scholarly journals Determinants of Vertical Integration in Poultry Production in Ghana: Application of Count Data Models

Author(s):  
Faizal Adams ◽  
Amos Mensah ◽  
Seth Etuah ◽  
Robert Aidoo ◽  
James Osei Mensah

Abstract Poultry production has significant potential to reduce protein deficiency, food insecurity and poverty in Ghana. However, limited vertical integration and high cost of production in the sector have stifled growth and exposed poultry farms in the country to many risks, leading to poor business performance. This study uses cross-sectional data from 102 commercial poultry farms to assess the determinants of extent of vertical integration in the Ghanaian poultry industry by employing zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) and Zero-inflated Binomial (ZINB) models. The results show that one in every four poultry farms in the country are vertically integrated, either partially or fully. The ZINB model, which best fits the data, reveals that the extent of vertical integration in the poultry business is significantly influenced by a set of personal (education, occupation, and farming experience) and farm level (land tenure, flock size, production cost, and farm revenue) characteristics as well as institutional factors (credit access, extension access and membership of association). The paper discusses the implications of these findings and provides appropriate recommendations for strengthening the poultry industry in Ghana.

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
K. U. Stamkulova ◽  
◽  
M. U. Stamkulova ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  

The article discusses the features of innovation in agricultural sector, the direction of development of entrepreneurial activity in poultry industry based on integration processes. The aim of the study is to assess the efficiency of production in agro-industrial complex, in particular in poultry industry. Methods used in the work: comparison, synthesis, factor analysis of the main criteria, the level of specialization of an innovative enterprise through multiple regression. In the course of the study, the authors obtained the following results – promising areas of activity of poultry farms in the transition to an innovative development model were identified; assessed the possibilities of integration in the enterprises of the republic for production of poultry products in the form of expanding the production structure or merging with other companies; the predicted values of the poultry farming trend were calculated, the influence of factors on the basis of longterm economic data on the activities of poultry farms and poultry production program until 2025 have been identified in the course of studying. The achievements of LLP "Ordabasy kus" of Turkestan region, which carried out the modernization of production are presented. The authors developed recommendations and presented conclusions on modernization of domestic production while simultaneously reducing labor costs and funds per unit of production of poultry industry in order to increase its efficiency based on integration and innovative technologies, which, in turn, will increase productivity of poultry.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Svetlana Tereschenko ◽  
Elena Diachenko

Research subject. This report examines the current situation in poultry egg sector development in countries of Eastern Europe, features and challenges for Ukrainian eggs sector. The aim of the work is to summarize theoretical and practical aspects of improving the economic efficiency of poultry industry enterprises, to analyse the current state of the organization of egg poultry production, to develop and substantiate general recommendations for improving the state of the poultry industry at specialized enterprises. The methodology of the study includes statistical methods and methods of economic and comparative analysis, etc. The article presents the results of research on the dynamics of poultry development in Eastern Europe and Ukraine in particular. The movement of poultry, the level of poultry production and the production of chicken eggs, consumption of poultry products are analysed. The functional and organizational structure of the poultry business in Ukraine is developed. The general structure of poultry production allocation is provided, which proves the formation of poultry farming as an industrial business and reduction in the share of poultry keeping in households due to the concentration of production in specialized enterprises. The main producers of poultry products in Ukraine are revised. The dynamics of sales prices for chicken eggs and main factors influencing its annual fluctuations are investigated. The export potential of poultry farming is analysed, as well as the main importer countries of Ukrainian poultry production. The issue of modern challenges and problem areas of production of the corresponding products is investigated, concerning less manoeuvrability of small poultry farms, their inability to influence the conjuncture of the poultry market. The main threats to the activities of enterprises are named, first of all, by external factors: the economic situation in the country, which affects purchasing power of buyers, the level of egg prices, increased competition from large enterprises and enterprises of EU member states, livestock diseases and the epidemiological situation in the country. The analysis of the possibilities of further development of poultry farms, taking into account the existing potential and modern poultry business problems, is carried out. The main directions for improving production with the aim of improving the efficiency of the poultry industry are determined: improving biotechnological processes, providing a set of measures improving poultry, compliance stocking density of birds in the poultry house, proper nutrition by scientifically grounded norms of consumption of nutrients and elements; improvement of methodological basis of state supervision over the quality and safety of food products and raw materials; creation of modern instrumental analytical framework and quality control and safety of food raw materials and foodstuffs, etc.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogers Azabo ◽  
Stephen Mshana ◽  
Mecky Matee ◽  
Sharadhuli I Kimera

