Prehospital Triage Tools across the World: A Scoping Review of the Published Literature

Abstract BackgroundAccurate triage of the undifferentiated patient is a critical task in prehospital emergency care. This scoping review aims to identify published tools used for prehospital triage across the world and describe their performance characteristics.MethodsA comprehensive search was performed of primary literature in English-language journals from 2009 to 2019. Papers included focused on emergency medical services (EMS) triage of single patients. Two blinded reviewers and a third adjudicator performed independent title and abstract screening and subsequent full-text reviews. ResultsOf 1521 unique articles, 55 (3.6%) were included in the final synthesis. The majority of prehospital triage tools focused on stroke (n=19; 35%), trauma (19; 35%), and general undifferentiated patients (15; 27%). All studies, and resulting articles, were performed in high income countries, with the majority in North America (23, 42%) and Europe (22, 40%). 4 (7%) articles focused on the pediatric population. The general triage tools aggregated prehospital vital signs, mental status assessments, and sometimes, features of the history, exam, and anticipated resource need, to categorize patients into numerical or color categories to represent level of acuity. The studies assessed the tools’ ability to accurately predict emergency department triage assignment, hospitalization and short-term mortality. The stroke triage tools were designed to promote rapid identification of patients with acute large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke to trigger timely transport to diagnostically- and therapeutically-capable hospitals. Stroke triage literature evaluates tools’ diagnostic performance, impact on tissue plasminogen activator administration rates, and correlation with in-hospital stroke scales. Trauma triage tools sought to identify patients that require immediate transport to trauma centers with emergency surgery capability. The studies on trauma triage evaluate prediction of trauma center need, under-triage and over-triage rates for major trauma, and survival to discharge.ConclusionsThe published literature on prehospital triage tools predominantly derive from high-income health systems and mostly focus on adult stroke and trauma populations. Most studies sought to further simplify existing triage tools, without sacrificing triage accuracy, or assessed the predictive capability of the triage tool. There was no clear ‘gold-standard’ singular prehospital triage tool for acute undifferentiated patients. Trial RegistrationNot applicable.

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Abstract 316: Missing Data and the SOFA Score in Cardiac Arrest Research: A Scoping Review

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.140.suppl_2.316 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 140 (Suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Anne V Grossestreuer ◽

Tuyen Yankama ◽

Ari Moskowitz ◽

Long H Ngo ◽

Michael Donnino

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Arrest ◽

Missing Data ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Sofa Score ◽

English Language ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Vital Signs ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Time Points

Introduction: The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is often used as an outcome or exposure in cardiac arrest studies. SOFA requires lab values and vital signs at certain time points which often results in missing data. How this missing data is handled is unknown. Methods: We performed a scoping review of PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. English language peer-reviewed manuscripts were included. Titles/abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers to assess if they met inclusion criteria. Studies that met inclusion criteria were retrieved in full; those that did not were excluded. Disagreements between reviewers were resolved by a third reviewer. Results: The initial search provided 408 abstracts, 142 underwent full-text review (kappa: 0.91), and 66 were included (5 randomized controlled trials, 26 prospective and 25 retrospective studies). The studies had a median of 151 (IQR: 55, 278) subjects. SOFA was used as an outcome in 36 (55%) and a primary outcome in 10 (15%). Only 27 (41%) studies reported a method to handle missing SOFA data. The most common method was to exclude subjects with missing data (81%). Other methods were use of maximum SOFA while subjects were alive (11%), modified SOFA after excluding subjects who died prior to the timepoint (11%), and earlier and later SOFA to impute values (4%). When SOFA was the primary outcome, 4 (40%) reported a method; 3 (75%) excluded subjects and one (25%) used modified SOFA. Two studies conducted sensitivity analyses to test assumptions used to handle missing SOFA (one imputed values for death/discharge, one adjusted for mortality difference prior to SOFA measurement). Only 9 studies (14%) mentioned quantity of missing SOFA, ranging from 0-76% (median: 10% [IQR: 6%, 42%]). In the 50 studies using SOFA at time points after baseline, only 11 (22%) mentioned mortality prior to SOFA measurement; when mentioned, it ranged from 3%-76% with a median of 12% (IQR: 6%-35%). Conclusion: Missing data for SOFA scores used in cardiac arrest studies is pervasive yet often not acknowledged and/or handled with described or consistent methods. These findings illustrate that studies using SOFA may exhibit substantial bias and results could be misinterpreted, particularly if patients with missing data are excluded.

