Enhancing Production Through Well Interventions Using End-to-End Evaluation Methodology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Oatey ◽  
Fay Duff ◽  
Neil Emslie ◽  
Steven Christie ◽  
Rida Rikabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Flow ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Log Data ◽  
Heterogeneous Reservoir ◽  
End To End ◽  
Enhancing Production ◽  
Successful Production

Abstract In this paper, an end-to-end evaluation service using well historical production, petrophysics and reservoir data combined with new logs to perform well intervention solution methodology is followed. Across four wells, production logging data is acquired and analysed to understand the current performance of different heterogeneous layers. Combining this with openhole data, additional perforations and reperforations are planned. Perforations are carried out using deep-penetration charges to create a larger and deeper flow path between the reservoir and the wellbore. Post-perforation production logs are carried out, and the data is analysed to understand the effectiveness of newly perforated layers. Detailed production enhancement of all four wells is discussed in the paper. The majority of the wells displayed a significant increase in production when compared with pre-intervention flow rates. Minor scale buildup in the production liner was observed during pre-perforation production log data which was observed to be cleared during post-perforation production log data. The deliverability of the wells had also gone up, with similar production rates at much higher bottomhole pressure compared with pressures before intervention. This also confirmed the effectiveness of deep-penetration charges during perforation in providing better conduit from reservoir to wellbore. Additional perforations carried out, based on the heterogeneity of the reservoir and combining the openhole data, proved to be highly effective, with high deliverability observed from these new layers. In conclusion, a successful production enhancement of these low-flow-rate gas condensate wells was achieved with an end-to-end solution. A highly heterogeneous reservoir with multiple thinly bedded layers presented challenges in understanding their productivity. The combination of pre-perforation production log and post-perforation production log enabled evaluation of the deliverability of the complex heterogeneous reservoir. Further, production enhancement from each reperforated interval was confirmed using a direct measurement, i.e., production log data instead of relying on surface flow rates to better understand the downhole dynamics.

Assessment of the Use of Humidified Nasal Cannulas for Oxygen Therapy in Patients with Epistaxis

ORL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Jingjing Liu ◽  
Tengfang Chen ◽  
Zhenggang Lv ◽  
Dezhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Nasal Cannula ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Antiplatelet Drugs ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oxygen Inhalation ◽  
Significant Difference

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> In China, nasal cannula oxygen therapy is typically humidified. However, it is difficult to decide whether to suspend nasal cannula oxygen inhalation after the nosebleed has temporarily stopped. Therefore, we conducted a preliminary investigation on whether the use of humidified nasal cannulas in our hospital increases the incidence of epistaxis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We conducted a survey of 176,058 inpatients in our hospital and other city branches of our hospital over the past 3 years and obtained information concerning their use of humidified nasal cannulas for oxygen inhalation, nonhumidified nasal cannulas, anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs, and oxygen inhalation flow rates. This information was compared with the data collected at consultation for epistaxis during these 3 years. <b><i>Results:</i></b> No significant difference was found between inpatients with humidified nasal cannulas and those without nasal cannula oxygen therapy in the incidence of consultations due to epistaxis (χ<sup>2</sup> = 1.007, <i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05). The same trend was observed among hospitalized patients using anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs (χ<sup>2</sup> = 2.082, <i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05). Among the patients with an inhaled oxygen flow rate ≥5 L/min, the incidence of ear-nose-throat (ENT) consultations due to epistaxis was 0. No statistically significant difference was found between inpatients with a humidified oxygen inhalation flow rate &#x3c;5 L/min and those without nasal cannula oxygen therapy in the incidence of ENT consultations due to epistaxis (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.838, <i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed in the incidence of ENT consultations due to epistaxis between the low-flow nonhumidified nasal cannula and nonnasal cannula oxygen inhalation groups (χ<sup>2</sup> = 18.428, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). The same trend was observed between the 2 groups of low-flow humidified and low-flow nonhumidified nasal cannula oxygen inhalation (χ<sup>2</sup> = 26.194, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Neither high-flow humidified nasal cannula oxygen inhalation nor low-flow humidified nasal cannula oxygen inhalation will increase the incidence of recurrent or serious epistaxis complications; the same trend was observed for patients who use anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs. Humidification during low-flow nasal cannula oxygen inhalation can prevent severe and repeated epistaxis to a certain extent.

Effect of Tip Clearance on Suction Performance at Different Flow Rates in a Mixed Flow Pump

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yo Han Jung ◽  
Young Uk Min ◽  
Jin Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Performance Test ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Tip Clearance ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Tip Leakage Flow ◽  
Mixed Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Suction Performance ◽  
Flow Pump

This paper presents a numerical investigation of the effect of tip clearance on the suction performance and flow characteristics at different flow rates in a vertical mixed-flow pump. Numerical analyses were carried out by solving three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Steady computations were performed for three different tip clearances under noncavitating and cavitating conditions at design and off-design conditions. The pump performance test was performed for the mixed-flow pump and numerical results were validated by comparing the experimental data for a system characterized by the original tip clearance. It was shown that for large tip clearance, the head breakdown occurred earlier at the design and high flow rates. However, the head breakdown was quite delayed at low flow rate. This resulted from the cavitation structure caused by the tip leakage flow at different flow rates.