Abstract Background: Antimicrobials are extensively used in cattle and poultry production in Tanzania. However, there is dearth of information on its quantitative use. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August to September 2019 in randomly selected poultry and small-scale dairy farms, in three districts of Dar es Salaam City eastern, Tanzania, to assess the practice and quantify antimicrobial use. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed at a confidence interval of 95%. The ratio of Used Daily Dose (UDD) and Defined Daily Dose (DDD) were used to determine whether the antimicrobial was overdosed or under dosed. Results: A total of 51 poultry and 65 small-scale dairy farms were involved in the study. The route of antimicrobial administration was 98% orally via drinking water and 2% in feeds for poultry and for small-scale dairy farms, all through parenteral route. Seventeen types of antimicrobials comprising seven classes were recorded in poultry farms while nine belonging to six classes in the small dairy farms. Majority of the farms (poultry, 87.7% and small-scale dairy, 84.3%) used antimicrobials for therapeutic purposes. About 41% of the poultry and one third (34%) of the dairy farmers’ were not compliant to the drug withdrawal periods. Beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides were the commonly used antimicrobials on these farms. Trimethoprim and tylosin were under dosed whereas colistin, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, flumequin and sulfadimidine were over dosed in the poultry farms and only tylosin over dosed in small dairy farms. The majority (58.6%) of farmers had adequate level of practices regarding antimicrobial use in cattle and poultry production. This was associated with the age and level of education of the cattle and poultry farmers. Conclusion: The study revealed a high and widespread misuse of antimicrobials of different types and classes in both poultry and small-scale dairy farming in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This result gives insight into the antimicrobial use practices and its quantification. The information obtained can guide and promote prudent use of antimicrobials among the farmers by developing mitigate strategies that reduce antimicrobial resistance risk potentials.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Ananta Koirala ◽  
Priyanka Bhandari ◽  
Hemant Deepak Shewade ◽  
Wenjing Tao ◽  
Badri Thapa ◽  
...  

Inappropriate antibiotic use in food-producing animals is associated with the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. In industrial broiler poultry farms in three districts of Kathmandu valley, Nepal, we assessed antibiotic use prevalence, and their classes, types, and quantities. A cross-sectional questionnaire study involving field visits to large poultry farms (flock size ≥ 3000) of the Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur districts was conducted. Of 30 farms (total flock size 104,200; range 3000–6000), prevalence of antibiotic use was 90% (95% CI: 73–98%). Six (22%) farms used antibiotics as prophylaxis, while 21 (78%) used it for therapeutics. Seven antibiotics from six classes (including quinolones, macrolides, and polymyxins) were used. The most commonly used antibiotics were tylosin (47%), colistin (47%), and dual therapies with neomycin and doxycycline (33%). A total of 50,000 grams of antibiotics (total weight including active and inactive ingredients) were used (0.5 grams/chicken/45 days of flock life) with eight (26%) farms using more than two antibiotics. No farms had records on clinical indications for prophylaxis or treatment. No post-mortem records of sick birds were available. Prevalence of antibiotic use in broiler farms of Kathmandu valley is high and includes “highest priority critically important antibiotics” for human use, with direct implications on public health.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-445
Author(s):  
Peter D. Fowler ◽  
Sumit Sharma ◽  
Dhan Kumar Pant ◽  
Subir Singh ◽  
Melinda J. Wilkins

Background and Aim: Antibiotic-resistant infections are one of the leading threats to public health globally. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in food animal production is an important driver of resistance, particularly among foodborne pathogens such as non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS). While there has been extensive research on antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) S. enterica in India and China, there have been few studies in countries in South Asia, including Nepal. This is particularly important with the rise of commercial poultry farming in Nepal as a means of economic development and nutritional subsistence. This descriptive study seeks to identify the prevalence and resistance patterns of NTS serotypes focusing on Chitwan, Nepal's leading poultry producing district. Materials and Methods: A mixture of purposive and judgment sampling of 18 poultry farms and 20 slaughterhouses representing a broad geographic distribution across multiple municipalities in Chitwan was conducted in May 2019. Environmental samples taken from poultry farms included: Water, litter, feces, feed, farm swabs, and eggshell swabs. Biological samples taken from nearby slaughterhouses included: Muscle, heart, liver, skin, cecum, crop, and spleen. Samples were cultured and tested for the presence of NTS. Positive isolates were serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to seven antibiotics known to be important to both human and animal health regionally. Farm practices were also characterized through a survey, the results of which are detailed in the accompanying paper. Results: Out of 708 samples (288 environmental and 420 biological), 103 (15%) tested positive for NTS (9% of environmental; n=26, 18% of biological; n=77). The percentage of positive environmental and biological samples varied by source. Environmental sample positive rates were water (27.5%), feces (10.6%), litter (8.6%), farm swabs (5%), feed (1.8%), and eggshells (0%). Biological sample positive rates were skin (28%), heart (23%), crop (20%), muscle (15%), liver (15%), spleen (15%), and cecum (12%). Out of 103 positive S. enterica isolates, 48.5% were identified as Salmonella Typhimurium, 35% Salmonella Enteritidis, 7.8% Salmonella Gallinarum, 4.9% Salmonella Virchow, and 3.9% were Salmonella Agona. Of the 103 positive isolates, 80 (78%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 21 (20%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Conclusion: NTS is highly prevalent among Chitwan's growing poultry industry with higher rates of positivity found in slaughterhouse samples compared with environmental samples from farms. In addition, a high rate of AMR (78%) was revealed, and an extremely concerning number of those were shown to be MDR (20%). This baseline data has important implications for poultry production and consumption in the region. Further research will elucidate the extent to which this contamination and drug resistance is impacting the health of the local population and help inform treatment and management strategies. Note: The characterization of the poultry industry and practices that might be linked to NTS contamination in the Chitwan district are detailed in the previous paper in this series (www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/February-2021/14.pdf).