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Use of the International Pharmaceutical Federation’s Basel Statements to Assess and Advance Hospital Pharmacy Practice: A Scoping Review

The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy ◽

10.4212/cjhp.v69i2.1540 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Penm ◽

Betty Chaar ◽

Rebekah J Moles

Keyword(s):

Scoping Review ◽

Hospital Pharmacy ◽

English Language ◽

Pharmacy Practice ◽

Geographic Location ◽

Western Pacific ◽

Google Scholar ◽

Research Activity ◽

Hospital Pharmacists ◽

The World

ABSTRACTBackground: The Basel statements of the International Pharmaceutical Federation, which provide the first global, unified vision for the hospital pharmacy profession, have recently been revised. Originally released in 2008, the Basel statements have since been made available in 21 languages, and thus have the potential for great impact around the world.Objective: To conduct a scoping review to examine the extent and nature of research activity related to the Basel statements.Methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched using the key term “Basel statements” for relevant research articles. From each included study, data were extracted on geographic location, study design, study outcomes, and use of the Basel statements.Results: The search strategy generated 113 results. Further refinement resulted in 14 English-language articles that met the inclusion criteria. Four of these articles focused on adapting the Basel statements to European practice, an initiative of the European Association of Hospital Pharmacists that led to development of the European statements of Hospital Pharmacy. Six studies focused on monitoring hospital pharmacy practice in Uganda, the Pacific island countries, and the Western Pacific Region. These studies provide valuable baseline data to measure and track the development of hospital pharmacy practices in their respective countries and regions. The remaining 4 studies used qualitative methods to explore the barriers to and facilitators of implementation of the Basel statements in South Africa, China, and Australia.Conclusion: The Basel statements have led to multiple initiatives around the world, involving more than 70 countries. The European and Western Pacific regions have been the most active. Current initiatives should be continued to ensure identification and resolution of issues related to sustaining their use over time.RÉSUMÉContexte : Les déclarations de Bâle de la Fédération international pharmaceutique, qui offrent la première vision mondiale unifiée pour la pharmacie hospitalière, ont été révisées récemment. D’abord rendues publiques en 2008, les déclarations de Bâle ont été traduites en 21 langues; elles peuvent ainsi avoir une grande portée partout dans le monde.Objectif : Réaliser un examen de la portée et de la nature des recherches liées aux déclarations de Bâle.Méthodes : Google Scholar, PubMed, et International Pharmaceutical Abstracts ont été interrogés à l’aide du mot clé « déclarations de Bâle » afin de trouver des articles de recherche pertinents. Pour chaque étude retenue, on a extrait des données sur le lieu, le plan de l’étude, les résultats de recherche et l’utilisation des déclarations de Bâle.Résultats : La stratégie de recensement bibliographique a permis de trouver 113 articles. Une sélection plus affinée a permis de cerner 14 articles en anglais qui répondaient aux critères d’inclusion. Quatre articles portaient sur l’adaptation des déclarations de Bâle aux pratiques européennes; une initiative de l’European Association of Hospital Pharmacists qui a mené à l’élaboration des Déclarations européennes de la pharmacie hospitalière. Six portaient sur la surveillance des pratiques de la pharmacie hospitalière en Uganda, dans les États insulaires du Pacifique et dans la région du Pacifique occidental. Ces études fournissent d’importantes données de référence qui en retour permettent de mesurer et de suivre l’évolution des pratiques de la pharmacie hospitalière dans chacun des différents pays et régions. Dans les quatre derniers articles, des méthodes qualitatives ont été employées pour étudier les éléments qui font obstacle ou qui facilitent la mise en oeuvre des déclarations de Bâle en Afrique du Sud, en Chine et en Australie.Conclusion : Les déclarations de Bâle ont mené à de nombreuses initiatives partout dans le monde, auxquelles participent plus de 70 pays. La région de l’Europe et celle du Pacifique occidental ont été les plus actives. Les initiatives actuelles devraient être poursuivies afin d’identifier les enjeux liés au développement durable et de leur trouver des solutions.

