Microbiological Study of Vaginal Microbiota and Endometrium in Women with Chronic Endometritis

The research objective was to study the spectrum of the vagina and endometrium microorganisms in women with chronic endometritis (CE) in order to take adequate therapeutic measures. Methods and Results: We did a cross-sectional study in 47 women (average age of 35.38±5.19 years) with histologically confirmed CE. The vaginal microbiota and endometrial biopsies were assessed using microbiological research methods in accordance with the medical technology "Integral assessment of the state of the vaginal microbiota." To identify the share of different types of microorganisms in the structure of the biocenosis, the coefficient of constancy of the species (C) was used. Only 19% of patients had a titer of Lactobacillus spp. within the age norm, while the deficit was observed in 80% of women. Among the representatives of Enterobacteriaecae, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella aerogenes were sown, which are considered to be random species (C=11% and C=2.1%, respectively). The average titer for E. coli was 3.6±1.3 lg CFU/swab and for K. aerogenes - 2.14 lg CFU/swab. An atypical variant of E. coli with hemolytic properties was found in only one sample. All isolates of the genus Staphylococcus were also random species (C did not exceed 25%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were detected in 7 patients (C=15%), while the average titer was 2.1±0.4 lg CFU/swab. S. aureus was isolated from only one patient at a titer of 5 lg CFU/swab. Corynebacterium spp. were isolated in 11% of cases (C = 11% - random species), in a titer of 3.2±0.8 lg CFU/swab. Enterococcus spp. also belonged to random species (C=23.4%). At the same time, E. faecalis was inoculated in 19% of cases and E. faecium was sown in 4.3%, the average titer of which was 3.1±0.9 and 5 lg CFU/swab. Streptococcus spp. were recorded in only one case at a concentration of 5 lg CFU/swab. Fungi of the Candida were isolated as a random species in 8.5% of cases. The growth of microorganisms in endometrial samples was obtained only in 3 examined women with CE (6.4% of cases). The endometrial microbiota were represented only by random species, for which the C index ranged from 2.1% to 4.3%. Conclusion: The microbiological study of the microbiota of vaginal discharge showed the presence of dysbiotic disorders with a significant deficiency of lactobacilli (80%) without the dominance of representatives of the Lactobacillus spp. In the structure of opportunistic microflora, Escherichia coli, coagulase-negative staphylococcus, Enterococcus spp., and E. faecalis prevailed as random species. Representatives of the microbiota in endometrial biopsies were identified only in 6.4% of cases, and are represented by random species.

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Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Associated Phenotypes in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus from Cattle at Different Production Stages on a Dairy Farm in Central California

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10091042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1042

Author(s):

Saharuetai Jeamsripong ◽

Xunde Li ◽

Sharif S. Aly ◽

Zhengchang Su ◽

Richard V. Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

Production Stages

The objectives of this study were to characterize overall genomic antibiotic resistance profiles of fecal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. from dairy cattle at different production stages using whole-genome sequencing and to determine the association between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes and their corresponding genotypes. The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) and ResFinder, two publicly available databases of antimicrobial resistance genes, were used to annotate isolates. Based on the ResFinder database, 27.5% and 20.0% of tested E. coli isolates (n = 40) harbored single and ≥3 antimicrobial resistance genes, respectively; for Enterococcus spp., we observed 87.8% and 8.2%, respectively. The highest prevalence of AMR genes in E. coli was for resistance to tetracycline (27.5%), followed by sulphonamide (22.5%) and aminoglycoside (20.0%); the predominant antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterococcus spp. targeted macrolide drugs (77.6%). Based on the CARD database, resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes was observed in all E. coli and 77.6% in Enterococcus spp. isolates. A high degree of agreement existed between the resistance phenotype and the presence of resistance genes for various antimicrobial classes for E. coli but much less so for isolates of Enterococcus. Consistent with prior work, fecal E. coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates from calves harbored a wide spectrum of resistance genes, compared to those from cattle at other production stages, based on the cross-sectional samples from the studied farm.