Experimental Investigation of Pressure Fluctuations on Inner Wall of a Centrifugal Pump

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Qi Jia ◽  
Bao-Ling Cui ◽  
Zu-Chao Zhu ◽  
Yu-Liang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Pump ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Pressure Fluctuation ◽  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Centrifugal Pumps ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Blade Passing Frequency

Abstract Affected by rotor–stator interaction and unstable inner flow, asymmetric pressure distributions and pressure fluctuations cannot be avoided in centrifugal pumps. To study the pressure distributions on volute and front casing walls, dynamic pressure tests are carried out on a centrifugal pump. Frequency spectrum analysis of pressure fluctuation is presented based on Fast Fourier transform and steady pressure distribution is obtained based on time-average method. The results show that amplitudes of pressure fluctuation and blade-passing frequency are sensitive to the flow rate. At low flow rates, high-pressure region and large pressure gradients near the volute tongue are observed, and the main factors contributing to the pressure fluctuation are fluctuations in blade-passing frequency and high-frequency fluctuations. By contrast, at high flow rates, fluctuations of rotating-frequency and low frequencies are the main contributors to pressure fluctuation. Moreover, at low flow rates, pressure near volute tongue increases rapidly at first and thereafter increases slowly, whereas at high flow rates, pressure decreases sharply. Asymmetries are observed in the pressure distributions on both volute and front casing walls. With increasing of flow rate, both asymmetries in the pressure distributions and magnitude of the pressure decrease.

EFFECT OF AXIAL CASING GROOVE GEOMETRY ON ROTOR-GROOVE INTERACTIONS IN THE TIP REGION OF A COMPRESSOR

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-54
Author(s):  
Subhra Shankha Koley ◽  
Huang Chen ◽  
Ayush Saraswat ◽  
Joseph Katz
Keyword(s):  
Rotor Blade ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Flow Angle ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Piv Measurements ◽  
Tip Leakage ◽  
Large Vortex ◽  
Blade Leading Edge

Abstract This experimental study characterizes the interactions of axial casing grooves with the flow in the tip region of an axial turbomachine. The tests involve grooves with the same inlet overlapping with the rotor blade leading edge, but with different exit directions located upstream. Among them, U grooves, whose circumferential outflow opposes the blade motion, achieve a 60% reduction in stall flowrate, but degrade the efficiency around the best efficiency point (BEP) by 2%. The S grooves, whose outlets are parallel to the blade rotation, improve the stall flowrate by only 36%, but do not degrade the BEP performance. To elucidate the mechanisms involved, stereo-PIV measurements covering the tip region and interior of grooves are performed in a refractive index matched facility. At low flow rates, the inflow into both grooves, which peaks when they are aligned with the blade pressure side, rolls up into a large vortex that lingers within the groove. By design, the outflow from S grooves is circumferentially positive. For the U grooves, fast circumferentially negative outflow peaks at the base of each groove, causing substantial periodic variations in the flow angle near the blade leading edge. At BEP, interactions with both grooves become milder, and most of the tip leakage vortex remains in the passage. Interactions with the S grooves are limited hence they do not degrade the efficiency. In contrast, the inflow into and outflow from the U grooves reverses direction, causing entrainment of secondary flows, which likely contribute to the reduced BEP efficiency.

Hydrogen Generation in an Annular Micro-Reactor: an Experimental Investigation of Water Splitting Reaction Using Aluminum in Presence of Potassium Hydroxide

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam P. Tekade ◽  
Diwakar Z. Shende ◽  
Kailas L. Wasewar
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Metal Aluminum ◽  
Micro Reactor

Abstract Hydrogen is one of the important non-conventional energy sources because of its high energy content and non-polluting nature of combustions. The water splitting reaction is one of the significant methods for hydrogen generation from non-fossil feeds. In the present paper, the hydrogen generation has been experimentally investigated with water splitting reaction using metal aluminum in presence of potassium hydroxide as an activator under flow conditions. The rate of hydrogen generation was reported in the annular micro- reactor of 1 mm annulus using various flow rates of aqueous 0.5 N KOH ranging from 1 ml/min to 10 ml/min. The complete conversion of aluminum was observed at all the flow rates of aqueous KOH. The hydrogen generation rate was observed to depend on the flow rate of liquid reactant flowing through the reactor. At 1 ml/min of 0.5 N KOH, hydrogen generates at an average rate of 3.36 ml/min which increases to 10.70 ml/min at 10 ml/min of aqueous KOH. The Shrinking Core Model was modified for predicting the controlling mechanism. The rate of hydrogen generation was observed to follow different controlling mechanisms on various time intervals at low flow rates of aqueous KOH. It was observed that chemical reaction controls the overall rate of hydrogen generation at higher flow rates of aqueous KOH.

