individu, kelompok dan lembaga massa yang diwakili. Pertanyaan yang dibahas mengenai latar belakang, pengiriman sumber daya, interkonektivitas antar aktor, intervensi dan inovasi. Temuan utama adalah bahwa aktor yang dikelompokkan mendominasi, diikuti oleh aktor hukum, lembaga swasta, peran pemangku kepentingan dan memiliki efek positif karena kepentingan. Namun, ancaman eksis baik secara langsung tetapi tanpa efek balik. Tiga sumber daya bersama teratas adalah akses, kepuasan, dan waktu yang dihabiskan. Aktor dapat memiliki program jangka panjang dengan keberlanjutan menggunakan sumber daya netral hingga kuat. Hubungan aktor ditemukan dalam tiga kelompok, yaitu positif, negatif dan tidak ada hubungan. Intervensi sangat dibutuhkan, yaitu waktu yang dihabiskan, kepuasan, kebijakan, pengetahuan dan akses. Prioritas inovasi akan keterampilan, kebijakan, dan pengetahuan. Kata kunci: Analisis jaringan pemangku kepentingan; Intervensi dan inovasi; Pelaku; Sumber daya bersama; Usaha peternakan sapi.  .   Abstract Cattle is one of the top priority animal agriculture in Indonesia. It has played significant roles in economical aspect of Total revenues. Those are due to stakeholders’ involvement. Study was done in Manokwari from April to June 2019 by using focus group discussion towards twenty various represented individuals, groups and mass institutions. The queries discussed concerning background, resources delivery, interconnectivity amongst actors, intervention and innovation. The primarily finding is that grouped actors dominated, followed by laws actors, private types institutions, stakeholder role and having positive effect due to importance. However, threat existed directly without turn-back effect. The three top shared resources were access, satisfaction, and time spent. Actors can have long term period program with sustainability using neutral to strong power resource. Relationship of actors found in three groups, i.e. positive, negative and no relationship. Intervention was urgently needed, i.e. time spent, satisfaction, policy, knowledge and access. Priority of innovation will be skills, policy, and knowledge. Keywords: Actors; Cattle farming business; Intervention and innovation; Shared resources; Stakeholder network analysis.

scholarly journals Translation Techniques and Bald on Record Politeness Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Dessy Dwijayanti ◽  
M.R. Nababan ◽  
Tri Wiratno
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech

This research aims to identify the types of directive speech acts representing the Bald on politeness strategy and describe the translation techniques used in translating directive speech acts representing Bald on politeness strategy in the Rich People Problems Novel. The research used the descriptive qualitative approach with observation, note-taking techniques and focus group discussion (FGD). The data in this research are in the form of utterances representing the politeness strategy of bald on record and collected using purposive sampling. A focus group discussion was conducted to determine the translation techniques used in translating utterances representing the politeness strategy of bald on record in Rich People Problems Novel. In addition, the data were validated using source and method triangulation. The findings of this study revealed that there are 121 utterances of directive speech acts and 14 sub of directive speech acts representing bald on record politeness strategy. Furthermore, there are 15 translation techniques found in this research.

scholarly journals ‘Migrare’ la classe: i musei come spazi innovativi di apprendimento linguistico e interculturale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Fazzi ◽  
Claudia Meneghetti
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussion ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Migrant Background ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

With their rich multimodal and multisensory inputs, museums offer learners with a migrant background an invaluable opportunity to develop their linguistic competence and positive attitudes towards learning a L2. The aim of this article is to describe the impact on a group of migrants of an Italian L2 learning workshop held in an art museum in Venice. Qualitative data was collected through students’ focus group discussion, the museum educator’s diary and the teacher’s observation sheet. The results show that participating in such an experience can have a positive impact on students’ linguistic, affective, and intercultural spheres.

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