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The Emergence of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Hospitals of Qazvin, Iran

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1871526519666191009145825 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 455-460

Author(s):

Narges Habibollah-Pourzereshki ◽

Amir Peymani ◽

Fatemeh Keshavarz-Saleh

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Infection Control ◽

Critical Issue ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Healthcare Associated Infection ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

E Coli ◽

Healthcare Associated ◽

Ammonium Compounds

Introduction: Escherichia coli is one of the most important agents involved in healthcare-associated infection, and resistance to quantum ammonium compounds (QACs) has become a major challenge for infection control practitioners. The aim of the current study was to determine the frequency of qacE and qacEΔ1 genes in E. coli isolated from hospitalized patients in Qazvin, Iran. Material and Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, 102 E. coli were collected from hospitals of Qazvin. All bacterial isolates were identified using standard laboratory methods and the antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by Kirby-Baer test. The presence of qacE and qacEΔ1 genes was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results: In this study, 65 (63.7%) isolates showed a multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern which was resistant to at least three classes of antimicrobials including ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. The highest rates of resistance were observed against cefotaxime (75.5%) and nalidixic acid (66.7%). The PCR showed that 5 (4.9%) isolates harbored qacE gene, 62 (60.8%) isolates qacEΔ1, and 10 (9.8%) isolates carried both genes, simultaneously. There was a significant relationship between the QACs resistance and MDR pattern (P=0.03). Conclusion: This study indicated a significant resistance rate against disinfectant compounds in the studied hospitals. However, more attention should be paid to this critical issue in the infection control committees of the hospitals.

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Colonization with Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli among Nursing Home Residents and Its Relationship to Fluoroquinolone Resistance

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.48.9.3618-3620.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 48 (9) ◽

pp. 3618-3620 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Joel N. Maslow ◽

Ebbing Lautenbach ◽

Thomas Glaze ◽

Warren Bilker ◽

James R. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Nursing Home ◽

Nursing Home Residents ◽

Veterans Affairs ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

Prevalence Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

E Coli ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli

ABSTRACT In a cross-sectional fecal prevalence survey involving 49 residents of a Veterans Affairs nursing home, 59% of subjects were colonized with extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), 22% were colonized with adhesin-positive E. coli, and 51% were colonized with fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli. Among 80 unique isolates, adhesins correlated negatively and aerobactin correlated positively with fluoroquinolone resistance.

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Escherichia coli Colonization in Neonates: Prevalence, Perinatal Transmission, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Risk Factors

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina48020013 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rasa Tamelienė ◽

Eglė Barčaitė ◽

Dalia Stonienė ◽

Jūratė Buinauskienė ◽

Eglė Markūnienė ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Perinatal Transmission ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Maternal Body Mass Index ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

E Coli

Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of early-onset neonatal sepsis in many industrialized countries. However, there is a lack of studies on Escherichia coli colonization in women and neonates. The study aimed at determining the prevalence Escherichia coli among pregnant women and newborns, perinatal transmission, antimicrobial susceptibility, and risk factors for neonatal colonization. Material and Methods. In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 827 infants born to 808 mothers were enrolled. The study was carried out from October 1, 2006, to June 30, 2007. Women were screened for E. coli carriage at 35–37 weeks of gestation or on admission for premature rupture of membranes and delivery; neonates, within 15 minutes of their lives. Risk factors for colonization were collected by a questionnaire and were recorded during labor. Results. Maternal E. coli colonization rate was 19.9%; neonatal, 14.4%; and transmission rate, 21.4%. Less than one-fourth (22.7%) of neonatal E. coli strains were resistant to ampicillin. Logistic regression analysis revealed that anal sexual intercourse (OR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.87–8.19), one sexual partner (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.30–3.11), maternal vaginal Escherichia coli colonization (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.12–2.93), maternal body mass index of ≤27 (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.15–2.73), and maternal education lower than university level (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.06–2.74) were associated with neonatal Escherichia coli colonization. Conclusions. The prevalence of maternal Escherichia coli colonization was higher in this study than other studies (19.9%). Neonatal Escherichia coli colonization was 14.4%. The resistance of Escherichia coli isolates to ampicillin was not high (22.7%). Improvement of maternal education and modification of mothers’ sexual habits need to be undertaken to prevent neonatal Escherichia coli colonization.

