Physiology and Biochemistry of Fe Excess in Acidic Asian Soils on Crop Plants

Proper transport of iron is very crucial for plant growth and development as it participates in various complex processes in plants like absorption, translocation etc. It also acts as an important component for processes like photosynthesis and respiratory electron transport chain in mitochondria, chloroplast development, and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Asian soils suffer from iron toxic condition and that adversely affects the growth and yield of the plant. This review describes the importance of iron in plant growth and different strategies adopted by plants for iron uptake. It also focuses on different methods and approaches on how plant can cope against acidic soils.

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Zinc and Paclobutrazol Mediated Regulation of Growth, Upregulating Antioxidant Aptitude and Plant Productivity of Pea Plants under Salinity

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9091197 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1197 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mahmoud R. Sofy ◽

Khalid M. Elhindi ◽

Saad Farouk ◽

Majed A. Alotaibi

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

Photosynthetic Pigment ◽

Ion Homeostasis ◽

Plant Productivity ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Nitrogen Phosphorus

Soil salinity is the main obstacle to worldwide sustainable productivity and food security. Zinc sulfate (Zn) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) as a cost-effective agent, has multiple biochemical functions in plant productivity. Meanwhile, their synergistic effects on inducing salt tolerance are indecisive and not often reported. A pot experiment was done for evaluating the defensive function of Zn (100 mg/L) or PBZ (200 mg/L) on salt (0, 50, 100 mM NaCl) affected pea plant growth, photosynthetic pigment, ions, antioxidant capacity, and yield. Salinity stress significantly reduces all growth and yield attributes of pea plants relative to nonsalinized treatment. This reduction was accompanied by a decline in chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (K+), the ratio between K+ and sodium (Na+), as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR). Alternatively, salinity increased Na+, carotenoid (CAR), proline (PRO), ascorbic acid (AsA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) over nonsalinized treatment. Foliar spraying with Zn and PBZ under normal condition increased plant growth, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, K+/Na+ ratio, CAR, PRO, AsA, GSH, APX, GR, and yield and its quality, meanwhile decreased Na+ over nonsprayed plants. Application of Zn and PBZ counteracted the harmful effects of salinity on pea plants, by upregulating the antioxidant system, ion homeostasis, and improving chlorophyll biosynthesis that induced plant growth and yield components. In conclusion, Zn plus PBZ application at 30 and 45 days from sowing offset the injuries of salinity on pea plant growth and yield by upregulating the antioxidant capacity and increasing photosynthetic pigments.

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Rice TSV2 Encoding Threonyl-tRNA Synthetase is Needed for Early Chloroplast Development and Seedling Growth under Cold Stress

10.21203/rs.3.rs-64012/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dongzhi Lin ◽

Wenhao Zhou ◽

Jia Sun ◽

Yulu Wang ◽

Xiaobiao Pan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Cold Stress ◽

Chloroplast Development ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

Trna Synthetase ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Trna Synthetases ◽

Virescent Mutant ◽

Albino Phenotype

Abstract Background The chloroplast is a vital photosynthetic organelle for plant growth and development. However, the genetic factors involved in chloroplast development and its relationship with environment factors are largely unknown. Threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS), one of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs), plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. To date, there are few studies for AARS function on chloroplast development and plant growth, much less ThrRS in rice. Result In this paper, we characterized a thermo-sensitive virescent mutant tsv2, which showed albino phenotype and could not survive after the 4-leaf stage when grown at 20 °C, but recovered the normal phenotype when the temperature rose. Map-based cloning and complementation tests showed that TSV2 encoded a chloroplast-located ThrRS protein in rice and the Lys-to-Arg mutation in the anticodon-binding domain affected chloroplast development under cold stress. Furthermore, the loss-of-function of the core domain in TSV2 led to seedling death regardless of temperatures. In addition, TSV2 had a tissue-specific expression, and its disruption resulted in an evidently down-regulation of certain genes associated with chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis and chloroplast development at cold stress. Conclusion The TSV2 encodes a rice threonyl-tRNA synthetase, located in chloroplasts, which is essential for cold-responsive regulation for chloroplast development and plant growth and closely related to the assembly of chloroplast ribosomes and functions at the first step of chloroplast differentiation.

