scholarly journals A Bluff-Shelter Site in Pontotoc County, Oklahoma

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Antle
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Foot Wall ◽  
Fault Line ◽  
Multiple Fractures ◽  
The North ◽  
Shelter Site ◽  
Siliceous Material ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
Sandstone Formation

In the wildly rugged hills near Canyon Springs, in southeastern Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, a unique sandstone formation has produced evidence of once sheltering a prehistoric people. Technically, the sandstone is of the Wilcox series, and is faulted to a position above the McLish limestone beneath which it normally lies. The fault line runs from the north southward a distance of 25 yards, then runs at right angles to the east for 40 yards. The sandstone ranges from 6 feet in height on the northern extremity to 35 feet along the southeastern portion. Multiple fractures, generally parallel to the fault lines, have been recemented with dissolved siliceous material to make a highly resistant formation. Erosion takes place by exfoliation, giving to the rock mass, at a distance, a granitic appearance. Because of slanting fracture lines, the foot-wall of the fault, overthrust as it is, has broken off in places to form huge over-hangs that afford plentiful protection from the weather. It was in such an area evidence of a prehistoric habitation was found.

scholarly journals CoCoX: Generating Conceptual and Counterfactual Explanations via Fault-Lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (03) ◽  
pp. 2594-2601
Author(s):  
Arjun Akula ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Song-Chun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Input Image ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Fault Line ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Explainable Ai ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
Classification Category

We present CoCoX (short for Conceptual and Counterfactual Explanations), a model for explaining decisions made by a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). In Cognitive Psychology, the factors (or semantic-level features) that humans zoom in on when they imagine an alternative to a model prediction are often referred to as fault-lines. Motivated by this, our CoCoX model explains decisions made by a CNN using fault-lines. Specifically, given an input image I for which a CNN classification model M predicts class cpred, our fault-line based explanation identifies the minimal semantic-level features (e.g., stripes on zebra, pointed ears of dog), referred to as explainable concepts, that need to be added to or deleted from I in order to alter the classification category of I by M to another specified class calt. We argue that, due to the conceptual and counterfactual nature of fault-lines, our CoCoX explanations are practical and more natural for both expert and non-expert users to understand the internal workings of complex deep learning models. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments verify our hypotheses, showing that CoCoX significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art explainable AI models. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/arjunakula/CoCoX

The Tejon Pass earthquake of October 22, 1916

1917 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
John Casper Branner
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Fault Zone ◽  
Fault Line ◽  
The South ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
The North ◽  
San Andreas ◽  
North Side ◽  
To Come

Summary The area over which the shock was felt by persons at rest was 27,000 square miles or more, extending from Fresno on the north to San Diego on the south, and from Mojave to the coast. The epicenter seems to have been near the summit of the Tejon Pass, where the intensity reached VII or a little more, of the Rossi-Forel scale. At many places the shock was preceded by a pronounced roar like thunder or a high wind. Wherever the direction of the sound was noted it appeared to come from the epicentral area. The region is too thinly populated and our data are too meager to enable us to outline the area of high intensity with confidence, but the following facts seem to be fairly well established: The shock or shocks were produced by movement on the fault line that passes through the Tejon Pass and follows thence east-southeast along the axes of Leonas Valley and Anaverde Valley and northwestward through Cuddy Canyon and Cuddy Valley. The topographic evidence of the fault in the Tejon Pass is very pronounced, but there is topographic evidence of another fault that branches off from the Tejon Pass fault about a mile and a half northwest of Tejon Pass and runs east-northeast from the northwest corner of Los Angeles county, passing along the north side of Castac Lake. The depression occupied by Castac Lake seems to have been formed by a downthrow on the south side of this fault. It has been supposed that the fault through Tejon Pass was a southward prolongation of the San Andreas fault near San Francisco. The identity of these faults is far from being evident. The topography, the distribution of earthquake shocks, and the method of fracture along the fault zones all suggest a series of overlapping faults rather than one continuous fault. Mr. Hamlin says on this subject: “This fault is not a long continuous fracture, but rather a fault zone with numerous branches. Dropped blocks are not uncommon along this zone, some being a mile or more wide and twice as long.” The forms of the isoseismals of this particular earthquake, however, suggest definite relations to this fault zone.

