scholarly journals Cryptosporidium parvum GP60 subtypes present in diarrheic dairy calves of two biogeographical regions of Chile

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Peña ◽  
Pamela Muñoz ◽  
Eduardo Raffo ◽  
Fernando Fredes ◽  
Luiz S Ozaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Gene Fragment ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Biogeographical Regions ◽  
Diarrheic Calves ◽  
Gp60 Subtypes

Abstract Background Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan zoonotic pathogen primary causing diarrhea in vertebrate hosts notably bovines and humans. Here, we characterized Cryptosporidium isolates by using the GP60 gene fragment of C. parvum to observe the dynamics of cryptosporidiosis transmission in dairy calves from two distant biogeographical regions of Chile (Metropolitan and Los Rios Regions). We collected 72 fecal samples from diarrheic calves screening the parasite carried out microscopy of an acid-fast staining smear and molecular characterization employing PCR to directly detect the Sanger GP60 C. parvum subtype and simultaneously in one selected sample the NGS profile of the GP60 same gene fragment to determine same and/or others Cryptosporidium subtypes Results The IIaA15G2R1 subtype was present in the 100% of the bovine fecal samples studied from Los Rios Region. Along with this same subtype, another two were observed in the Metropolitan Region, IIaA17G2R1 and IIaA17G4R1. The NGS analysis of a single selected GP60 PCR amplicon of one selected sample of our study showed similarly the Sanger sequencing determined subtype, the IIaA17G4R1 in 90% of readable sequences observed. By using this approach another multiple low frequency IIa subtypes of C. parvum were observed confirming that in an infected host multiple subtypes of the parasite can be present. Conclusions Cryptosporidiosis in these dairy farms calves in Chile is produced by C. parvum limited number of subtypes, being IIaA15G2R1 the most frequent. The IIa subtype family is considered prevalent in calves in South America. Subtypes IIaA17G2R1 and IIaA17G4R1 had been worldwide distribution. As all C. parvum subtypes observed in calves in Chile were isolated from diarrheic animals, so, it can be possible to relate its presence with the pathogenic role in the bovine host and with a potential digestive disease risk for humans.

scholarly journals Occurrence of neonatal diarrhea in calves with iron-deficiency anemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Radisa Prodanovic ◽  
Sreten Nedic ◽  
Oliver Radanovic ◽  
Vesna Milicevic ◽  
Ivan Vujanac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Gut Function ◽  
History Of ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Diarrheic Calves

Introduction. Neonatal calves are often deficient in iron. Accumulating evidence indicates that iron status is associated with disease pathologies including diarrhea. Our objective was to examine the association between iron status and gut function in neonatal calves with and without a history of calf diarrhea. Materials and Methods. Calves were divided into two groups based on their history of diarrhea; the first group were diarrheic calves (n=6) and the second group were non-diarrheic healthy calves (n=6). Blood samples (n=12) were collected at day 12 of age and erythrogram determination and measurements of serum iron and total iron binding capacity were performed. Hematological values were measured using an automatic analyzer, and biochemical properties were determined spectrophotometrically. Fecal samples were obtained from all calves and pH measured using semi quantitative test strips as well as being examined by bacterial cultivation for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Clostridium perfringens, by RT-PCR for the presence of bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus, and by microscopy for the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum. Results and Conclusions. There were significant iron-related changes for most hematological indices in diarrheic calves; and iron (Fe) deficiency and microcytic, hypochromic anemia were diagnosed. The pH of the feces was significantly higher in diarrheic calves than in the non-diarrheic healthy group (P<0.01). All fecal samples were negative for the analyzed enteric pathogens. According to the results obtained, calves experiencing iron deficiency anemia exhibit changes in gut function leading to diarrhea as compared with a matched group of healthy calves.

scholarly journals Assessment of Influential Factors for Scours Associated with Cryptosporidium sp., Rotavirus and Coronavirus in Calves from Argentinean Dairy Farms

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2652
Author(s):  
Emiliano Bertoni ◽  
Adrián A. Barragán ◽  
Marina Bok ◽  
Celina Vega ◽  
Marcela Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Logistic Regression Models