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The Center for International Biomedical Communications Research

Methods of Information in Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1636285 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 05 (03) ◽

pp. 142-146

Author(s):

A. Kent ◽

P. J. Vinken

Keyword(s):

Information Needs ◽

English Language ◽

Medical Information ◽

Biomedical Literature ◽

Information Storage ◽

Control Mechanisms ◽

University Of Pittsburgh ◽

The World ◽

The University ◽

Excerpta Medica Foundation

A joint center has been established by the University of Pittsburgh and the Excerpta Medica Foundation. The basic objective of the Center is to seek ways in which the health sciences community may achieve increasingly convenient and economical access to scientific findings. The research center will make use of facilities and resources of both participating institutions. Cooperating from the University of Pittsburgh will be the School of Medicine, the Computation and Data Processing Center, and the Knowledge Availability Systems (KAS) Center. The KAS Center is an interdisciplinary organization engaging in research, operations, and teaching in the information sciences.Excerpta Medica Foundation, which is the largest international medical abstracting service in the world, with offices in Amsterdam, New York, London, Milan, Tokyo and Buenos Aires, will draw on its permanent medical staff of 54 specialists in charge of the 35 abstracting journals and other reference works prepared and published by the Foundation, the 700 eminent clinicians and researchers represented on its International Editorial Boards, and the 6,000 physicians who participate in its abstracting programs throughout the world. Excerpta Medica will also make available to the Center its long experience in the field, as well as its extensive resources of medical information accumulated during the Foundation’s twenty years of existence. These consist of over 1,300,000 English-language _abstract of the world’s biomedical literature, indexes to its abstracting journals, and the microfilm library in which complete original texts of all the 3,000 primary biomedical journals, monitored by Excerpta Medica in Amsterdam are stored since 1960.The objectives of the program of the combined Center include: (1) establishing a firm base of user relevance data; (2) developing improved vocabulary control mechanisms; (3) developing means of determining confidence limits of vocabulary control mechanisms in terms of user relevance data; 4. developing and field testing of new or improved media for providing medical literature to users; 5. developing methods for determining the relationship between learning and relevance in medical information storage and retrieval systems’; and (6) exploring automatic methods for retrospective searching of the specialized indexes of Excerpta Medica.The priority projects to be undertaken by the Center are (1) the investigation of the information needs of medical scientists, and (2) the development of a highly detailed Master List of Biomedical Indexing Terms. Excerpta Medica has already been at work on the latter project for several years.

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Impact of Social Media on English Language: A Review

SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH ◽

10.24113/ijellh.v3i3.10426 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Dr. Neha Sharma

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Cultural Values ◽

English Language ◽

Major Influence ◽

International Level ◽

Class Society ◽

The World ◽

The Status ◽

The Media ◽

Subsequent Rise

Language being a potent vehicle of transmitting cultural values, norms and beliefs remains a central factor in determining the status of any nation. India is a multilingual country which tends to encourage people to use English at national and international level. Basically English in India owes its presence to the British but its subsequent rise is not fully attributable to the British. It has now become the language of wider communication which is now spoken by large number of people all over the world. It is influenced by many factors such as class, society, developments in science and technology etc. However the major influence on English language is and has been the media.