The Hamilton and Hamilton North Gas Fields, Block 110/13a, East Irish Sea

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yaliz ◽  
P. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Hydrocarbon Generation ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
The North ◽  
Depositional Processes ◽  
Sandstone Formation ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Water Cut

AbstractThe Hamilton and Hamilton North Fields are located in Block 110/13a in the East Irish Sea, and contain 627 BCF and 230 BCF GIIP, respectively. First gas was produced from the Hamilton North Field in December 1995. The fields are being developed with four producers in the Hamilton Field and three in the Hamilton North Field. The Hamilton Field structure consists of a N-S trending horst block with dip closure to the north and south, while the Hamilton North structure is defined by major faults to the north and west with dip closure to the east and south. The gas is trapped in the highly productive Triassic Ormskirk Sandstone Formation. The reservoir comprises high porosity aeolian and fluvial sandstones. Depth to reservoir is shallow (2300-2600 ft) with the gas-water contact being at 2910 ft in the Hamilton Field and 3166 ft in the Hamilton North Field. Reservoir quality is principally controlled by primary depositional processes and no significant diagenetic effects are observed. The hydrocarbon filling history was complex, with at least two phases of hydrocarbon generation. Hamilton North gas is sweet whereas the Hamilton gas contains up to 11OOppm H2S, which is removed during processing at the Douglas complex and at the Point of Ayr gas terminal. Cumulative gas production to May 1999 was 180 BCF and no water-cut has been observed to date.

Fault Lines in Russia's Discourse of Nation: Television Coverage of the December 2010 Moscow Riots

Slavic Review ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Hutchings ◽  
Vera Tolz
Keyword(s):  
Television News ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Perceived Need ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
The North ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
Media Discourse Analysis ◽  
Television Coverage

This article analyzes Russian television news accounts of the December 2010 Manezhnaia riots that followed an ethnic Russian football fan's murder by a group of men from the North Caucasus. It focuses on the narrative struggle to reconcile official nation-building rhetoric with grassroots realities and broadcasters' own assumptions. Using the tools of media discourse analysis, Stephen Hutchings and Vera Tolz demonstrate that national television's conceptual apparatus consists of a multifaceted amalgam in which interpretations of the Soviet period are modified through the influences of late imperial Russian intellectual traditions and western interpretations of societal diversity. Hutchings and Tolz show how the essentialization of ethnic boundaries within this apparatus leads both to the overinterpretation of interethnic aspects of the crisis, and to their occlusion. Rather than submitting to a univocal state machine, post-Manezhnaia broadcasting reveals fault lines whose partial convergence around a single narrative reflects the restricted logic of the conceptual apparatus and a perceived need to reflect the public mood.

Stratigraphy and geochemistry of the Early Carboniferous Clyde Plateau Lavas in south Bute, Midland Valley of Scotland

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. YOUNG ◽  
W. G. E. CALDWELL
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Early Carboniferous ◽  
Hydrothermal Activity ◽  
The South ◽  
Basaltic Rocks ◽  
Weathering Processes ◽  
The North ◽  
Lower Division ◽  
Sandstone Formation ◽  
Mafic Lavas

AbstractA succession of Viséan (mid- to late Holkerian) volcanic rocks up to 340 m thick is preserved in three fault-blocks at the south end of the Isle of Bute in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland. These rocks form part of the Clyde Plateau Volcanic Formation, which, in this area, disconformably overlies sandstones of the lower Millport Member of the Clyde Sandstone Formation. The lower part of the volcanic succession in south Bute,c. 140 m thick, corresponds to the lower Strathgryfe lavas of the Renfrewshire Hills. This part of the succession is composed dominantly of feldspar-macrophyric and feldspar-microphyric basaltic rocks and mugearites. It is present in all three fault-blocks, whereas the succeeding volcanic rocks (middle and upper divisions) are only preserved in the median St Blane's block where they have a combined thickness of about 200 m. The two younger subdivisions are respectively correlative to the Misty Law Trachytic Centre, which forms a lens between the lower and upper Strathgryfe Members, and the upper Strathgryfe Member of the North Ayrshire section. Lavas of the lower division are feldspar-macrophyric and feldspar-microphyric basaltic rocks and mugearites, but those of the middle and upper divisions display a wider compositional spectrum, including feldspar-macro- and microphyric rocks but ranging from olivine-augite-macrophyric and olivine-augite-feldspar-macrophyric basalts to trachytes. The mafic lavas of south Bute have chondrite-normalized multi-element plots similar to those of ocean island basalts, with enrichment in incompatible elements. The trachytic lavas have similar patterns but are strongly depleted in Sr, P and Ti, reflecting fractionation of such minerals as plagioclase, apatite and magnetite/ilmenite during evolution of the parent magmas. Distribution of high field strength elements favours a within-plate origin for the south Bute lavas and supports derivation from a relatively deep (>50 km) mantle source (garnet lherzolite). Chondrite-normalized REE plots for basaltic lavas of the lower division show enrichment in LREEs and lack strong Eu anomalies. Strong positive Eu anomalies in both felsic and mafic lavas of the middle and upper divisions may be attributable to high oxygen fugacities, but hydrothermal activity or feldspar fractionation may also have played a role. Fe-rich weathering profiles attest to intermittent extrusion and intense weathering processes.