Scours is the most common disease in dairy calves, and it is a multifactorial syndrome complex. Cryptosporidium sp. (C. sp.), rotavirus group A (RVA), and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are the three main pathogens associated with scours. The objective of this study was to identify potential factors associated with scours, C. sp., RVA, and BCoV infections in preweaned dairy calves from Lerma Valley in Salta Province, Argentina. A total of 488 preweaned calves from 19 dairy farms located in the Lerma Valley were enrolled in this observational study. One fecal sample was collected from each calf between one week and two months of age for assessment of C. sp., RVA, and BCoV infection status. Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts and RVA and BCoV antigens in fecal samples were assessed using microscopic observation and indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (iELISA), respectively. A voluntary questionnaire was developed and used to collect data regarding management practices from the participants’ farms. The data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. Scours incidence was 35.4%, and a greater proportion of calves younger than 20 days were affected. Of the fecal samples, 18% and 9.5% tested were positives for C. sp. and RVA, respectively, while BCoV was detected only in two calves. Furthermore, 84.2% and 63.1% of the farms tested positive for Cryptosporidium sp. and RVA, respectively. In addition, the following variables were associated with higher odds of having scours: (1) herd size (>300 milking cows; OR = 1.7), (2) calf age (<20 days of age; OR = 2.2), (3) RVA and C. sp. test (positive test; RVA OR = 2.6; C. sp. OR = 3), calf feeding practices (feeding milk replacer; OR = 1.81), and newborn calf management practices (calf moved from maternity pen <6 h after calving; OR = 1.7). Concerning RVA infection, calves less than 20 days of age (OR = 2.6) had a higher chance of testing positive for RVA, while calves that remained in the calving pen for less than 6 h after calving had a lower chance (OR = 0.3). On the other hand, for C. sp. infection, large farm size (>300 milking cows; OR = 1.2) and young calf age (<20 days of age; OR = 4.4) indicated a higher chance of testing positive for C. sp., while calves belonging to farms that fed frozen colostrum (OR = 0.2) had a lower chance of becoming infected with C. sp. The result of this study indicated that scours is a prevalent disease in farms of the Lerma Valley, Salta, Argentina, and that RVA and C. sp. infections, along with specific farm management practices, might be important contributing factors that could increase the chance of NCS in dairy farms.

scholarly journals Shedding of Cryptosporidium in calves and dams: evidence of re-infection and shedding of different gp60 subtypes

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (11) ◽  
pp. 1404-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Thomson ◽  
Elisabeth A. Innes ◽  
Nicholas N. Jonsson ◽  
Frank Katzer
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fragment Analysis ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Gp60 Subtypes ◽  
Gp60 Subtyping

AbstractOne of the most common causes of calf diarrhoea is the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. Two longitudinal studies were carried out on a dairy farm Scotland to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in a group of calves and to determine whether dams were a possible source of calfhood infection. Fecal samples were collected from 25 calves from birth to 12 months in the first year. In the second year, fecal samples were collected from pregnant cows (n = 29) and their calves (n = 30) from birth to 6 months. The samples were tested for Cryptosporidium and speciated. Cryptosporidium parvum-positive samples were subtyped by GP60 fragment analysis. All calves in both studies shed Cryptosporidium during the study period. Cryptosporidium parvum was the predominant species detected in calves ⩽6 weeks of age and at 6 months of age, C. bovis and C. ryanae were detected in calves older than 4 weeks of age but ⩽6 months of age. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was higher in younger animals than in older animals. GP60 subtyping revealed two subtypes in calves on this farm (IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA19G2R1) that differed in frequency by age. Adult cattle also shed C. parvum, of four gp60 genotypes.

scholarly journals Occurrences of gastrointestinal parasites in fecal samples from domestic dogs in São Paulo, SP, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Isabel Giuli da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Hilda Fátima Jesus Pena ◽  
Sérgio Santos Azevedo ◽  
Marcelo Bahia Labruna ◽  
Solange Maria Gennari
Keyword(s):  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
One Year

Abstract Occurrences of gastrointestinal parasites were assessed in fecal samples from 3,099 dogs in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, SP, that were treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of São Paulo Veterinary School. The samples were analyzed using the flotation and centrifugal sedimentation methods. The results were compared with those from previous studies (at different times). The frequency of each parasite was correlated with the dogs’ ages, breeds and gender, as well as the occurrences of diarrhea and the use of anthelmintics, by means of the chi-square or Fisher exact test. Partitioned chi-square tests were used to compare occurrences of each parasite and the times analyzed. Out of the total number of samples, 20.5% were positive and 16.1% (102/635) of these presented more than one genus of parasites. Ancylostoma spp. (7.1%) and Giardia spp. (5.5%) were the most frequent helminths and protozoa, respectively. Ancylostoma spp. was associated (p<0.05) with age (over one year), mixed breeds, sex (male) and no use of anthelmintics. Dogs under one year and mixed breeds were associated with occurrences of Toxocara canis; and younger dogs with Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora spp. Giardia spp. were also associated with dogs with a defined breed (p<0.05). All the parasites analyzed presented lower incidence in the last period analyzed than in the previous periods.

