A New Approach to Simulation of Wax Precipitation During Cold Water Injection in Carbonate Reservoir of Kharyaga Oilfield

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Mikhailovich Trushin ◽  
Anton Sergeevich Aleshchenko ◽  
Oleg Nikolaevich Zoshchenko ◽  
Mark Suleimanovich Arsamakov ◽  
Ivan Vasilevich Tkachev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Sector Model ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper describes a methodology for assessing the impact of wax deposition in reservoir oil during cold water injection into heterogeneous carbonate reservoir D3-III of the Kharyaga field. The main goal is to determine the optimal amount of hot water that must be injected before switching to cold water without affecting the field development. The paper presents the results of laboratory studies to determine the thermophysical properties of oil, samples of net reservoir and non-reservoir rock, as well as the results of laboratory studies to determine the conditions and nature of wax deposition in oil when the temperature and pressure conditions change. Calculations were carried out to describe the physical model of oil displacement by water of various temperatures. A series of synthetic sector model runs was performed, which includes the average properties of the selected reservoir and the results of laboratory studies in order to determine the effect of cold water injection on the development performance.

60 Years Field Performance Data-Driven Analytics to Generate Updated Waterflood Field Development Plan in a North Kuwait Giant Carbonate Reservoir

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basel AL-Otaibi ◽  
Issa Abu Shiekah ◽  
Manish Kumar Jha ◽  
Gerbert de Bruijn ◽  
Peter Male ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Horizontal Wells ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Field Development ◽  
The Impact

Abstract After 40 years of depletion drive, a mature, giant and multi-layer carbonate reservoir is developed through waterflooding. Oil production, sustained through infill drilling and new development patterns, is often associated with increasingly higher water production compared to earlier development phases. A field re-development plan has been established to alleviate the impact of reservoir heterogeneities on oil recovery, driven by the analysis of the historical performance of production and injection of a range of well types. The field is developed through historical opportunistic development concepts utilizing evolving technology trends. Therefore, the field has initially wide spacing vertical waterflooding patterns followed by horizontal wells, subjected to seawater or produced water injection, applying a range of wells placement or completion technologies and different water injection operating strategies. Systematic categorization, grouping and analyzing of a rich data set of wells performance have been complemented and integrated with insights from coarse full field and conceptual sector dynamic modeling activities. This workflow efficiently paved the way to optimize the field development aiming for increased oil recovery and cost saving opportunities. Integrated analysis of evolving historical development decisions revealed and ranked the primary subsurface and operational drivers behind the limited sweep efficiency and increased watercut. This helped mapping the impact of fundamental subsurface attributes from well placement, completion, or water injection strategies. Excellent vertical wells performance during the primary depletion and the early stage of water flooding was slowly outperformed by a more sustainable horizontal well production and injection strategy. This is consistent with a conceptual model in which the reservoir is dominated by extensive high conductive features that contributed in the early life of the field to good oil production before becoming the primary source of premature water breakthrough after a limited fraction of pore volume water was injected. The next level of analysis provided actual field evidence to support informed decisions to optimize the front runner horizontal wells development concept to cover wells length, orientation, vertical placement in the stratigraphy, spacing, pattern strategy and completion design. The findings enabled delivering updated field development plan covering the field life cycle to sustain and increase field oil production through adding ~ 200 additional wells and introducing more structured water flooding patterns in addition to establishing improved wells reservoir management practices. This integrated study manifests the power, efficiency and value from data driven analysis to capture lessons learned from evolving wells and development concepts applied in a complex brown field over six decades. The workflow enabled the delivery of an updated field development plan and production forecasts within a year through utilizing data analytics to compensate for the recognized limitations of subsurface models in addition to providing input to steer the more time-consuming modeling activities.

Approach to Hydrodynamic Modeling of In-Situ Combustion in Carbonate Reservoir Based on the Results of Laboratory Studies and Preliminary Works for Pilot Test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirill Igorevich Maksakov ◽  
Natalia Valerievna Lesina ◽  
Konstantin Aleksandrovich Schekoldin
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Modeling ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Injection Well ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
In Situ Combustion

Summary For the purpose of this work, the authors used an integrated approach to the modeling of in-situ combustion (ISC) including the results of laboratory studies and preliminary works, which significantly affect the choice of the method for implementing ISC and the results obtained in the process of modeling. The laboratory studies provided the data on the temperature range of the beginning of high-temperature oil oxidation, which is to be achieved during the modelling of the bottomhole zone heating. Based on the resulting injectivity profile, the reservoir distribution within the injection well zone in the geological model was updated. A high-permeability channel between the injection well and one of the production wells revealed during cold water injection explains the main oil production increment resulting from ISC and demonstrated by the reservoir simulation model. Based on the results of model runs for a more uniform distribution of the effect between producing wells, the best start-up time for the most reactive well was determined. Using dynamic modeling of in-situ combustion in a carbonate reservoir, the parameters of this technology implementation were found, and incremental oil production was estimated. For the first time, the ISC technology is planned for implementation in a carbonate reservoir with high-viscosity oil in Samara region. The developed integrated approach to the dynamic modeling of in-situ combustion, which considers both the laboratory studies and preparatory work data, enables the most accurately determination of the best ISC technological parameters and this technology contribution.

