scholarly journals Hyperhomocysteinemia and its Relations to Conventional Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Adult Nigerians: The REMAH Study.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babangida Chori ◽  
Benjamin Danladi ◽  
Bassey Inyang ◽  
Michael Okoh ◽  
Maxwell Nwegbu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background: Evidence linking homocysteine (Hcy) with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or its risk factors are insufficient in a Sub-Saharan black population. Objective: We set out to evaluate the association between Hcy and hypertension and other CVD risk factors in a population of adult Nigerians. Methods: Data of 156 adults aged 18-70years was accessed from the North Central study site of the REmoving the MAsk on Hypertension (REMAH) study. Homocysteine, blood glucose and lipid profile in whole blood/serum were measured using standard laboratory methods. Hypertension was diagnosed if average of 5 consecutive blood pressure (BP) measurements obtained using a mercury sphygmomanometer was equal to or higher than 140 systolic and/or 90 mmHg diastolic or the individual is on antihypertensive medication. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) was defined as Hcy>10µmol/L. Results: Of the 156 participants, 72 (43.5%) were hypertensive, of whom 18 had HHcy. Subjects with HHcy were significantly (p<0.05) older (41.5 vs 40.6yrs), had lower HDL-cholesterol (0.6 vs 0.8mmol/L) and higher systolic (145.5 vs 126.0mmHg) and diastolic BP (92.9 vs 79.6mmHg), compared to those without HHcy. Intake of alcohol and a 1yr increase in age were respectively and significantly (p<0.05) associated with a 1.54 and 0.10 µmol/L increase in Hcy. In a multivariable model adjusted for age, sex and body mass index, a 1µmol/L increase in Hcy, was associated with a 1.69 mmHg and 1.34 mmHg increase in systolic and diastolic pressure (p< 0.0001) respectively; and a 0.01mmol/L decrease in HDL-cholesterol (p<0.05). Conclusion: HHcy occurs among hypertensive Nigerians and it is independently associated with age, HDL-cholesterol, systolic and diastolic BP.

scholarly journals Hyperhomocysteinemia and its relations to conventional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in adult Nigerians: the REMAH study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babangida S. Chori ◽  
Benjamin Danladi ◽  
Bassey A. Inyang ◽  
Michael P. Okoh ◽  
Maxwell M. Nwegbu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background Evidence linking homocysteine (Hcy) with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or its risk factors are limited in a sub-Saharan black population. Objective We set out to evaluate the association between Hcy and hypertension and other CVD risk factors in a population of adult Nigerians. Methods Data of 156 adults aged 18–70 years was accessed from the North Central study site of the REmoving the MAsk on Hypertension (REMAH) study. Homocysteine, blood glucose and lipid profile in whole blood/serum were measured using standard laboratory methods. Hypertension was diagnosed if average of 5 consecutive blood pressure (BP) measurements obtained using a mercury sphygmomanometer was equal to or higher than 140 systolic and/or 90 mmHg diastolic or the individual is on antihypertensive medication. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) was defined as Hcy > 10 µmol/L. Results Of the 156 participants, 72 (43.5%) were hypertensive, of whom 18 had HHcy. Subjects with HHcy were significantly (p < 0.05) older (41.5 vs. 40.6yrs), had lower HDL-cholesterol (0.6 vs. 0.8 mmol/L) and higher systolic (145.5 vs. 126.0 mmHg) and diastolic BP (92.9 vs. 79.6 mmHg), compared to those without HHcy. Intake of alcohol and a 1 yr increase in age were respectively and significantly (p < 0.05) associated with a 1.54 and 0.10 µmol/L increase in Hcy. In a multivariable model adjusted for age, sex and body mass index, a 1 µmol/L increase in Hcy, was associated with a 1.69 mmHg and 1.34 mmHg increase in systolic and diastolic pressure (p < 0.0001) respectively; and a 0.01 mmol/L decrease in HDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05). Conclusion HHcy occurs among hypertensive Nigerians and it is independently associated with age, HDL-cholesterol, systolic and diastolic BP.