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L'anglicisme dans la langue française

Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.29037/digitalpress.43286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 00013

Author(s):

Danny Susanto

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Oil Industry ◽

English Word ◽

Public Institutions ◽

Font Size ◽

The World ◽

French Speaking ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Bibliographic Study

The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon known as “anglicism”: a loan made to the English language by another language. Anglicism arose either from the adoption of an English word as a result of a translation defect despite the existence of an equivalent term in the language of the speaker, or from a wrong translation, as a word-by-word translation. Said phenomenon is very common nowadays and most languages of the world including making use of some linguistic concepts such as anglicism, neologism, syntax, morphology etc, this article addresses various aspects related to Anglicisms in French through a bibliographic study: the definition of Anglicism, the origin of Anglicisms in French and the current situation, the areas most affected by Anglicism, the different categories of Anglicism, the difference between French Anglicism in France and French-speaking Canada, the attitude of French-speaking society towards to the Anglicisms and their efforts to stop this phenomenon. The study shows that the areas affected are, among others, trade, travel, parliamentary and judicial institutions, sports, rail, industrial production and most recently film, industrial production, sport, oil industry, information technology, science and technology. Various initiatives have been implemented either by public institutions or by individuals who share concerns about the increasingly felt threat of the omnipresence of Anglicism in everyday life.

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The Oxford History of the Novel in English

10.1093/oso/9780199609932.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

English Language ◽

Book History ◽

World Order ◽

The United States ◽

The Novel ◽

History Of The Novel ◽

Post Colonial ◽

The World ◽

History Of

Volume Nine of this series traces the development of the ‘world novel’, that is, English-language novels written throughout the world, beyond Britain, Ireland, and the United States. Focusing on the period up to 1950, the volume contains survey chapters and chapters on major writers, as well as chapters on book history, publishing, and the critical contexts of the work discussed. The text covers periods from renaissance literary imaginings of exotic parts of the world like Oceania, through fiction embodying the ideology and conventions of empire, to the emergence of settler nationalist and Indigenous movements and, finally, the assimilations of modernism at the beginnings of the post-imperial world order. The book, then, contains chapters on the development of the non-metropolitan novel throughout the British world from the eighteenth to the mid twentieth centuries. This is the period of empire and resistance to empire, of settler confidence giving way to doubt, and of the rise of indigenous and post-colonial nationalisms that would shape the world after World War II.

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The support needs of parent caregivers of children with a life-limiting illness and approaches used to meet their needs: A scoping review

Palliative Medicine ◽

10.1177/0269216320967593 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 026921632096759

Author(s):

Fenella J Gill ◽

Zahraa Hashem ◽

Roswitha Stegmann ◽

Samar M Aoun

Keyword(s):

Palliative Care ◽

Scoping Review ◽

English Language ◽

Support Needs ◽

Care Needs ◽

Caregiver Support ◽

Paediatric Palliative Care ◽

Heterogenous Population ◽

Parent Caregivers ◽

The Individual

Background: Provision of paediatric palliative care is complex and optimally covers meeting the individual needs of a heterogenous population of children and their parent caregivers throughout a life-limiting illness. It is unclear whether existing approaches comprehensively address parent caregivers’ needs. Aim: To examine support needs of parents caring for children with life limiting illnesses and identify specific approaches used to identify and address needs. Design: A scoping review Data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and ProQuest Central, were searched for peer reviewed English language full text research published from 2008 to 2019. Study quality appraisal was undertaken. Fourteen quantitative, 18 qualitative and 12 mixed methods studies were synthesised and themed using summative content analysis and mapped to the Parent Supportive Care Needs Framework (PSCNF). Results: Themes were communication, choice, information, practical, social, psychological, emotional and physical. Communication and choice were central and additional to domains of the PSCNF. Unmet were needs for supporting siblings, for respite care, out of hours, psychological, home and educational support. Six articles reported using instruments to identify parent carer support needs. Conclusion: Support needs of parent caregivers of children with life limiting illnesses are substantial and heterogenous. While studies report evidence of burden and distress in parent caregivers, this rarely translates into improvements in practice through the development of interventions. A systematic and regular assessment of individual parent caregiver support needs is required by using instruments appropriate to use in clinical practice to move the focus to palliative care interventions and improved services for parents.