scholarly journals Impact of Water Exposure and Temperature Changes on Skin Barrier Function

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Manuel Herrero-Fernandez ◽  
Trinidad Montero-Vilchez ◽  
Pablo Diaz-Calvillo ◽  
Maria Romera-Vilchez ◽  
Agustin Buendia-Eisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Skin Diseases ◽  
Water Exposure ◽  
The Impact

The frequency of hand hygiene has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but there is little evidence regarding the impact of water exposure and temperature on skin. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of water exposure and temperature on skin barrier function in healthy individuals. A prospective observational study was conducted. Temperature, pH, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema and stratum corneum hydration (SCH) were measured objectively before and after hot- and cold-water exposure and TempTest® (Microcaya TempTest, Bilbao, Spain) contact. Fifty healthy volunteers were enrolled. Hot-water exposure increased TEWL (25.75 vs. 58.58 g·h−1·m−2), pH (6.33 vs. 6.65) and erythema (249.45 vs. 286.34 AU). Cold-water immersion increased TEWL (25.75 vs. 34.96 g·h−1·m−2) and pH (6.33 vs. 6.62). TEWL (7.99 vs. 9.98 g·h−1·m−2) and erythema (209.07 vs. 227.79 AU) increased after being in contact with the hot region (44 °C) of the TempTest. No significant differences were found after contact with the cold region (4 °C) of the TempTest. In conclusion, long and continuous water exposure damages skin barrier function, with hot water being even more harmful. It would be advisable to use cold or lukewarm water for handwashing and avoid hot water. Knowing the proper temperature for hand washing might be an important measure to prevent flares in patients with previous inflammatory skin diseases on their hands.

The Impact of Aerators on Water Contamination by Emerging Gram-Negative Opportunists in At-Risk Hospital Departments

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Cristina ◽  
Anna Maria Spagnolo ◽  
Beatrice Casini ◽  
Angelo Baggiani ◽  
Pietro Del Giudice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

Objective.Our aim was to evaluate the impact of aerators on water microbiological contamination in at-risk hospital departments, with a view to quantifying the possible risk of patient exposure to waterborne microorganisms.Design.We analyzed the microbiological and chemical-physical characteristics of hot and cold water in some critical hospital departments.Setting.Two hospitals in northern Italy.Methods.We took 304 water samples over a 1-year period, at 3-month intervals, from taps used by healthcare personnel for handwashing, surgical washing, and the washing of medical equipment. We analyzed heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) at 36°C and 22°C, nonfastidious gram-negative bacteria (GNB-NE), and Legionella pneumophila.Results.The percentages of positivity and mean values of HPCs at 22°C, HPCs at 36°C, and GNB-NE loads were significantly higher at outlet points than in the plumbing system. In particular, GNB-NE positivity was higher at outlet points than in the plumbing system in both the cold water (31.58% vs 6.58% of samples were positive) and hot water (21.05% vs 3.95%) supplies. Our results also revealed contamination by L. pneumophila both in the plumbing system and at outlet points, with percentages of positive samples varying according to the serogroup examined (serogroups 1 and 2-14). The mean concentrations displayed statistically significant (P < .001) differences between the outlet points (27,382.89 ± 42,245.33 colony-forming units [cfu]/L) and the plumbing system (19,461.84 ± 29,982.11 cfu/L).Conclusions.These results reveal a high level of contamination of aerators by various species of gram-negative opportunists that are potentially very dangerous for immunocompromised patients and, therefore, the need to improve the management of these devices.

Low Permeability Reservoir Water Displacing Oil and Water Flooding Characteristic Curve Theory

2014 ◽  
Vol 556-562 ◽  
pp. 4701-4704
Author(s):  
Chun Sen Zhao ◽  
Qing Lin Ren ◽  
Pei Jing Li
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Recoverable Reserves ◽  
The Impact

The so-called water flooding characteristic curve refers to the oilfield water injection (or natural water drive) development process, a relationship between curve cumulative oil production, cumulative water production and accumulation of fluid production. These curves have been widely used for water injection development of dynamic and recoverable reserves forecast. After many years of practical application, summed up the four kinds of water drive characteristic curve, they have a good practical significance. Recoverable reserves are important indicators of field development is the main basis for planning and design, the application of waterflooding characteristic curve can be predicted oil recoverable reserves. Four water flooding characteristics discussed above curve is mainly applied in high-permeability oil field, which did not consider starting pressure, but should consider the impact of low permeability oilfield actuating pressure gradient on the moisture content.

scholarly journals Water and energy savings from greywater reuse: a modelling scheme using disaggregated consumption data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Knutsson ◽  
P. Knutsson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Toilet Flushing ◽  
Hydraulic Design ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Great Stress ◽  
Greywater Reuse