scholarly journals HIV-related cardiovascular diseases: the search for a unifying hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (4) ◽  
pp. H731-H746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Dominick ◽  
Natasha Midgley ◽  
Lisa-Mari Swart ◽  
Devon Sprake ◽  
Gaurang Deshpande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Although the extensive rollout of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy resulted in a longer life expectancy for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), such individuals display a relatively increased occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This health challenge stimulated significant research interests in the field, leading to an improved understanding of both lifestyle-related risk factors and the underlying mechanisms of CVD onset in PLHIV. However, despite such progress, the precise role of various risk factors and mechanisms underlying the development of HIV-mediated CVD still remains relatively poorly understood. Therefore, we review CVD onset in PLHIV and focus on 1) the spectrum of cardiovascular complications that typically manifest in such persons and 2) underlying mechanisms that are implicated in this process. Here, the contributions of such factors and modulators and underlying mechanisms are considered in a holistic and integrative manner to generate a unifying hypothesis that includes identification of the core pathways mediating CVD onset. The review focuses on the sub-Saharan African context, as there are relatively high numbers of PLHIV residing within this region, indicating that the greater CVD risk will increasingly threaten the well-being and health of its citizens. It is our opinion that such an approach helps point the way for future research efforts to improve treatment strategies and/or lifestyle-related modifications for PLHIV.

Does HbA1cc Play a Role in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (24) ◽  
pp. 2876-2882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kailash Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) may be mediated through increases in the cardiovascular risk factors. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) also called glycated hemoglobin is presently used for the diagnosis and management of diabetes. It has adverse effects on cardiovascular system. This review deals with its synthesis and effects on the cardiovascular system. The serum levels of HbA1c have been reported to be affected by various factors including, the lifespan of erythrocytes, factors affecting erythropoiesis, agents interfering glycation of Hb, destruction of erythrocytes, drugs that shift the formation of Hb, statins, and drugs interfering the HbA1c assay. Levels of HbA1c are positively correlated with serum glucose and advanced glycation end products ( AGE), but no correlation between AGE and serum glucose. AGE cannot replace HbA1c for the diagnosis and management of diabetes because there is no correlation of AGE with serum glucose, and because the half-life of protein with which glucose combines is only 14-20 days as compared to erythrocytes which have a half-life of 90-120 days. HbA1c is positively associated with CVD such as the carotid and coronary artery atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke and hypertension.HbA1c induces dyslipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, and hypertension, and increases C-reactive protein, oxidative stress and blood viscosity that would contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, HbA1c serves as a useful marker for the diagnosis and management of diabetes. AGE cannot replace HbA1c in the diagnosis and management of diabetes. There is an association of HbA1c with CVD which be mediated through modulation of CVD risk factors.

scholarly journals Comparative risk assessment for the development of cardiovascular diseases in the Hungarian general and Roma population

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Piko ◽  
Zsigmond Kosa ◽  
Janos Sandor ◽  
Roza Adany
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Roma Population

AbstractCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally, and the early identification of high risk is crucial to prevent the disease and to reduce healthcare costs. Short life expectancy and increased mortality among the Roma are generally accepted (although not indeed proven by mortality analyses) which can be partially explained by the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) among them. This study aims to elaborate on the prevalence of the most important CVD risk factors, assess the estimation of a 10-year risk of development of fatal and nonfatal CVDs based on the most used risk assessment scoring models, and to compare the Hungarian general (HG) and Roma (HR) populations. In 2018 a complex health survey was accomplished on the HG (n = 380) and HR (n = 347) populations. The prevalence of CVRS was defined and 10-year cardiovascular risk was estimated for both study populations using the following systems: Framingham Risk Score for hard coronary heart disease (FRSCHD) and for cardiovascular disease (FRSCVD), Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) and Revised Pooled Cohort Equations (RPCE). After the risk scores had been calculated, the populations were divided into risk categories and all subjects were classified. For all CVD risk estimation scores, the average of the estimated risk was higher among Roma compared to the HG independently of the gender. The proportion of high-risk group in the Hungarian Roma males population was on average 1.5–3 times higher than in the general one. Among Roma females, the average risk value was higher than in the HG one. The proportion of high-risk group in the Hungarian Roma females population was on average 2–3 times higher compared to the distribution of females in the general population. Our results show that both genders in the Hungarian Roma population have a significantly higher risk for a 10-year development of cardiovascular diseases and dying from them compared to the HG one. Therefore, cardiovascular interventions should be focusing not only on reducing smoking among Roma but on improving health literacy and service provision regarding prevention, early recognition, and treatment of lipid disorders and diabetes among them.