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Improving Performance of Salt-Grown Crops by Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11060788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 788

Author(s):

Md. Quamruzzaman ◽

S. M. Nuruzzaman Manik ◽

Sergey Shabala ◽

Meixue Zhou

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Growth Regulators ◽

Salinity Tolerance ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Crop Breeding ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

The Impact

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses restricting plant growth and development. Application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is a possible practical means for minimizing salinity-induced yield losses, and can be used in addition to or as an alternative to crop breeding for enhancing salinity tolerance. The PGRs auxin, cytokinin, nitric oxide, brassinosteroid, gibberellin, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonate, and ethylene have been advocated for practical use to improve crop performance and yield under saline conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the effectiveness of various PGRs in ameliorating the detrimental effects of salinity on plant growth and development, and elucidates the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying this process by linking PGRs with their downstream targets and signal transduction pathways. It is shown that, while each of these PGRs possesses an ability to alter plant ionic and redox homeostasis, the complexity of interactions between various PGRs and their involvement in numerous signaling pathways makes it difficult to establish an unequivocal causal link between PGRs and their downstream effectors mediating plants’ adaptation to salinity. The beneficial effects of PGRs are also strongly dependent on genotype, the timing of application, and the concentration used. The action spectrum of PGRs is also strongly dependent on salinity levels. Taken together, this results in a rather narrow “window” in which the beneficial effects of PGR are observed, hence limiting their practical application (especially under field conditions). It is concluded that, in the light of the above complexity, and also in the context of the cost–benefit analysis, crop breeding for salinity tolerance remains a more reliable avenue for minimizing the impact of salinity on plant growth and yield. Further progress in the field requires more studies on the underlying cell-based mechanisms of interaction between PGRs and membrane transporters mediating plant ion homeostasis.

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Current Understandings on Magnesium Deficiency and Future Outlooks for Sustainable Agriculture

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22041819 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 1819

Author(s):

Ahmad Hassan Chaudhry ◽

Shafa Nayab ◽

Syed Bilal Hussain ◽

Muqarrab Ali ◽

Zhiyong Pan

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Crop Production ◽

Magnesium Deficiency ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Agricultural Produce ◽

Available Information

The productivity of agricultural produce is fairly dependent on the availability of nutrients and efficient use. Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential macronutrient of living cells and is the second most prevalent free divalent cation in plants. Mg2+ plays a role in several physiological processes that support plant growth and development. However, it has been largely forgotten in fertilization management strategies to increase crop production, which leads to severe reductions in plant growth and yield. In this review, we discuss how the Mg2+ shortage induces several responses in plants at different levels: morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular. Additionally, the Mg2+ uptake and transport mechanisms in different cellular organelles and the role of Mg2+ transporters in regulating Mg2+ homeostasis are also discussed. Overall, in this review, we critically summarize the available information about the responses of Mg deficiency on plant growth and development, which would facilitate plant scientists to create Mg2+-deficiency-resilient crops through agronomic and genetic biofortification.

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Response of Plant Growth and Development, and Accumulation of Hydroxyl-cinnamoyl Acid Derivatives to Selected Shade Nets and Seasonality of Field-grown Bush Tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci16171-21 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 87-96

Author(s):

Maanea L. Ramphinwa ◽

Godwin R.A. Mchau ◽

Ntakadzeni E. Madala ◽

Ndamulelo Nengovhela ◽

John B.O. Ogola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Full Sunlight ◽

