scholarly journals The Consideration of Bid‘a Concept according to Saudi and Iranian Scholars

MAZAHIB ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumeyra Yakar

The concept of innovation (bid'a) as a formative tool is used to create idiosyncratic nations depending on different scholars' interpretations, Wahhābīs in Saudi Arabia, and Shi'īs in Iran. Using the descriptive method throughout the paper, this article analyzes scholars' approaches towards bid'a concerning the sectarian interpretations and various legal methodologies. The extent of the relationship between the bid'a concept and the rulings related to the visitation of tombs, the practice of temporary marriage, and Nowrūz celebration will be the paper's primary focus. The interpretations and approaches of scholars towards bid'a have resulted in opposite solutions on these mentioned issues. The comparative conclusion aims to clarify the Saudi-Wahhābī and Iranian-Shi'ī scholars' principal attitudes towards the theoretical interpretation and practical application of the bid'a concept. The bid'a analysis attempts to introduce the operative purposes behind the rulings to answer which reasons impel the scholars functioning in these two countries from issuing the diametrically opposite views on controversial issues.

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Herda ◽  
Stephen A. Reed ◽  
William F. Bowlin

This study explores the Dead Sea Scrolls to demonstrate how Essene socio-religious values shaped their accounting and economic practices during the late Second Temple period (ca. first century BCE to 70 CE). Our primary focus is on the accounting and commercial responsibilities of a leader within their community – the Examiner. We contend that certain sectarian accounting practices may be understood as ritual/religious ceremony and address the performative roles of the Essenes' accounting and business procedures in light of their purity laws and eschatological beliefs. Far from being antithetical to religious beliefs, we find that accounting actually enabled the better practice and monitoring of religious behavior. We add to the literature on the interaction of religion with the structures and practices of accounting and regulation within a society.


Author(s):  
David Willetts

Universities have a crucial role in the modern world. In England, entrance to universities is by nation-wide competition which means English universities have an exceptional influence on schools--a striking theme of the book. This important book first investigates the university as an institution and then tracks the individual on their journey to and through university. In A University Education, David Willetts presents a compelling case for the ongoing importance of the university, both as one of the great institutions of modern society and as a transformational experience for the individual. The book also makes illuminating comparisons with higher education in other countries, especially the US and Germany. Drawing on his experience as UK Minister for Universities and Science from 2010 to 2014, the author offers a powerful account of the value of higher education and the case for more expansion. He covers controversial issues in which he was involved from access for disadvantaged students to the introduction of L9,000 fees. The final section addresses some of the big questions for the future, such as the the relationship between universities and business, especially in promoting innovation.. He argues that the two great contemporary trends of globalisation and technological innovation will both change the university significantly. This is an authoritative account of English universities setting them for the first time in their new legal and regulatory framework.


1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 869-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
P F Lesse

This paper deals with a class of models which describe spatial interactions and are based on Jaynes's principle. The variables entering these models can be partitioned in four groups: (a) probability density distributions (for example, relative traffic flows), (b) expected values (average cost of travel), (c) their duals (Lagrange multipliers, traffic impedance coefficient), and (d) operators transforming probabilities into expected values. The paper presents several dual formulations replacing the problem of maximizing entropy in terms of the group of variables (a) by equivalent extreme problems involving groups (b)-(d). These problems form the basis of a phenomenological theory. The theory makes it possible to derive useful relationships among groups (b) and (c). There are two topics discussed: (1) practical application of the theory (with examples), (2) the relationship between socioeconomic modelling and statistical mechanics.


Author(s):  
Б.Г. Вульфович

Задачей данной статьи является рассмотрение лингвопрагматических особенностей комментариев пользователей социальной сети «Твиттер» на выход Великобритании из ЕС. Анализ данных комментариев с лингвопрагматической точки зрения представляет интерес, так как показывает наиболее актуальную картину отношения пользователей социальных сетей к произошедшему событию. Приоритетными методами анализа лингвопрагматического потенциала Интернет-комментариев для нас являются: описательный метод, метод прагматического анализа, т.е. рассмотрение языкового материала в его непосредственном контексте в функциональном аспекте, метод частичной выборки, метод контекстологического описания. Контекстуальный метод был использован с целью установления особенностей комментариев в среде социальной сети «Твиттер»; описательный метод - для выявления непосредственного отношения пользователей социальных сетей к выходу Великобритании из ЕС; частичной выборки - для отбора наиболее эффективных и целостных комментариев с позиции прагматики и их реализации в данном контексте. Проведённое исследование позволило установить, что большинство людей удовлетворено результатами выхода Великобритании из ЕС и положительно отзывается об этом событии. Об этом свидетельствует как большое количество экспрессивов, использованных в интернет-комментариях в отношении данного события, так и активное употребление в них оценочной лексики. Результаты проведённого исследования могут быть применены в теоретических работах по описанию характеристик речевых актов, в курсе теоретической грамматики, стилистики, прагмалингвистики. The purpose of this article is to review the linguo-pragmatic features of Brexit represented in the comments in Twitter. Their analysis from a linguistic-pragmatic point of view may be of interest, since it shows the most relevant picture of the relationship of social network users for the event. The priority methods for analyzing the linguo-pragmatic potential of Internet comments for us are: a descriptive method, a pragmatic analysis method, i.e. consideration of linguistic material in its immediate context in the functional aspect, partial sampling method, contextual description method. The contextual method was used to establish the characteristics of comments on the Twitter social network; descriptive method was used to identify the direct relationship of social network users to the UK exit from the EU; partial sampling was used to select the most effective and holistic comments from the position of pragmatics and their implementation in this context. The study found that most people are satisfied with the results of the UK exit from the EU and respond positively to this event. The results of the study can be applied in theoretical works on the description of the characteristics of speech acts, in the course of theoretical grammar, stylistics, pragmalinguistics.