Leach Behavior of SRL TDS-131 Defense Waste Glass in Water at High&Low Flow Rates

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Barkatt ◽  
William Sousanpour ◽  
Alisa Barkatt ◽  
Morad A. Boroomand ◽  
Pedro B. Macedo
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Matrix Elements ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Controlling Mechanism ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Leach Behavior

ABSTRACTLeach tests carried out on SRL TDS-131 Defense Waste Class indicate that at high flow rates the controlling mechanism is simple corrosion. The matrix elements (Si, Al) are leached out at rates similar to those of the leaching of the alkalis and of boron, and the leaching process is nearly linear with time. At slow flow rates (below 1 m/yr) leaching becomes controlled by the build-up of a protective layer. Al and most of the Si remain in the leached surface layer. The leach rates decrease in the course of the test before leveling off at constant values which are almost inversely proportional to the contact time, indicating that leachate concentrations have become solubility-limited. The low concentrations observed at this stage indicate the formation of alteration products.

scholarly journals LAYOUT AND DESIGN SOLUTIONS OF FILTERING WATER INTAKES FROM SHALLOW WATERCOURSES FOR DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Shtanko ◽  
◽  
V. N. Shkura ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Mountain Streams ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Hydrographic Features ◽  
Sand And Gravel

Purpose: development of layout and design schemes for low-flow water intakes, arranged on shallow river and stream watercourses for supplying water to drip irrigation systems. Agricultural development of terraces and floodplains of small foothill and mountain streams actualizes the development of facilities for water intake from them for the purpose of irrigating land. Morphological and hydrographic features, including shallow low-water depths, high flow rates, flow rates variability, saturation with sediments, the presence of underflow and overflow runoff, etc., make water intake from such watercourses difficult and specific. These circumstances predetermine the relevance of water intake structures development corresponding to the specified conditions. Materials and Methods. When developing the layout and design schemes of low-flow water intakes from shallow watercourses, the technologies of exploratory design of engineering systems and structures were used. Results. With regard to the morphometric, hydrological and other conditions of shallow foothill and mountain streams, a water intake with a bottom water intake was adopted for development. The water intake part of headworks is designed in the form of a toe drain, which has under-flow and overflow intake parts that allow water intake from the channel and off-channel water streams. The toe is made of two or three layers of sand and gravel material. Drainage pipes or pipe filters are used as a drainage element. Depending on the conditions of the watercourse, water intakes with transverse, longitudinal and pocket-coastal placement of water intakes are proposed. Conclusion. The layout and design schemes of filtering water intakes from shallow watercourses based on the use of overflow, underflow and combined structures of multilayer drainage water intakes with stream (transverse and longitudinal) and off-channel (pocket-coastal) placement have been proposed and developed.

scholarly journals Design and Validation of a Multi-Point Injection Technology for MR-Guided Convection Enhanced Delivery in the Brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla Prezelski ◽  
Megan Keiser ◽  
Joel M. Stein ◽  
Timothy H. Lucas ◽  
Beverly Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Convection Enhanced Delivery ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Point Injection ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Injection Technology

Convection enhanced delivery (CED) allows direct intracranial administration of neuro-therapeutics. Success of CED relies on specific targeting and broad volume distributions (VD). However, to prevent off-target delivery and tissue damage, CED is typically conducted with small cannulas and at low flow rates, which critically limit the maximum achievable VD. Furthermore, in applications such as gene therapy requiring injections of large fluid volumes into broad subcortical regions, low flow rates translate into long infusion times and multiple surgical trajectories. The cannula design is a major limiting factor in achieving broad VD, while minimizing infusion time and backflow. Here we present and validate a novel multi-point cannula specifically designed to optimize distribution and delivery time in MR-guided intracranial CED of gene-based therapeutics. First, we evaluated the compatibility of our cannula with MRI and common viral vectors for gene therapy. Then, we conducted CED tests in agarose brain phantoms and benchmarked the results against single-needle delivery. 3T MRI in brain phantoms revealed minimal susceptibility-induced artifacts, comparable to the device dimensions. Benchtop CED of adeno-associated virus demonstrated no viral loss or inactivation. CED in agarose brain phantoms at 3, 6, and 9 μL/min showed &gt;3x increase in volume distribution and 60% time reduction compared to single-needle delivery. This study confirms the validity of a multi-point delivery approach for improving infusate distribution at clinically-compatible timescales and supports the feasibility of our novel cannula design for advancing safety and efficacy of MR-guided CED to the central nervous system.

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