Athrixia Phylicoides

Horticultural practices and quality of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) are critical for herbal tea industrialization. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of selected shade nets and seasonal variation on plant growth and development, and hydroxycinnamic acid content of field-grown bush tea. The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design consisting of three shade nets (black, green, and white) and control or full sunlight with three different light intensities (40%, 50%, and 80%) replicated three times. Proportion of intercepted radiation by the canopy, chlorophyll content, plant height, and fresh and dry mass were measured, and hydroxycinnamic acid accumulation was determined. In addition, hydroxycinnamic acid composition was determined using liquid chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The application of shade nets resulted in plant growth and yield reduction as compared with the plants exposed to full sunlight during summer followed by white shade net. The accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acid was higher in 80% white shade net plots compared with unshaded plants (control) and the other shade nets. Therefore, lack of shading provides a conducive environment to enhance plant growth and development of bush tea. The white shade net (80%) was an effective microclimate tool to enhance accumulation of caffeoylquinic acid (m/z 353), p-coumaric acids (m/z 337), dicaffeoylquinic acid (m/z 515), and tricaffeoylquinic acids of bush tea. This study is the first to demonstrate light as a determining factor for production of chlorogenates in bush tea plants. Future studies will be conducted to determine the effect of light on extracts of the bush tea using different solvents.

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Respon Pemberian Mikoriza Arbuskular Dalam Media Zeolit Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Hasil Tanaman Kedelai

Jurnal Agrium ◽

10.29103/agrium.v10i1.1267 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Usnawiyah Usnawiyah ◽

Khaidir Khaidir

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Growth Media ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Fertilizer Use

Arbuscular mycorrhiza expected to increase the growth and yield of soybean. However, during the application requires another materials as growth media or spores carrier such as compos and zeolite. Zeolites are used as promoters for plant growth and development for the better through the efficient use of fertilizers. These minerals can retain nitrogen content in the soil, improve the quality of solid organic fertilizer and liquid waste. Zeolites can improve the efficiency of fertilizer use, both in stimulating plant growth and development and to increase agricultural output. Furthermore, it will support the work function of arbuscular mycorrhiza as root simbion

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A GATA Transcription Factor from Soybean (Glycine max) Regulates Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Suppresses Growth in the Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9081036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1036 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chanjuan Zhang ◽

Yi Huang ◽

Zhiyuan Xiao ◽

Hongli Yang ◽

Qingnan Hao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Transgenic Arabidopsis ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Gata Transcription Factor ◽

Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay

Chlorophyll plays an essential role in photosynthetic light harvesting and energy transduction in green tissues of higher plants and is closely related to photosynthesis and crop yield. Identification of transcription factors (TFs) involved in regulating chlorophyll biosynthesis is still limited in soybean (Glycine max), and the previously identified GmGATA58 is suggested to potentially modulate chlorophyll and nitrogen metabolisms, but its complete function is still unknown. In this study, subcellular localization assay showed that GmGATA58 was localized in the nucleus. Histochemical GUS assay and qPCR assay indicated that GmGATA58 was mainly expressed in leaves and responded to nitrogen, light and phytohormone treatments. Overexpression of GmGATA58 in the Arabidopsis thaliana ortholog AtGATA21 (gnc) mutant complemented the greening defect, while overexpression in Arabidopsis wild-type led to increasing chlorophyll content in leaves through up-regulating the expression levels of the large of chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway genes, but suppressing plant growth and yield, although the net photosynthetic rate was slightly improved. Dual-luciferase reporter assay also supported that GmGATA58 activated the transcription activities of three promoters of key chlorophyll biosynthetic genes of soybean in transformed protoplast of Arabidopsis. It is concluded that GmGATA58 played an important role in regulating chlorophyll biosynthesis, but suppressed plant growth and yield in transgenic Arabidopsis.

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APLIKASI KONSENTRASI AIR KELAPA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN LOBAK (Raphanus sativus L.)

J-PEN Borneo : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian ◽

10.35334/jpen.v2i2.1507 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alfius Heselo ◽

Sumiyati Tuhuteru

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Raphanus Sativus ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Block Design ◽

Water Concentration ◽

Coconut Water ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Raphanus Sativus L ◽

