Production of Bio-fuels by microwave-assisted Rapid Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Palm Kernel Shells Biomass

Abstract Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) process is an alternative way for converting biomass to bio-fuels product. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sample’s mass and heating time on the product yield (wt%) from palm kernel shells (PKS) and to characterize the bio-oil as produced. PKS which is one kind of biomass efficiently converted to bio-oil, bi-char and bio-gas by HTL associated with modified microwave oven. A modified household microwave oven with 800W was employed in this process. The product yield was increased proportionally with the sample mass from 31.16 wt% to 41.92 wt% for bio-oil at constant time of 15 minutes. However, a vice versa trend was observed for bio char. Furthermore, it was exhibited that the highest value of 66.51 wt% and then it reduced to 42.17 wt%. The last product, bio gas shows an increasing trend from 2.32wt% to 15.90wt%. For the second parameter, the production of bio oil decreases with the increasing of heating time while bio char and bio gas increases with the increases of time. For the highest product yield, the calorific value is 37.68 MJ/kg for 15g sample and 22.32 MJ/kg for 35g sample at 15 minutes heating time. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) result reveals that multiple functional groups i.e. alcohol, aldehydes, carboxylic acid and ketones is present in the PKS bio oil. Additionally, the pH value of the bio oil was in the range of 2-3.

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Esterification of Microwave Pyrolytic Oil from Palm Oil Kernel Shell

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2017/8359238 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sharifah Mona Abdul Aziz ◽

Rafeah Wahi ◽

Zainab Ngaini ◽

Sinin Hamdan ◽

Syamila Aimi Yahaya

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Ph Value ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Microwave Pyrolysis ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Commercial Use ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Additional Process ◽

Pyrolytic Oil

Microwave pyrolysis is a potential for producing alternative fuel from biomass, such as palm kernel shell (PKS). However, the resulting microwave pyrolytic oil (bio-oil) was highly acidic and has low calorific value and therefore must undergo additional process to improve the physicochemical properties. In this study, attempt was made to improve the pH and calorific value of bio-oil produced from PKS via esterification process. The effect of esterification with ethanol in the presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyst on selected biodiesel qualities was also investigated. The esterification process has successfully improved the pH value from 3.37 to 5.09–5.12 and the calorific value was increased from 27.19 to 34.78–41.52 MJ/kg. Conclusively, the EO has comparatively better properties in terms of its smell, pH, calorific value, and absence of environmentally undesirable compounds. However, future works should include ASTM 6751 specifications tests for biodiesel to evaluate the bio-oil’s suitability for commercial use.

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CALORIFIC VALUE ENHANCEMENT DUE TO COMBINATION OF BIOCHARS FROM CORN COBS, TENDER COCONUT HUSKS AND PALM KERNEL SHELLS

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/7991 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (11) ◽

pp. 234-238

Author(s):

DamgouMani Kongnine ◽

◽

Pali Kpelou ◽

Mazabalo Baneto ◽

Kossi Napo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Palm Kernel ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Corn Cobs ◽

Tender Coconut ◽

Palm Kernel Shells

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Effect of temperature on bio-oil fractions of palm kernel shell thermal distillation

International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies ◽

10.53894/ijirss.v1i2.7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 27-31

Author(s):

Deana Qarizada ◽

Erfan Mohammadian ◽

Azil Bahari Alias ◽

Humapar Azhar Rahimi ◽

Suriatie Binti Mat Yusuf

Keyword(s):

Liquid Fraction ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Product Yield ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Heating Value ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Oil Fraction ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Oil Fractions

Distillation is an essential thermo chemical process; it mainly depends on temperature which affects mostly the product yield and composition. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of temperature on the characterization of bio-oil liquid fraction derived from palm kernel shell (PKS) bio-oil. The temperatures were 100 °C and 140°C. The higher heating value (HHV) obtained were 28.6MJ/Kg and 31.5MJ/Kg for bio-oil fraction 100°C and 140°C respectively. The GC- MS analysis determined that phenol is the dominant product in bio-oil fractions.

