scholarly journals A Major Outbreak of COVID-19 in the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ching Chou ◽  
Yu-Ju Lin ◽  
Shian-Sen Shie ◽  
Hung-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wang-Huei Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Nonlinear Least Squares ◽  
Emergency Evacuation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cruise Ship ◽  
Cruise Ships ◽  
Major Outbreak ◽  
Evacuation Plan ◽  
Excel Solver ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic broke out in Wuhan, China, and declared an international public health emergency by the World Health Organization in 2019. It mainly manifests as symptoms of respiratory infections, and severe cases can cause pneumonia and death. The Diamond Princess cruise ship outbroke cluster infection outside China during the early pandemic. The incident occurred on February 1, 2020, and an 80-year-old Hong Kong man was diagnosed with COVID-19. The cruise docked in Yokohama, Japan, for 14 days on-board quarantine; however, cluster infection outbroke rapidly. The results show that after 14 days of quarantine, 634 (17.1%) cases were diagnosed with a total of 3,711 population, and 328 (51.7%) cases were asymptomatic. As of April 24, 2020, 712 cases have been diagnosed and 14 deaths have occurred. A cumulative mortality rate reaches 1.96%. Using a nonlinear least-squares curve fitting with Microsoft Excel Solver, we obtain the parameters of the SIR mathematical model of infectious disease and the reproduction number (R0) of the COVID-19 outbreak is 2.37±0.26. Without an emergency evacuation plan, the total infection rate will reach 88.47%. These data show “only one” COVID-19 case could still outbreak cluster infection on large cruise ships. The possible causes and countermeasures are discussed.

TIRYAQ-E-ARBA (A POLY HERBAL UNANI FORMULATION) IN FIGHTING AGAINST COVID 19 LIKE CONDITIONS – UNANI PERSPECTIVE

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nafisa Qibriya Khan ◽  
A. H. Farooqui ◽  
Syed Ayesha Fatima ◽  
Jalil Ahmad ◽  
Tausif S. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Unani Medicine ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease of modern time with unique and rapid transmission rate and affected almost all the nations without respecting any border. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is arguably the biggest health crisis the world has faced in 21st century. It is an infectious disease and declared pandemic by the World Health Organization. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which originated in Wuhan, China, has now spread to 192 countries and administrative regions infecting nearly 800,000 individuals of all ages as of 31 March 2020. Though most infected individuals exhibit mild symptoms including fever, upper respiratory tract symptoms, shortness of breath, and diarrhoea, or are asymptomatic altogether, severe cases of infection can lead to pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and death. Globally, at least 7900 deaths have been directly attributed to COVID19, and this number is expected to rise with the ongoing epidemic. This is particularly crucial as the current outbreak involves a new pathogen (SARS-CoV-2), on which limited knowledge exists of its infectivity and clinical profile. Research is in progress on therapeutic efficacy of various agents including anti-malarials (Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine), antiviral drugs, and convalescent serum of recovered patients. Unani system of medicine is one of the traditional systems of medicine which is being explored for providing preventive, supportive and rehabilitative care to patients. Unani system of medicine has a detailed description of drugs that are utilized in many infectious diseases, including respiratory infections. Immune response is essential to eliminate virus and to preclude disease progression to severe stages. Therefore, it is important to summarize the evidence regarding the preventive measures, control options such as immune-stimulator and prophylactic treatment in Unani medicine against Covid19. This review summarizes various pharmacological actions of Unani formulation Tiryaq-e-Arba in Unani literature and various reported pharmacological activities which can possibly provide prevention, control and reduction of complications of this deadly disease.

scholarly journals How to Help Children and Adolescents with Austism SprectrumDisorder during Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
World Health ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) are distinguished by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. Coronaviruses are an extremely common cause of colds and other upper respiratory infections. COVID-19, short for “coronavirus disease 2019”. The fast spread of the virus that causes COVID-19 has sparked alarm worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this rapidly spreading coronavirus outbreak a pandemic. Most of the countries around the world are adopting social distancing to slow the spread of coronavirus. There are several possible impacts of this pandemic on the daily lives of individuals with ASD, such as worsening of dysfunctional behaviors and regression of skills already acquired in different domains of development due to the social isolation. The objective of this article is to provide guidance to parents, health and education professionals that live or work with ASD individuals during the social isolation, on how to manage interventions that can be executed in the home environment, like remote training in language and social communication skills, behavioral strategies and sensory integration activities