Number Of Leaves

ABSTRACT Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) are tuber-shaped vegetable that contains antibiotics against several types of bacteria and antioxidants. Growth regulators (PGR) are organic compounds other than nutrients that in small amounts can stimulate, inhibit or change pattern of plant growth and development. One of PGR that easily obtained is coconut water. This PGR contains several hormones which are very important for plant growth and development. This study aims to determine effect of coconut water concentration on growth and development of radish and to determine the best concentration of coconut water for growth and yield of radish. The study was conducted with experimental design used was Complete Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD), which consisted of L0: 0%; L1: 25% concentration; L2: 50%; L3: 75%; and L4: 100% concentration. The results showed concentration of coconut water significantly affected growth and yield of radish, namely the observation of 2, 4 and 6 weeks after moving planting (WAMP), parameters of plant height and number of leaves indicated on the observation of 6 WAMP, and weight of radish tubers. Then, the concentration of coconut water that is suitable for growth and yield of radish is a concentration of 50% and 75%. Key words: Coconut Water, Concentration, PGR, Radish, Rhapanus sativus. ABSTRAK Lobak (Raphanus sativus L.) merupakan salah satu sayuran yang berbentuk umbi yang mengandung antibiotik terhadap beberapa jenis bakteri dan antioksidan. Zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT) adalah persenyawaan organik selain dari nutrien yang dalam jumlah sedikit dapat merangsang, menghambat atau mengubah pola pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. Salah satu ZPT yang mudah diperoleh adalah air kelapa. ZPT ini mempunyai kandungan beberapa hormon yang sangat penting bagi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi air kelapa terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman lobak serta Untuk mengetahui konsentrasi air kelapa yang terbaik bagi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman lobak (Raphanus sativus L.). Penelitian dilaksanakan pada juni hingga September 2018 dengan susunan rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap (RAKL), yang terdiri atas L0: Konsentrasi 0%; L1: Konsentrasi 25%; L2: Konsentrasi 50%; L3: Konsentrasi 75%; L4: Konsentrasi 100%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi air kelapa berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman lobak, yakni pada pengamatan 2, 4 dan 6 MSPT parameter tinggi tanaman lobak, dan parameter jumlah daun yang ditunjukkan pada pengamatan 6 MST, serta bobot umbi lobak. Kemudian, konsentrasi air kelapa yang sesuai bagi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman lobak adalah konsentrasi 50% dan 75%. Kata kunci: Air Kelapa, Konsentrasi, Lobak, Rhapanus sativus L, ZPT.

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Application of Light-emitting Diodes and the Effect of Light Quality on Horticultural Crops: A Review

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14109-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (10) ◽

pp. 1656-1661 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Liang Zheng ◽

Huaming He ◽

Weitang Song

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Light Quality ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Spectral Composition ◽

Plant Morphology ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Horticultural Crops ◽

Physiology And Biochemistry

Plant growth and development relies on light and is influenced by light. Light-emitting diode (LED) technology is nowadays providing the possibility for regulating plant growth and development by modifying light spectral composition. Many researches have been carried out to figure out the effects of light quality on various aspects of plant behaviors, including plant morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. In this review, we summarized those research outputs, in order to give suggestion of light quality application for both research and production purposes, in the field of productional yield, productional quality for horticultural plants including vegetables or ornamentals in difference with cultivation goals.

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Mechanisms of ethylene biosynthesis and response in plants

Essays in Biochemistry ◽

10.1042/bse0580061 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 58 ◽

pp. 61-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Paul B. Larsen

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽

Flower Senescence ◽

Detailed Knowledge ◽

Plant Growth And Development ◽

Step Process ◽

Ethylene Response ◽

Ethylene Signalling

Ethylene is the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, yet it has profound effects on plant growth and development, including many agriculturally important phenomena. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis and signalling have resulted in the elucidation of multistep mechanisms which at first glance appear simple, but in fact represent several levels of control to tightly regulate the level of production and response. Ethylene biosynthesis represents a two-step process that is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, thus enabling plants to control the amount of ethylene produced with regard to promotion of responses such as climacteric flower senescence and fruit ripening. Ethylene production subsequently results in activation of the ethylene response, as ethylene accumulation will trigger the ethylene signalling pathway to activate ethylene-dependent transcription for promotion of the response and for resetting the pathway. A more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms underlying biosynthesis and the ethylene response will ultimately enable new approaches to be developed for control of the initiation and progression of ethylene-dependent developmental processes, many of which are of horticultural significance.

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