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Evolution of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes in India

Journal of Laboratory Physicians ◽

10.4103/jlp.jlp_58_19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (04) ◽

pp. 346-351

Author(s):

Pankaj Singh ◽

Sharda C. Metgud ◽

Subarna Roy ◽

Shashank Purwar

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Accurate Identification ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

E Coli ◽

Medical College ◽

Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Proper Management ◽

Heat Stable

Abstract CONTEXT: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in developing countries. On the basis of virulence and phenotypic characteristics, the DEC is categorized into multiple pathotypes. Each pathotype has different pathogenesis and geographical distribution. Thus, the proper management of disease relies on rapid and accurate identification of DEC pathotypes. AIMS: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of DEC pathotypes in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2008 and December 2012 at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Center, Belgaum (Karnataka), India. A total of 300 stool samples were collected from diarrhea patients with age >3 months. The DEC was identified by both conventional and molecular methods. RESULTS: Of 300 samples, E. coli were detected in 198 (66%) and 170 (56.6%) samples by culture and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Among DEC (n = 198) isolates, eae gene (59.5%) was the most prevalent followed by stx (27.7%), east (27.2%), elt (12.6%), est (10.6%), ipaH (5.5%), and eagg (1.5%) genes. On the basis of virulence genes, enteropathogenic E. coli (33.8%) was the most common pathotype followed by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC, 23.2%), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC, 13.6%), enteroinvasive E. coli (5.5%), enteroaggregative heat-stable enterotoxin 1-harboring E. coli (EAST1EC, 4.5%), STEC/ETEC (3.5%), STEC/enteroaggregative E. coli (STEC/EAEC, 1.0%), and EAEC (0.05%). CONCLUSIONS: The hybrid DEC is potentially more virulent than basic pathotypes. The pathotyping should be included in clinical settings for the proper management of DEC-associated diarrhea.

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Local characteristics associated with higher prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in community-acquired urinary tract infections: an observational, cross-sectional study

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/dkaa514 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Stéphanie Larramendy ◽

Aurélie Gaultier ◽

Jean-Pascal Fournier ◽

Jocelyne Caillon ◽

Leïla Moret ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

E Coli ◽

Animal Farming ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract Objectives The prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E. coli) in community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTI) has been increasing worldwide since 2000, but with large geographical variations. The aim of this study was to determine whether the ESBL-E. coli rate in urine samples from individuals with community-acquired UTI was associated with the local socio-economic, environmental, agricultural and healthcare characteristics. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in western France using data on antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolated from urine samples of individuals with community-acquired UTI analysed in non-hospital laboratories from 2015 to 2017. The ESBL-E. coli rate was calculated for each laboratory. Data on socio-economic characteristics, human antibiotic consumption, hospital bed density, animal farming density and percentage of agricultural land and surface water were retrieved at the municipality level and aggregated by study area. Their association with ESBL-E. coli prevalence was quantified using multivariate linear regression models with a backward selection. Results From 358 291 E. coli isolates from urine samples tested in 92 laboratories, the mean ESBL-E. coli prevalence for the study period was 3.30%. In an adjusted model, the ESBL-E. coli rate was significantly (P < 0.05) and positively associated with the local percentage of people >65 years old, third-generation cephalosporin use (DDD/1000 inhabitants), number of hospital beds/km2, poultry density, pig density and percentage of agricultural land. Lower deprivation was associated with a higher ESBL-E. coli rate. Conclusions Several anthropogenic factors (primary care, hospitals and animal farming) are associated with the local ESBL-E. coli rate in community-acquired UTI. These results could contribute to improve risk management, including identification of at-risk patient groups.