scholarly journals Estimating the burden of cardiovascular risk in community dwellers over 40 years old in South Africa, Kenya, Burkina Faso and Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e003499
Author(s):  
Ryan G Wagner ◽  
Nigel J Crowther ◽  
Lisa K Micklesfield ◽  
Palwende Romauld Boua ◽  
Engelbert A Nonterah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
South African ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. The impact of these risk factors on future CVD outcomes and burden is poorly understood. We examined the magnitude of modifiable risk factors, estimated future CVD risk and compared results between three commonly used 10-year CVD risk factor algorithms and their variants in four African countries.MethodsIn the Africa-Wits-INDEPTH partnership for Genomic studies (the AWI-Gen Study), 10 349 randomly sampled individuals aged 40–60 years from six sites participated in a survey, with blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid levels measured. Using these data, 10-year CVD risk estimates using Framingham, Globorisk and WHO-CVD and their office-based variants were generated. Differences in future CVD risk and results by algorithm are described using kappa and coefficients to examine agreement and correlations, respectively.ResultsThe 10-year CVD risk across all participants in all sites varied from 2.6% (95% CI: 1.6% to 4.1%) using the WHO-CVD lab algorithm to 6.5% (95% CI: 3.7% to 11.4%) using the Framingham office algorithm, with substantial differences in risk between sites. The highest risk was in South African settings (in urban Soweto: 8.9% (IQR: 5.3–15.3)). Agreement between algorithms was low to moderate (kappa from 0.03 to 0.55) and correlations ranged between 0.28 and 0.70. Depending on the algorithm used, those at high risk (defined as risk of 10-year CVD event >20%) who were under treatment for a modifiable risk factor ranged from 19.2% to 33.9%, with substantial variation by both sex and site.ConclusionThe African sites in this study are at different stages of an ongoing epidemiological transition as evidenced by both risk factor levels and estimated 10-year CVD risk. There is low correlation and disparate levels of population risk, predicted by different risk algorithms, within sites. Validating existing risk algorithms or designing context-specific 10-year CVD risk algorithms is essential for accurately defining population risk and targeting national policies and individual CVD treatment on the African continent.

Cross-talk between renal lithogenesis and atherosclerosis: an unveiled link between kidney stone formation and cardiovascular diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 615-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asokan Devarajan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Kidney Stone ◽  
Arterial Wall ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Crystal Nucleation ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Kidney Stone Formation

The prevalence of kidney stones and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasing throughout the world. Both diseases are chronic and characterized by accumulation of oxidized proteins and lipids in the renal tissue and arterial wall, respectively. Emerging studies have revealed a positive association between nephrolithiasis and CVDs. Based on preclinical and clinical evidences, this review discusses: (i) stone forming risk factors, crystal nucleation, aggregation, injury-induced crystal retention, and stone formation, (ii) CVD risk factors such as dyslipidemia, perturbation of gut microbiome, obesity, free radical-induced lipoprotein oxidation, and retention in the arterial wall, subsequent foam cell formation, and atherosclerosis, (iii) mechanism by which stone forming risk factors such as oxalate, calcium, uric acid, and infection contribute toward CVDs, and (iv) how CVD risk factors, such as cholesterol, phospholipids, and uric acid, contribute to kidney stone formation are described.

Abstract 5017: An Insertion/Deletion Polyporphism in α 2 -Adrenergic Receptor Gene is a Novel Genetic Risk Factors Sudden Cardiac Death

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jari Laukkanen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Death ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Cox Model ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Coronary Risk Factors

α 2B -adrenoceptors mediate contraction of vascular smooth muscle and induce coronary vasoconstriction in humans. A variant of the human α 2B -adrenoceptor gene that encodes a D of three residues in an intracellular acidic motif has been shown to confer decreased receptor desensitization. This receptor variant could, therefore, be involved in cardiovascular diseases associated with enhanced vasoconstriction. Our aim was to study whether an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the α 2B -adrenoceptor gene is associated with the risk for sudden cardiac death. This study was part of a prospective population-based study investigating risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in a cohort of middle-aged men from eastern Finland. The study is based on 1606 men 42 to 60 years of age followed for an average time of 17 years. In this study population, 338 men (21%) had the D/D genotype; 467 (29 %) had the I/I genotype, and 801 (50%) had a heterozygous genotype. There were 76 sudden cardiac deaths during follow-up. In a Cox model adjusting for other coronary risk factors (age, systolic blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, serum LDL and HDL cholesterol, body mass index and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia), men with the D/D or I/D genotype had 1.95 time (95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 3.55, P = 0.029) higher risk to experience sudden cardiac death (20 events for D/D genotype, 13 events for I/I genotype and 43 events for I/D genotype) compared with men carrying the I/I genotype. The α 2B -adrenoceptor genotype was associated with coronary heart disease death but not with hypertension. The D/D and I/D genotypes of the α 2B -adrenoceptor are novel genetic risk predictors for sudden cardiac death.