scholarly journals The Relationship Between the Global Burden of Influenza From 2017 to 2019 and COVID-19: Descriptive Epidemiological Assessment (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan David Baral ◽  
Katherine Blair Rucinski ◽  
Jean Olivier Twahirwa Rwema ◽  
Amrita Rao ◽  
Neia Prata Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
The World ◽  
Influenza Activity ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 and influenza are lipid-enveloped viruses with differential morbidity and mortality but shared modes of transmission. OBJECTIVE With a descriptive epidemiological framing, we assessed whether recent historical patterns of regional influenza burden are reflected in the observed heterogeneity in COVID-19 cases across regions of the world. METHODS Weekly surveillance data reported by the World Health Organization from January 2017 to December 2019 for influenza and from January 1, 2020 through October 31, 2020, for COVID-19 were used to assess seasonal and temporal trends for influenza and COVID-19 cases across the seven World Bank regions. RESULTS In regions with more pronounced influenza seasonality, COVID-19 epidemics have largely followed trends similar to those seen for influenza from 2017 to 2019. COVID-19 epidemics in countries across Europe, Central Asia, and North America have been marked by a first peak during the spring, followed by significant reductions in COVID-19 cases in the summer months and a second wave in the fall. In Latin America and the Caribbean, COVID-19 epidemics in several countries peaked in the summer, corresponding to months with the highest influenza activity in the region. Countries from regions with less pronounced influenza activity, including South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, showed more heterogeneity in COVID-19 epidemics seen to date. However, similarities in COVID-19 and influenza trends were evident within select countries irrespective of region. CONCLUSIONS Ecological consistency in COVID-19 trends seen to date with influenza trends suggests the potential for shared individual, structural, and environmental determinants of transmission. Using a descriptive epidemiological framework to assess shared regional trends for rapidly emerging respiratory pathogens with better studied respiratory infections may provide further insights into the differential impacts of nonpharmacologic interventions and intersections with environmental conditions. Ultimately, forecasting trends and informing interventions for novel respiratory pathogens like COVID-19 should leverage epidemiologic patterns in the relative burden of past respiratory pathogens as prior information.

scholarly journals Analysis of the interventions adopted due to the COVID-19 on ARI morbility for Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Quijano-Angarita ◽  
Oscar Espinosa ◽  
Marcela M Mercado-Reyes ◽  
Diana Walteros ◽  
Diana Carolina Malo
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Official Declaration

Acute Respiratory Infections are among the leading causes of death globally, particularly in developing countries, and are highly correlated with the quality of health and surveillance systems and effective early interventions in high-risk age groups. According to the World Health Organization, about four million people die each year from mostly preventable respiratory tract infections, making it a public health concern. The official declaration of a pandemic in March 2020 due to the Sars-CoV-2 virus coincided with the influenza season in Colombia and with environmental alerts about low air quality that increase its incidence. The objective of this document is the application of a flexible model for the identification of the pattern and monitoring of ARI morbility for Colombia by age group that shows atypical patterns in the reported series for 5 departments and that coincide with the decisions implemented to contain the COVID-19

scholarly journals Mathematical Modelling, Simulation, and Optimal Control of the 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amira Rachah ◽  
Delfim F. M. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Optimal Control ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Multiple Shooting ◽  
Multiple Shooting Method ◽  
Major Outbreak ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
The Impact

The Ebola virus is currently one of the most virulent pathogens for humans. The latest major outbreak occurred in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia in 2014. With the aim of understanding the spread of infection in the affected countries, it is crucial to modelize the virus and simulate it. In this paper, we begin by studying a simple mathematical model that describes the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Liberia. Then, we use numerical simulations and available data provided by the World Health Organization to validate the obtained mathematical model. Moreover, we develop a new mathematical model including vaccination of individuals. We discuss different cases of vaccination in order to predict the effect of vaccination on the infected individuals over time. Finally, we apply optimal control to study the impact of vaccination on the spread of the Ebola virus. The optimal control problem is solved numerically by using a direct multiple shooting method.

scholarly journals Analysis of Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in Northwest Mexico and the Relationship Between the Influenza Vaccine and the Survival of Infected Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uriel A. Angulo-Zamudio ◽  
Francisco M. Martínez-Villa ◽  
Nidia Leon-Sicairos ◽  
Hector Flores-Villaseñor ◽  
Jorge Velazquez-Roman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
World Health ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Relationship