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Pengaruh Jenis Asam dan Waktu Reaksi Pemanasan terhadap Karakteristik Produk Etanolisis PKO (Palm Kernel Oil)

Jurnal Agritech ◽

10.22146/agritech.17012 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 70

Author(s):

Murhadi Murhadi ◽

Sri Hidayati ◽

Ridwan Kurniawan

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Succinic Acid ◽

Ph Value ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Heating Time ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Palm Kernel Oil ◽

Kernel Oil

Production of ethanolisis product of Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) treatment with the addition of organic acids and different heating times have conducted. Effects of organic acids used and time of heating on characteristics of PKO ethanolisis product were studied. The organic acids used are succinic acid 40 % (w/v) and lactic acid 40 % (w/v). Heating time consists of 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. The pH value of the reaction products ranged from 4,88 (± 0,01) to 5,27 (± 0,02). The best antimicrobial activity of product reaction is by addition of succinic acid 40% (w/v) and heating for 30 minutes with zone of inhibitions (d, mm) against Staphylococus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, mixed cultures of natural microbial and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are 20,88 (± 0,50) mm, 25,64 (± 0,81) mm, 6,46 (± 0,24) mm, and 8,84 (± 0,08) mm, respectively. The average value of the power increase emulsion stability in coconut milk (water in oil, w/o) ranged from 5,20 (± 0,65) % to 20,00 (± 2,55) %. ABSTRAKProduksi produk etanolisis dari minyak inti sawit (Palm Kernel Oil, PKO) dengan perlakuan penambahan asam organik dan lama pemanasan yang berbeda telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh penambahan jenis asam dan lama pemanasan terhadap karakteristik produk etanolisis dari PKO. Asam organik yang digunakan adalah asam suksinat 40 % (b/b) dan asam laktat 40 % (b/b) serta lama pemanasan terdiri dari 15, 30, 45, dan 60 menit. Nilai pH produk reaksi berkisar antara 4,88 (± 0,01) sampai 5,27 (± 0,02). Aktivitas anti mikroba produk reaksi terbaik adalah dengan penambahan asam suksinat 40 % (b/b) dan pemanasan 30 menit dengan diameter (d; mm) zona hambat terhadap Staphylococus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, kultur campuran mikroba alami dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae, masing-masing 20,88 (± 0,50) mm, 25,64 (± 0,81) mm, 6,46 (± 0,24) mm, dan 8,84 (± 0,08) mm. Nilai rata-rata daya peningkatan stabilitas emulsi pada santan kelapa (water in oil, w/o) berkisar antara 5,20 (± 0,65) % hingga 20,00 (± 2,55) %.

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Catalytic and Thermal Cracking of Bio-Oil from Oil-Palm Empty Fruit Bunches, in Batch Reactor

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.44076 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1000

Author(s):

Santiyo Wibowo ◽

Lisna Efiyanti ◽

Gustan Pari

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Liquid Product ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Product Yield ◽

Catalyst Characterization ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Bio Oil

The world’s potency of fossil-derived petroleum fuels has declined steadily, while its consumption continues to rise ominously. Therefore, several countries have started to develop renewable fuels like bio-oil from biomass. Relevantly, the aim of this research was to explore the technical feasibility of upgrading the qualities of crude bio-oil (CBO) produced from the pyrolysis on oil-palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) using Ni/NZA catalyst in a batch reactor. The natural zeolite (NZ) was activated by HCL 6 N and NH4Cl (obtained sample NZA). Supporting Ni onto NZA was conducted with an impregnation method using a salt precursor of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O followed by calcination with a temperature of 500 °C. Catalyst characterization includes determining the site of TO4 (T = Si or Al) in zeolites, acidity, crystallinity, and catalyst morphology. Cracking reaction of CBO was carried out in batch reactor in varied temperatures of 250 and 300 °C with the variation of catalyst weight of 0, 4, 6, and 8% toward CBO. Several analyses of the liquid product such as product yield, specific gravity, pH, viscosity, calorific value, and chemical compound were conducted. The results showed that acidification and Ni loading on zeolite samples increased their acidity. The optimum CBO’s cracking condition was judged to be the temperature of 300 °C with 6% Ni/NZA catalyst use, whereby the fuel yield reached 26.42% and dominated by particular compounds comprising phenol, octanoic acid, and alkane hydrocarbons. Under such conditions, the characteristics of fuel were pH 3.54, specific gravity 0.995, viscosity 14.3 cSt, and calorific value 30.85 MJ/kg.