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Assessing the indirect effects of COVID-19 on healthcare delivery, utilization and health outcomes: a scoping review

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckab047 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Charlotte M Roy ◽

E Brennan Bollman ◽

Laura M Carson ◽

Alexander J Northrop ◽

Elizabeth F Jackson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Health Effects ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Healthcare Delivery ◽

Final Analysis ◽

High Income ◽

Future Research ◽

Published Data ◽

Local Health

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic and global efforts to contain its spread, such as stay-at-home orders and transportation shutdowns, have created new barriers to accessing healthcare, resulting in changes in service delivery and utilization globally. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the literature published thus far on the indirect health effects of COVID-19 and to explore the data sources and methodologies being used to assess indirect health effects. Methods A scoping review of peer-reviewed literature using three search engines was performed. Results One hundred and seventy studies were included in the final analysis. Nearly half (46.5%) of included studies focused on cardiovascular health outcomes. The main methodologies used were observational analytic and surveys. Data were drawn from individual health facilities, multicentre networks, regional registries, and national health information systems. Most studies were conducted in high-income countries with only 35.4% of studies representing low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Conclusion Healthcare utilization for non-COVID-19 conditions has decreased almost universally, across both high- and lower-income countries. The pandemic’s impact on non-COVID-19 health outcomes, particularly for chronic diseases, may take years to fully manifest and should be a topic of ongoing study. Future research should be tied to system improvement and the promotion of health equity, with researchers identifying potentially actionable findings for national, regional and local health leadership. Public health professionals must also seek to address the disparity in published data from LMICs as compared with high-income countries.

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Primary Crime Prevention Apps: A Typology and Scoping Review

Trauma Violence & Abuse ◽

10.1177/1524838020985560 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 152483802098556

Author(s):

Mark A. Wood ◽

Stuart Ross ◽

Diana Johns

Keyword(s):

Crime Prevention ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Decision Aid ◽

English Language ◽

Web Of Science ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Smartphone Apps ◽

Initial Sample ◽

Language Research ◽

Meta Analyses

In the last decade, an array of smartphone apps have been designed to prevent crime, violence, and abuse. The evidence base of these apps has, however, yet to analyzed systematically. To rectify this, the aims of this review were (1) to establish the extent, range, and nature of research into smartphone apps with a primary crime prevention function; (2) to locate gaps in the primary crime prevention app literature; and (3) to develop a typology of primary crime prevention apps. Employing a scoping review methodology and following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, studies were identified via Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar. We included English-language research published between 2008 and 2020 that examined smartphone applications designed explicitly for primary crime prevention. Sixty-one publications met our criteria for review, out of an initial sample of 151 identified. Our review identified six types of crime prevention app examined in these publications: self-surveillance apps, decision aid apps, child-tracking apps, educational apps, crime-mapping/alert apps, and crime reporting apps. The findings of our review indicate that most of these forms of primary crime prevention apps have yet to be rigorously evaluated and many are not evidence-based in their design. Consequently, our review indicates that recent enthusiasm over primary crime prevention apps is not supported by an adequate evidence base.

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Where news could not inspire change: TRT World as a party broadcaster

Journalism ◽

10.1177/14648849211033444 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 146488492110334

Author(s):

Mona Elswah ◽

Philip N. Howard

Keyword(s):

Public Diplomacy ◽

English Language ◽

Media Freedom ◽

Editorial Policies ◽

The World ◽

Depth Interviews ◽

Media Market

Turkey has vastly increased the scale of its investment in public diplomacy tools. Although Turkey is considered one of the world’s worst jailers of journalists, its media market is one of the fastest-growing in the world. In 2015, the Istanbul-based English-language TRT World was launched with the slogan ‘where news inspires change’, The channel promised to provide impartial coverage of global news, with its experienced journalists addressing global audiences. In this study, we investigate the interplay between public diplomacy and editorial policies at TRT World. After conducting in-depth interviews with TRT World journalists, we argue that the channel has shifted its style from being Turkey’s public diplomacy tool into becoming the AKP’s voice to the world. By examining TRT World, this study provides a framework to understand how international broadcasters operate in countries where media freedom is restricted.

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