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Anis Fauzi ◽  
Eni Nur’aeni

This study aimed to determine the reality of education and religious insight of madrasah teachers as well as the relationship between education and religious insights with madrasah teachers’ work motivation in Serang District, Banten Province. The method used is descriptive method with case study approach and quantitative data analysis. The research sites were at Sultan Agung Madrasah Tirtayasa, Nurul Huda Madrasah Baros and Raudhatul Ulum Madrasah Anyer. The respondents were 50 councilors in each madrasah. Data collection techniques used in the study were questionnaires, observations, and interviews. Based on the data analysis using statistical approaches and the development of a linear regression formula and multiple regression, correlation values are quite high among the variables of educational insights (X1) with the variables of madrasah teachers’ work motivation (Y); and between variables of religious insight (X2) with the madrasah teachers’ work motivation (Y); as well as between the variables of religious and education insight (X1 and X2) with the variables of madrasah teachers’ work motivation (Y).


Author(s):  
Abuzar M. A. Eljelly

This study examines the relationship between firm ownership and corporate performance in Saudi Arabia, using a sample of Listed Private Companies (LPCs) and Listed Government Related Companies (LGRCs). The study compares the operating and market performance of the LPCs and LGRCs during the period 2000-2003 and found that, in general, LGRCs outperform or match the performance of LPCs. More specifically, the study finds that LGRCs tend to mostly outperform LPCs in terms of profitability, as measured by Return on equity (ROE) and Net Profit Margin (NPM), operating efficiently, as measured in terms of Return on assets (ROA), and match them in their stock market risk adjusted performance. The study concludes that these results may have implications for the issue of privatization programs which the government has recently started.


Author(s):  
Yosica Mariana

Generally, activities conducted by people generate waste. The waste which increasingly rises causing a big problem. Therefore, the role of community in waste management will strongly support the process of solving the waste problem in the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of engagement and active participation of citizens, as reflected in the attitude of citizens in the activities related to the response to the waste problem in the community. A descriptive method was used in this study to describe the involvement and participation in the prevention of waste. The result showed that the paradigm of PSBM (community-based waste management) appeared sporadically and has not yet received the maximum support from regional governments. A paradigm which is “people pay, the government manages“, has grown within the community for years. It would hardly change people’s behaviour patterns in solving the waste problem in the community since changing the city into a city that is clean, comfortable and healthy involved many parties, including the community.


Author(s):  
Alaa Maher Elshafie

The current study aimed to identify the level of anxiety and depression among a sample of battered women in the governorates of Gaza, and to uncover the relationship between anxiety and depression after the statistical analysis, The study used the descriptive method, and the study sample consisted of (130) battered women who are married and registered with the institutions and associations concerned with that category at the level of Gaza governorates. And to achieve the goals of the study, the researcher developed the anxiety scale and used the Depression Scale (Labik) (Al-Hussein, translation: Ahmed Abdel-Khalek, 2002). The results revealed that the level of anxiety among battered women in the governorates of Gaza was "average", and that the level of depression among them was high, and that the Pearson correlation between anxiety and depression was equal to (0.85), which is a direct correlation coefficient statistically significant at the level of (0.01), which means that whenever Increased anxiety increased depression. The researcher recommends the need to apply counseling programs to both husbands and wives in developing marital communication skills. Conducting training courses for those who are about to get married to learn how to manage marital life, and know the rights and duties.


Author(s):  
Abdullah Salem Ahmad Alomari

The present study aimed to reveal the relationship between the quality of space programs watched by children and the social skills of these children،  the study is also trying to identify the relationship between the number of hours watching this space programs and the social skills for these children. The study used a descriptive approach،  the study sample consisted of 215 boys and girls aged between 9- 12 years schools of Al- Dammam in Saudi Arabia،  the researcher used to identify children's programs television watched by children،  where the researcher in this study on the method of analysis of variance One-way Analysis of Variance and Scheffe test for multiple comparisons Multiple Comparison،  which resulted in findings on the lack of social skills for different dimensions: emotional sensitivity،  emotional and adjustment،  and the overall degree of social skills depending on the type of space programs that children watch. In addition to the lack of different social skills for the dimensions: emotional expression،  sensitivity،  emotionality،  and social expression،  and social sensitivity،  and the overall degree of social skills،  while the different settings of emotional and social adjustment depending on the number of hours watching TV channels،  for children who watch satellite channels less.


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