scholarly journals Tracing the Mahabharat Thrust (MT) on the basis of lithology and microstructures around Bhainse-Manahari area, central Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Laxman Subedi ◽  
Kamala Kant Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
Foot Wall ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Complex Shear ◽  
Thrust Zone ◽  
Quartz Grains

Lithological and microstructural study carried out in Bhainse –Manahari area, central Nepal reveals that the rock sequences of the Bhainse–Manahari area can be divided into two successions: the Nawakot Complex and the Kathmandu Complex. These two Complexes are separated by a distinct thrust boundary, the Mahabharat Thrust (MT). The Nawakot Complex consists of low-grade metamorphic rocks like slate, phyllite, quartzite and limestone while the Kathmandu Complex comprises medium grade (up to garnet grade) metamorphic rocks like garnet-schist, marble and mica-schist. The Mahabharat Thrust (MT) and the Manahari Thrust (MnT) are the two major thrusts in the study area. The MT separates the rocks of the Nawakot Complex (foot wall) in the south from the rocks of the Kathmandu Complex (hanging wall) in the north. The Manahari Thrust in the western part of the study area separates the Dunga Quartzite and the older Benighat Slates lying above it. The microstructure analysis reveals that the rocks in the thrust zone show higher deformation than in the neighboring rocks, and this gradually decreases away from the MT zone. The strain analysis of quartz grains reveals that the rock sequences of the hanging wall of the MT showed pure, simple and complex shear senses and the rocks of the footwall also showed the same pattern indicating MT as a stretching fault.

The Research Based on Zero Sequence Energy to the Line Selection in Distribution Network

2012 ◽  
Vol 614-615 ◽  
pp. 846-849
Author(s):  
Shu Tian ◽  
Jin Peng He ◽  
Yu Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Single Phase ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Power Network ◽  
Fault Line ◽  
Ground Fault ◽  
Arc Suppression Coil ◽  
Zero Sequence ◽  
Line Selection ◽  
Fault Lines ◽  
Resistance Component

When single phase-to-ground fault happened in power network with arc suppression coil grounded, capacitor current through fault point is compensated and reduced by installing arc suppression coil. Zero-sequence current’s amplitude and phase of fault lines and sound lines are so similar that it increases the difficulty of selecting the fault line. But the resistance component of zero sequence current has no relationship with the arc extinguishing coil compensation, absolute value of resistance component to the fault lines show the maximum, and zero sequence current’s polarity of fault lines is contrary to sound lines. In this paper, because of the characteristic of resistance component, a method is put forward based on zero sequence energy to the line selection in distribution network, it import auto-reclosing techniques into the line selection. The principle is verified by MATLAB simulator. It has high accuracy to select the fault line with this method.

scholarly journals New findings on the effects of the İzmit <i>M</i><sub>w</sub>=7.4 and Düzce <i>M</i><sub>w</sub>=7.2 earthquakes

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Kutoglu ◽  
R. N. Celik ◽  
M. T. Ozludemir ◽  
C. Güney
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Geodetic Network ◽  
North Anatolian Fault ◽  
Fault Line ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
The North ◽  
Gps Network ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Surface Ruptures

Abstract. The 17 August 1999 İzmit Mw=7.4 and the 12 November 1999 Düzce Mw=7.2 earthquakes caused a 150 km long surface rupture in the western part of the North Anatolian Fault. The coseismic slips along the fault line and the trace of the surface ruptures were studied in detail in Barka (1999), Reilinger et al. (2000), Cakir et al. (2003a, b) and Ergintav (2009) after the earthquakes. However, the basin to the east of Sapanca Lake was a black hole for all investigations because there was no geodetic network and no significant deformation that could be obtained by using InSAR techniques. In this study, findings on the abovementioned basin have been reinterpreted through a GPS network newly explored. This interpretation shows coseismic slips of between 2–3 m, and links the surface rupture to the main branch of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in the east Sapanca basin.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Highlights, Fault Lines in China, India and the World

Social Change ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-478
Author(s):  
Manoranjan Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Fault Line ◽  
Private Initiative ◽  
The Third ◽  
Individual Enterprise ◽  
The World ◽  
Fault Lines

The on going COVID-19 pandemic has succeeded in bringing before us many social, political fault lines which can no longer be ignored and must be addressed urgently. The first is the phenomenon of inequality in power, status, wealth and living conditions which has been growing rapidly in recent decades within countries and between countries. The second is the clear decline of publicness in society, economy and politics. Inspired by capitalism, individual enterprise and private initiative have been eulogised to such an extent that the state’s investment in basic public goods such as health, education, housing and child welfare has remained woefully inadequate. The third fault line is an over-centralisation of power leading to a clear decline of democracy by manipulating institutional mechanisms and making full use of the technology of mass communication to mobilise votes. If these emerging fault lines don’t engage global rulers immediately then the sufferings faced by humanity the world over will explode.

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