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Bio-Oil Derived from Palm Kernel Shell in Fluidized Bed Reactor: Effect of Particle Size

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.917.63 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 917 ◽

pp. 63-71

Author(s):

Ali Norizan ◽

Yoshimitsu Uemura ◽

N. Omar Wissam ◽

Toshio Tsutsui

Keyword(s):

Fluidized Bed ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Fluidized Bed Reactor ◽

Nitrogen Gas ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Pyrolysis Unit ◽

Effect Of Particle Size

Bio-oil production from pyrolysis of 0.15-0.5 mm and 1-2 mm palm kernel shell (PKS) has been investigated in a fluidized bed reactor under the nitrogen gas flow rate of 25 L(NTP)/min, with reactor temperature of 450°C. The pyrolysis unit has six successive condensers. Thus, six fractions of bio-oil samples were acquired from the six condensers. The calorific value, water content, ash content, and element content of each bio-oil samples were determined. The bio-oil yield from palm kernel shell with the size of 0.15-0.5 mm and 1-2 mm were 20 % and 26 %, respectively. The highest calorific value among the six bio-oil samples was 25.1 MJ/kg which was drawn from the forth condenser from pyrolysis of 0.15-0.5 mm of palm kernel shell. The incondensable gas was a mixture of hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and ethane.

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Bio-Oil Production under Sub- and Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Kernel Shell

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.881 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 625 ◽

pp. 881-884 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yi Herng Chan ◽

Suzana Yusup ◽

Armando T. Quitain ◽

Yoshimitsu Uemura

Keyword(s):

Supercritical Water ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Supercritical Conditions ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Oil Palm Biomass

Two types of Malaysian oil palm biomass; namely Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) are liquefied using sub-and supercritical water to produce bio-oil. Effects of temperatures (360, 390 and 450 °C) and pressures (25, 30 and 35 MPa) of the liquefaction of biomass on the bio-oil yields are investigated. The optimum liquefaction conditions for EFB and PKS using water are at supercritical conditions. PKS which consists of higher lignin content yields maximum bio-oil of about 41.3 wt % at temperature of 450 °C and the bio-oil yield from EFB is about 37.4 wt % at temperature of 390 °C.

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Optimization of Products Yields from the Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shells Using Response Surface Methodology

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.13 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 575 ◽

pp. 13-16

Author(s):

E.B. Lucas ◽

O.E. Itabiyi ◽

O.O. Ogunleye

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Product Yield ◽

Furnace Chamber ◽

Product Yields ◽

Pyroligneous Acid ◽

Two Factors ◽

Gas Products ◽

Palm Kernel Shells

This work focussed on the optimisation of product yields from the pyrolysis of palm kernel shells (PKS). 479g of dried PKS were loaded into the retort and then placed inside the furnace chamber and this was pyrolysed at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C. The pyrolysis products obtained are char, tar (pyro oil and pyroligneous acid) and gas. A full factorial design (FFD) consisting two factors (Temperature and duration of pyrolysis) at three level was used to study the pattern of product yields from the pyrolysis of PKS. Char, tar and gas were evaluated as the responses. Thirteen experimental runs resulted from the FFD with a minimum product yield of 0.9wt% and maximum product yield of 99wt%. Response surface methodology was used to analyse the results of the FFD of the product yields of PKS. The optimum conversion yields expressed as a percentage of oven-dried weight of palm kernel shells of char, tar and gas products at their respective pyrolysing temperatures were 99wt% char at 304°C, 35wt% tar at 700°C and 39% gas at 700°C. The duration for the pyrolysis process was 20mins for 479g of dried palm kernel shells. The results of the work show that palm kernel shells can be readily pyrolised to obtain optimum yield of gas, tar (mixture of pyrolitic oil and pyroligneous acid) and char.

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Comparative Study for Catalytic Cracking of Model Bio-Oil and Palm Kernel Shell Derived Bio-Oil

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2476 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 781-784 ◽

pp. 2476-2479 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Farrukh Jamil ◽

Murni Melati Ahmad ◽

Suzana Yusup

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Catalytic Cracking ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Bio Oil

This work investigates the comparison between upgraded product from model bio-oil and bio-oil from PKS. The process is carried out in the presence of HZSM-5 at temperature of 500oC, 3bar pressure and oil/catalyst ratio of 15. It is observed that the properties such as pH, density, calorific value and elemental value of products are improved. The calorific value for upgraded bio-oil is 31.65 MJ/kg while for model bio-oil the value is 30.32 MJ/kg at same operating conditions. The degree of deoxygenation of the upgraded bio-oil and upgraded model bio-oil is 43.74% and 45.56% respectively. The study showed that the model bio-oil can be used to represent the bio-oil.

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