scholarly journals Molecular confirmation of Fasciola hepatica infection in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Vilhena Freire Martins ◽  
Giuliano Failla ◽  
Marcela Santos Sena Martins ◽  
Gabriel José Silva Uzai ◽  
Marcus Vinicius Gonçalves Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Conservation Units ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris ◽  
Espirito Santo

Abstract Sixty-two fecal samples of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) living in eight conservation units (CUs) across the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, were assessed for the presence of eggs of liver flukes via sedimentation. Fasciola hepatica eggs were found in 37.1% (23/62) of the samples. Positive samples were found in six CUs (75%), three CUs located in the southern region of the state and three others in the metropolitan region of the capital city of Vitória. Identification of Fasciola hepatica eggs collected from capybara fecal samples were based on morphology, and confirmed using molecular methods. Our results suggest that capybaras may serve as a wild reservoir host for F. hepatica, possibly contributing to the epidemiology and geographic range expansion of this zoonotic parasite across its vast range of distribution in South America.

scholarly journals PSIX-1 Fecal microbiome of dairy calves fed with fresh or frozen maternal colostrum or colostrum powder

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 419-419
Author(s):  
Gercino F Virgínio Júnior ◽  
Cristiane Tomaluski ◽  
Ana Paula Silva ◽  
Sophia Dondé ◽  
Horácio Montenegro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Miseq Platform

Abstract Besides the importance for passive immune transfer, the supply of colostrum accelerates the bacterial colonization of the calf small intestine by providing nutrients, that will function as bacteria growth substrate, as well being a microorganism inoculum source. However, it is not known whether the effect is maintained when the calves are fed with frozen colostrum or colostrum powder. The present work evaluated 15 Holstein calves housed in tropical shelters, fed one of the colostrum sources: I – fresh colostrum from the dam (n = 5), II – frozen colostrum and III – colostrum powder, a dose of 150g of IgG (n = 5). Animals fed with fresh or frozen colostrum received a corresponding volume 10% of its birth weight of high-quality colostrum (IgG &gt; 50g / L). All animals were fed within 4h after birth. From the second meal, calves received 6 L of liquid diet, divided into two meals, being weaned at the 8th week of age. After weaning, calves were grouped housed, and fed with starter and coast-cross hay ad libitum. To evaluate the microbiome, fecal samples were collected at birth and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10. The microbial community was determined by sequencing V3 and V4 region amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene that was amplified by PCR and sequenced by the Illumina MiSeq platform. There was no treatment effect for the diversity indices, evenness and richness. Simpson’s diversity and evenness had no effect for weeks. Weeks 1 and 2 had less Shannon’ diversity. Richness was higher for week 0. Analyzing the relative abundance, 31 phyla were identified in the fecal samples, the most abundant being Bacteriodota, Firmicutes_A, Proteobacterias, Fusobacteriota and Firmicutes. Different sources of colostrum can be used to feed dairy calves, without affecting the diversity in the colonization of the intestinal tract.

scholarly journals Evaluation of fecal smear methods for research on Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in the feces of dairy calves

2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 585-598
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Molinari Candeias ◽  
◽  
Gabrieli Maria Huff ◽  
Adriana Fiorini Rosado ◽  
André Luis Vriesman Beninca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Genetic Sequencing ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
False Negative Results ◽  
Fecal Smear

The objective of this study is to compare the direct fecal smear (DFS) and centrifugal sedimentation (CS) methods in the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in fecal samples of dairy calves. One hundred and fourteen fecal samples were collected from calves aged up to six months from 10 dairy farms located in Palotina and Francisco Alves, Paraná, Brazil. The microscopic analysis revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in 51.75% (59/114) of the samples in both methods. In CS, 48.25% (55/114) of the samples were positive, while in DFS slides, only 6.14% (7/114) were positive. Only 4 samples were positive exclusively in DFS. To ensure that there were no false-negative results in the microscopic analysis, the 55 samples that were negative in both DFS and CS were selected for molecular analysis using the nested PCR (nPCR). Of these 55 samples, 24% (13/55) were positive and forwarded for sequencing part of the genome, which made it possible to identify C. parvum, C. bovis and C. ryanae. Besides the characterization of the Cryptosporidium species, it was possible to identify bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter interfering directly in the analyzed samples. The microscopic analysis also revealed higher sensitivity when CS was used to make the fecal smears. However, some samples that were negative in this technique had positive PCR results. Thus, molecular analysis is indicated to confirm cases of Cryptosporidium spp. Further studies are necessary to prove the specificities of the used primers since the results obtained in nPCR were positive for the protozoan but, when genetic sequencing was performed, Acinetobacter spp. was identified.