The first cases of unexplained pneumonia were reported in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019. Later, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causal agent of pneumonia. This virus has since spread to more than 180 countries and has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Herein, we aimed to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of symptomatic patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the relationship between the influenza vaccine with a lower risk of severe COVID-19 infection in the state of Sinaloa. We collected demographic and clinical data of 4,040 patients with acute respiratory infections across Sinaloa state hospitals from February 28 to May 15, 2020. The prevalence of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients with respiratory symptoms in Sinaloa showed 45.2% of men were more affected than women (p < 0.001), and people aged 40–49 years were the most affected. The main symptoms of COVID-19 infection were cough and fever (p < 0.001), while hypertension, obesity, and type 2 diabetes were the chronic diseases associated with COVID-19 than non-COVID-19 (p < 0.003). Healthcare workers were most likely to be infected compared to other occupations (p < 0.001). The general lethality rate was 14.1%, and males >62 years were the ones who had a higher lethality rate (p < 0.001); the aforementioned chronic diseases were related to higher lethality of COVID-19 (p < 0.001). Likewise, higher lethality was seen in housewives and patient retirees/pensioners compared with other occupations (p < 0.001). Finally, we found there was a relationship between influenza vaccination and a lower risk of severe COVID-19 infection and mortality (p < 0.001). These findings showed that healthcare workers, men >62 years with chronic diseases, and retired people were most affected. Furthermore, the influenza vaccine could decrease the severeness of COVID-19 cases.

scholarly journals Role of Breast-Feeding in Postnatal Women

2021 ◽  
pp. 441-447
Author(s):  
Sowmiya Sri, Nithya
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Postnatal Women ◽  
Postnatal Mothers ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Health Organization

To assess the attitude of breastfeeding in postnatal women. Breastfeeding is essential for the health and development of the child. It is protective against gastrointestinal and respiratory infections of the baby. Early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and introduction of complementary food in conjunction with continued breastfeeding is necessary for the sensory and cognitive development of the child. Even though the prevalence of breastfeeding is high, certain undesirable cultural practices delay initiation of breastmilk and colostrum. World Health Organization recommends the practice of exclusive breast feeding for infants up to 6 months of age and continue breast feeding up to 2 years along with weaning foods. Hence this study was conducted to follow up the breastfeeding practices of postnatal mothers and regarding its initiation and duration of exclusive breastfeeding in Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences.

scholarly journals Clinical, Molecular and Epidemiological Characterization of the SARS-CoV2 Virus and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Comprehensive Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Ortiz-Prado ◽  
Katherine Simbaña-Rivera ◽  
Lenin Gomez-Barreno ◽  
Mario Rubio-Neira ◽  
Linda P. Guaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Clear Insight ◽  
The Media ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses are an extensive family of viruses that can cause disease in both animals and humans. The current classification of coronaviruses recognizes 39 species in 27 subgenera that belong to the family Coronaviridae. From those, at least seven coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections in humans. Four of these viruses can cause common cold-like symptoms, while others that infect animals can evolve and become infectious to humans. Three recent examples of this viral jumps include SARS CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS CoV-2 virus. They are responsible for causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the most recently discovered coronavirus disease during 2019 (COVID-19).COVID-19, a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. The rapid spread of the disease has taken the scientific and medical community by surprise. Latest figures from 14 April 2020 show more than 2 million people had been infected with the virus, causing more than 120,000 deaths in over 210 countries worldwide. The large amount of information we receive every day concerning this new disease is so abundant and dynamic that medical staff, health authorities, academics and the media are not able to keep up with this new pandemic. In order to offer a clear insight of the extensive literature available, we have conducted a comprehensive literature review of the SARS CoV-2 Virus and the Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19).

CFD Simulation of Highway Contaminant Dispersion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyuan Gong ◽  
Xiuling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noise Barriers ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Cfd Method ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Far Wake

Vehicle emissions have been considered as a main source of air pollution contaminants. Air pollution is a severe problem which could cause many health issues, such as respiratory, infections, lung cancer, and heart disease, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In urban area, highway transportation is the main and busy traffic that contains all types of vehicles and release multiple pollutants. Studies of highway contaminants influence have been carried out by different methods, such as field study, wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Among all the methods, CFD is respectively both economical and accurate. For CFD method, in order to have a most accurate results, all the factors including terrain, wind profile, and other features in the studied area should be included. In this study, noise barrier effect is the main feature being analyzed. Different barrier heights were modelled and simulated in order to see the effect of barrier height. Situations with and without barriers were compared to get the general influence of noise barriers. Simulations were accomplished by using commercial software ANSYS 15.0. Simulated species are nitrogen oxides (NOx), including NO and NO2, carbon monoxide (CO). Double barriers configuration were modelled. A model of local high school system was built to see the difference of concentration in far wake region behind the barriers. Comparison has been made between with and without barriers. As the results of this study, a significant reduction was found in far wake area due to noise barriers. Effected flow distribution and contaminants concentration was found due to different barriers heights. Flow distribution and pollutants concentration has been depicted and analyzed. The effect has been analyzed by studying flow and wind velocity distribution.

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