Abstract Municipal drinking water supplies are under great stress globally, and one way to mitigate the problems is the reutilization of wastewater in various settings. In this paper, a greywater reuse scheme and the impact of system design and configuration on water and energy savings are investigated. The objective of the paper was to investigate the impact of hydraulic design and performance of a greywater treatment and reuse system on water and energy savings. A simulation model was created based on real, disaggregated water consumption data that predicts the reuse potential. Three scenarios were investigated; (1) greywater collection from the bathroom and reuse for toilet flushing, (2) greywater collection from bathroom sinks and showers, and reuse as hot water for sinks and showers, and (3) a combination of (1) and (2) where greywater collection from bathroom sinks and showers is used for toilet flushing, sinks and shower. The results indicate hot water reductions between 55.6 and 58.2%, while cold water reductions ranged from 5.8 to 30.6%. Reductions in energy for producing hot water between 43.5 and 46.8% were observed. Recommendations per connected user for hydraulic design ranged from 0.033 to 0.1 dm3 min−1, 3 dm3, and 0.7–10 dm3 for treatment capacity, collection and holding tank volume.

scholarly journals Experimental Studies of Immiscible High-Nitrogen Natural Gas WAG Injection Efficiency in Mixed-Wet Carbonate Reservoir

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2346
Author(s):  
Mirosław Wojnicki ◽  
Jan Lubaś ◽  
Marcin Warnecki ◽  
Jerzy Kuśnierczyk ◽  
Sławomir Szuflita
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wag Injection

Crucial oil reservoirs are located in naturally fractured carbonate formations and are currently reaching a mature phase of production. Hence, a cost-effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method is needed to achieve a satisfactory recovery factor. The paper focuses on an experimental investigation of the efficiency of water alternating sour and high-nitrogen (~85% N2) natural gas injection (WAG) in mixed-wetted carbonates that are crucial reservoir rocks for Polish oil fields. The foam-assisted water alternating gas method (FAWAG) was also tested. Both were compared with continuous water injection (CWI) and continuous gas injection (CGI). A series of coreflooding experiments were conducted within reservoir conditions (T = 126 ℃, P = 270 bar) on composite cores, and each consisted of four reservoir dolomite core plugs and was saturated with the original reservoir fluids. In turn, some of the experiments were conducted on artificially fractured cores to evaluate the impact of fractures on recovery efficiency. The performance evaluation of the tested methods was carried out by comparing oil recoveries from non-fractured composite cores, as well as fractured. In the case of non-fractured cores, the WAG injection outperformed continuous gas injection (CGI) and continuous water injection (CWI). As expected, the presence of fractures significantly reduced performance of WAG, CGI and CWI injection modes. In contrast, with regard to FAWAG, deployment of foam flow in the presence of fractures remarkably enhanced oil recovery, which confirms the possibility of using the FAWAG method in situations of premature gas breakthrough. The positive results encourage us to continue the research of the potential uses of this high-nitrogen natural gas in EOR, especially in the view of the utilization of gas reservoirs with advantageous location, high reserves and reservoir energy.

Interpretation of Immiscible WAG Repeat Pressure-Falloff Tests

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (06) ◽  
pp. 687-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A.. A. Stenger ◽  
S.A.. A. Al-Kendi ◽  
A.F.. F. Al-Ameri ◽  
A.B.. B. Al-Katheeri
Keyword(s):  
Water Injection ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Mobility Control ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Injection Wells ◽  
Pressure Derivative ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Phase Mobility ◽  
Injection Cycle

Summary This paper reviewed the interpretation of repeat pressure-falloff (PFO) tests acquired in two vertical pattern injectors operating in a carbonate reservoir undergoing full-field development. Enhanced vertical-sweep conformance through phase mobility control in the presence of strong reservoir heterogeneity was the major expected benefit from an immiscible water-alternating-gas (WAG) displacement mechanism. PFO tests were carried out during the monophasic injection phase to determine well injectivity and reservoir properties, and were subsequently acquired at the end of each 3-month injection cycle. Analytical falloff-test interpretation relied on the use of the two zone radial composite model. Multiple falloff-test interpretations indicated that the two pattern vertical injectors behaved differently even though both had been fractured. The difference in behavior was linked to different perforated intervals and reservoir properties. Gas- and water-injection rates were showing differences between both pattern injectors as a consequence. Injected gas banks had a small inner radius and were almost undetectable at the end of the subsequent water cycle. Changes in the pressure-derivative slope at the end of the subsequent water-injection cycle indicated most likely the creation of an effective mixing zone of injected gas and water in the reservoir. Numerical finite-volume simulation was required to account for potential injected-fluid segregation and the heterogeneous multilayered nature of the reservoir. Repeat saturation logs acquired in observation wells monitored the saturation distribution away from the injection wells. Fluid saturations derived from the simulation model were showing a good agreement with the analytical results in general, although the need to account for gas trapping was confirmed. Eight planned development WAG injectors were repositioned as a consequence of WAG 1 and WAG 2 pattern performance.

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