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Monitoring and Characteristics of Major Mastitis Pathogens from Bulk Tank Milk in Korea

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10091562 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1562 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mun-Jo Yun ◽

Sunghyun Yoon ◽

Young Ju Lee

Keyword(s):

Somatic Cell Count ◽

Milk Quality ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Bulk Tank Milk ◽

E Coli ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

Resistance To Penicillin ◽

Bulk Tank ◽

Staphylococcus Spp ◽

Mastitis Pathogens

In many countries, bulk tank milk (BTM) has been used for examining milk and analyzed as an important part of milk quality assurance programs. The objectives of this study were to investigate milk quality and the presence of major mastitis pathogens in BTM, and to compare the characteristics of BTM by dairy factory or company. A total of 1588 batches of BTM samples were collected from 396 dairy farms of seven dairy factories owned by four companies in Korea. The means of individual bacterial counts (IBC) and somatic cell count (SCC) were 3.7 × 104 cells/mL and 1.1 × 105 cells/mL, respectively, and no significant differences among dairy factories were observed. The most common pathogen was Staphylococcus spp. (60.1%), followed by E. faecalis (53.8%), E. coli (37.6%) and Streptococcus spp. (22.5%). Enterococcus spp. showed the highest resistance to tetracyclines (51.1% to 73.9%) and macrolides (46.5%). S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) showed the highest resistance to penicillin (28.4% and 40.2%, respectively), and three (3.2%) S. aureus and seven (3.3%) CNS were also methicillin-resistant. These data show the diverse prevalence and characteristics of major mastitis pathogens among factories, and support the development of strong monitoring and prevention programs of mastitis pathogens by commercial dairy operations.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Indicator Organisms Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. Isolated from U.S. Animal Food, 2005–2011

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8071048 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 1048 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Beilei Ge ◽

Kelly J. Domesle ◽

Stuart A. Gaines ◽

Claudia Lam ◽

Sonya M. Bodeis Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Animal Feed ◽

The United States ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Indicator Organisms ◽

Pet Food ◽

Animal Food ◽

E Coli ◽

Enterococcus Spp

The role animal food plays in the introduction of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria into the human food chain is not well understood. We conducted an analysis of 1025 samples (647 pet food and 378 animal feed) collected across the United States during 2005–2011 for two indicator organisms (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.). The overall prevalence ranged from 12.5% for E. coli to 45.2% for Enterococcus spp., and 11.2% of samples harbored both organisms. Regardless of bacterial genus, animal feed had significantly higher prevalence than pet food (p < 0.001). A general downward trend in prevalence was observed from 2005 to 2009 followed by an upward trend thereafter. Among E. coli isolates (n = 241), resistance was highest to tetracycline (11.2%) and below 5% for fourteen other antimicrobials. Among Enterococcus spp. isolates (n = 1074), Enterococcus faecium (95.1%) was the predominant species. Resistance was most common to tetracycline (30.1%) and ciprofloxacin (10.7%), but below 10% for thirteen other antimicrobials. Multidrug-resistant organisms were observed among both E. coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates at 3.3%. Compared to National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) 2011 retail meat and animal data, the overall resistance for both organisms was much lower in animal food. These findings help establish a historic baseline for the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among U.S. animal food products and future efforts may be needed to monitor changes over time.