scholarly journals Fecal microbiome profiles of neonatal dairy calves with varying severities of gastrointestinal disease

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262317
Author(s):  
Giovana S. Slanzon ◽  
Benjamin J. Ridenhour ◽  
Dale A. Moore ◽  
William M. Sischo ◽  
Lindsay M. Parrish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Probiotic Properties ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition

Gastrointestinal disease (GI) is the most common illness in pre-weaned dairy calves. Studies have associated the fecal microbiome composition with health status, but it remains unclear how the microbiome changes across different levels of GI disease and breeds. Our objective was to associate the clinical symptoms of GI disease with the fecal microbiome. Fecal samples were collected from calves (n = 167) of different breeds (Holstein, Jersey, Jersey-cross and beef-cross) from 4–21 d of age. Daily clinical evaluations assessed health status. Calves with loose or watery feces were diagnosed with diarrhea and classified as bright-sick (BS) or depressed-sick (DS) according to behavior. Calves with normal or semiformed feces and no clinical illness were classified as healthy (H). One hundred and three fecal samples were obtained from consistently healthy calves and 64 samples were from calves with diarrhea (n = 39 BS; n = 25 DS). The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and analyzed. Differences were identified by a linear-mixed effects model with a negative binomial error. DS and Jersey calves had a higher relative abundance of Streptococcus gallolyticus relative to H Holstein calves. In addition, DS calves had a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium longum and an enrichment of Escherichia coli. Species of the genus Lactobacillus, such as an unclassified Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus salivarius were enriched in calves with GI disease. Moreover, we created a model to predict GI disease based on the fecal microbiome composition. The presence of Eggerthella lenta, Bifidobacterium longum, and Collinsella aerofaciens were associated with a healthy clinical outcome. Although lactobacilli are often associated with beneficial probiotic properties, the presence of E. coli and Lactobacillus species had the highest coefficients positively associated with GI disease prediction. Our results indicate that there are differences in the fecal microbiome of calves associated with GI disease severity and breed specificities.

scholarly journals Diarrhea Duration and Performance Outcomes of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves Supplemented with Bacteriophage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evandro Schmoeller ◽  
Adriane D. C. de Matos ◽  
NATALIA RAHAL ◽  
Josiane O. Feijo ◽  
Cassio C. Brauner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Lytic Bacteriophage ◽  
Phage Group ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate lytic bacteriophage supplementation in pre-weaned dairy calves over neonatal calf diarrhea and respiratory diseases occurrence, performance and biochemical parameters. Also, to determine bacterial agents causing NCD. Two hundred Holstein×Gyr crossbred female calves were divided into two groups: Control (CON, n = 100), no supplementation; and Bacteriophage (PHAGE, n = 100) bacteriophage supplementation (1 g/day) from d 3 until d 70 of life. Calves were monitored daily for respiratory disease and diarrhea, as for age at the first diarrheic episode and its duration. Fecal samples were cultured for isolation of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. colonies and PCR was performed to identify E. coli virulence genes and to confirm Salmonella spp. Performance outcomes were evaluated up to 80 d of age. Blood samples were collected to determine serum levels of total proteins, albumin, cholesterol, γ-glutamyl transferase and urea. PHAGE group had fewer days in diarrhea and duration of the first episode was lower, compared to CON group. Fecal samples of three animals in PHAGE and nine in CON were positive for E. coli in PCR. Thoracic perimeter tended to be higher in supplemented animals. Average daily gain mean of PHAGE was higher in the first 30 d of life, at the beginning of step-down weaning (up to 42 d) and after weaning (up to 80 d). PHAGE mean was lower for albumin and higher for urea. Therefore, phage therapy during the pre-weaned period reduced the duration of neonatal diarrhea, providing greater weight gain for calves.

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