Abstract P113: Female Gender is Associated with a Low Ankle Brachial Index in the General Population

Circulation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ridhima Kapoor ◽  
Colby Ayers ◽  
Jacquelyn Kulinski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
General Population ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
And Gender

Background: The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a predictor of cardiovascular events, mortality and functional status. Gender differences in ABI have been reported in some population studies. Differences in height might account for these observed gender differences, but findings are conflicting. Objective: This study investigated the association between gender, height and ABI in the general population, independent of traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods: Participants ≥ 40 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 with ABI data, were included. A low ABI was defined as a value < 1.0 (including borderline values). Sample-weighted multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed with low ABI as the dependent variable and height and gender as primary predictor variables of interest. A backward elimination model selection technique was performed to identify significant covariates. Results: There were 3,052 participants with ABI data (mean age 57, 51% female (1570 of 3052). The sample-weighted mean (±SE) ABI was 1.09 (±0.006) and 1.13 (±0.005) for females and males, respectively. Women were more likely to have a low ABI compared to men, 42% (659 of 1570) versus 28% (415 of 1482), respectively (p<0.0001). Female gender was associated with a low ABI (OR 1.34, [95% CI, 1.04-1.72]; p=0.025), independent of traditional CVD risk factors (see Figure). Age, diabetes, tobacco use, known CVD, BMI and black race were also associated with a low ABI (all p<0.003). Self-reported hypertension and non-HDL cholesterol levels, however, were not associated with a low ABI. An interaction between height and body mass index (BMI) was identified. Conclusions: Female gender is associated with a low ABI in the general population. This association appears to be independent of height and other traditional CVD risk factors and warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Serum sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in young men: a population-based study

2014 ◽  
Vol 170 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Canoy ◽  
T M Barber ◽  
A Pouta ◽  
A L Hartikainen ◽  
M I McCarthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Hormone Binding ◽  
Cvd Risk

ObjectiveReduced sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentration predicts insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is unclear. We examined the association between SHBG and cardiovascular risk factors, independently of total testosterone (TT), in young men.DesignObservational, cross-sectional study.SettingGeneral community.ParticipantsThe study included 2716 men aged 31 years in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort in 1996 with clinical examination data and fasting blood samples.Outcome variablesBlood pressure (BP), lipids and C-reactive protein (CRP) as biological CVD risk markers.ResultsSHBG concentration was significantly and inversely related to systolic and diastolic BP, triglycerides and CRP, but positively to HDL cholesterol after adjusting for insulin, BMI, waist circumference, smoking, education and physical activity (allP<0.05). These linearly graded associations persisted with additional adjustment for TT. SHBG was significantly associated with total cholesterol only with adjustment for covariates and TT (P<0.05). The direction and magnitude of associations between TT and risk factors were variable, but further adjustment for insulin, adiposity and SHBG showed positive associations between TT and BP, total and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and an inverse association with CRP (allP<0.05), but its relation with HDL-cholesterol was no longer significant.ConclusionsIn this cohort of young adult men, higher SHBG concentration was associated with a more favourable CVD risk profile, independently of TT. SHBG concentration modified the associations of TT with CVD risk factors.

Physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos Twisk ◽  
Isabel Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Apo B

The incidence of morbidity and mortality related to CVD is rather low in a paediatric population. Studies investigating the relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular health in children and adolescents are therefore mostly limited to CVD risk factors as outcome measures. For this reason, this chapter will focus on the association of physical activity and physical fitness with CVD risk factors in children and adolescents. These risk factors can be divided into the so-called traditional CVD risk factors; that is, lipoproteins [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG)], blood pressure, body fatness, and diabetes, and ‘new’ CVD risk factors; that is, other lipoproteins [lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), apolipoprotein (apo)B, and apoA-1], coagulation and inflammation markers [fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP)], homocysteine, and heart rate variability.

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