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Antimicrobial use policy change in pre-weaned dairy calves and its impact on antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli: a cross sectional and ecological study

BMC Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s12866-019-1576-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Josephine A. Afema ◽

Margaret A. Davis ◽

William M. Sischo

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Latent Class ◽

Farm Management ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Policy Changes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Calf Health ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistance Patterns

Abstract Background This study is based on data collected to investigate the relation of peri-parturient events (colostrum quality, passive transfer of immunity, calving difficulty) on calf health and antimicrobial use. A component of the study was to provide feedback to farm management to identify calves at risk for disease and promote antimicrobial stewardship. At the start of the study (May 2016), a combination of enrofloxacin, penicillin, and sulfamethoxazole was the first treatment given to clinically abnormal calves. Based on feedback and interaction between study investigators, farm management and consulting veterinarians, a new policy was implemented to reduce antimicrobial use in calves. In August, the first treatment was changed to a combination of ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole. In September, the first treatment was reduced to only sulfamethoxazole. We investigated the effects of these policy changes in antimicrobial use on resistance in commensal Escherichia coli. Results We enrolled 4301 calves at birth and documented antimicrobial use until weaning. Most calves (99.4%) received antimicrobials and 70.4% received a total of 2–4 treatments. Antimicrobial use was more intense in younger calves (≤ 28 days) relative to older calves. We isolated 544 E. coli from fecal samples obtained from 132 calves. We determined resistance to 12 antimicrobials and 85% of the isolates were resistant to at least 3 antimicrobial classes. We performed latent class analysis to identify underlying unique classes where isolates shared resistance patterns and selected a solution with 4 classes. The least resistant class had isolates that were mainly resistant to only tetracycline and sulfisoxazole. The other 3 classes comprised isolates with resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, tetracycline, in addition to either ceftiofur; or nalidixic acid; or ciprofloxacin plus nalidixic acid and ceftiofur. Overall, E coli from younger calves and calves that received multiple treatments were more likely to have extensive resistance including resistance to fluoroquinolones and ceftiofur. In general, there was a declining trend in resistance to most antimicrobials during and after policy changes were implemented, except for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur and gentamicin. Conclusions Information feedback to farms can influence farm managers to reduce antimicrobial use and this can change endemic farm resistance patterns.

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Influence of Housing Systems on Microbial Load and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolates from Eggs Produced for Human Consumption

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-182 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 847-853 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

ELENA ÁLVAREZ-FERNÁNDEZ ◽

JESSICA DOMÍNGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ ◽

ROSA CAPITA ◽

CARLOS ALONSO-CALLEJA

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Housing System ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Aerobic Bacteria ◽

Human Consumption ◽

E Coli ◽

Free Range ◽

Housing Systems ◽

Enterococcus Spp

Microbial counts (aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophs, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and molds and yeasts) were obtained for the shells of 240 table eggs in northwestern Spain. Eggs from six sources (40 samples in each) were analyzed: chicken eggs from five different housing systems (conventional battery cages, barn, free range, organic, and domestic breeding) and quail eggs (cages). A total of 120 Escherichia coli strains (20 from each source) were tested by the disk diffusion method for resistance to 12 antimicrobial drugs of veterinary and human health significance. Aerobic plate counts ranged from 1.96 ± 1.0 (barn) to 3.69 ± 0.7 (domestic) log CFU/cm2. Counts for most microbial groups differed significantly between sources. Eggs from domestic production had the highest contamination loads (P < 0.05) for aerobic bacteria, Enterococcus spp., and molds and yeasts and the highest prevalence of E. coli. Twenty-three E. coli isolates (19.17%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, and 80.83% were resistant to one (22.50%) or more (58.33%) antimicrobials. The housing system had a significant influence (P < 0.05) on the average resistance per strain, with the highest resistance in conventional cage (2.85) and barn (3.10) systems followed by free range (1.55) and quail (1.95). Eggs from organic (1.00) and domestic (0.75) production systems had the lowest resistance per strain. The highest prevalence of resistance was observed for the groups of antimicrobials more frequently used on poultry farms. Our results suggest that a relationship exists between the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli strains and the more frequent use of antimicrobials in conventional (cage, barn, and free range) than in domestic and organic chicken housing systems. Education covering good sanitary practices for handling eggs to avoid cross-contamination or inadequate cooking is needed.

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