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Aurangazeb Kabir ◽  
Most. Sabina Yasmin ◽  
Md. Golam Sarwar ◽  
Md. Obaidullah Al Masum ◽  
Soshe Ahmed ◽  
...  

A surge in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major concern. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry farming, increased consumption of poultry products containing antimicrobial residues is likely to hasten the development of multidrug resistance in pathogens, as well as in commensal organisms. To substantiate our knowledge on the status of AMR to the Neomycin, Gentamicin, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Sulfonamide, Amoxicillin and Cephalexin, commonly being used in poultry farms in Rajshahi city (Western Part) of Bangladesh a cross sectional study was carried out using conventional Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. We tried to identify sensitivity of the stated antibiotics against bacterial samples obtained from 30 liver samples of live birds out of which 24 were layer and 6 were broiler from 10 commercial poultry farms. In our study, we observed that Cephalexin, Neomycin, Gentamicin and Levofloxacin retain superior antimicrobial potency at the rate of 33.33%, 23.33%, 20%, and 23.33% respectively. Moreover, Levofloxacin started to show quite (70%) to moderate (6.67%) sensitivity and Neomycin (76.67%), Gentamicin (80%) Cephalexin (33.33%) show only quite sensitivity indicating exacerbation of existing antimicrobial resistance through gradually losing their affectivity against microbial infections. On the other hand, during our observation Ciprofloxacin (33.33%), Amoxicillin (20%), Doxycycline (6.67%) and Sulfonamides (3.33%) were found having no sensitivity at all, however, these drugs still being considered as drug of choice for commercial flocks to treat microbial infection. Farmers ‘knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the use of antibiotics have to be fully compliant in line with manufacturers’ recommendations to reduce risk to public health. This study was, therefore, conducted to collect baseline data on the regularly used antibiotics in poultry production and to provide a greater understanding of the potential impact of antimicrobial resistance on public health.


2022 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogers Azabo ◽  
Stephen Mshana ◽  
Mecky Matee ◽  
Sharadhuli I. Kimera

Abstract Background Antimicrobials are extensively used in cattle and poultry production in Tanzania. However, there is dearth of information on its quantitative use. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August to September 2019 in randomly selected poultry and small-scale dairy farms, in three districts of Dar es Salaam City eastern, Tanzania, to assess the practice and quantify antimicrobial use. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed at a confidence interval of 95%. The ratio of Used Daily Dose (UDD) and Defined Daily Dose (DDD) were used to determine whether the antimicrobial was overdosed or under dosed. Results A total of 51 poultry and 65 small-scale dairy farms were involved in the study. The route of antimicrobial administration was 98% orally via drinking water and 2% in feeds for poultry and for small-scale dairy farms, all through parenteral route. Seventeen types of antimicrobials comprising seven classes were recorded in poultry farms while nine belonging to six classes in the small dairy farms. Majority of the farms (poultry, 87.7% and small scale dairy, 84.3%) used antimicrobials for therapeutic purposes. About 41% of the poultry and one third (34%) of the dairy farmers’ were not compliant to the drug withdrawal periods. Beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and macrolides were the commonly used antimicrobials on these farms. In the poultry farms both those with records and those which relied on recall, antimicrobials were overdosed whereas in the small dairy farms, sulfadimidine, oxytetracycline and neomycin were within the appropriate dosing range (0.8–1.2). The majority (58.6%) of farmers had adequate level of practices (favorable) regarding antimicrobial use in cattle and poultry production. This was associated with the age and level of education of the cattle and poultry farmers. Conclusion The study revealed a widespread misuse of antimicrobials of different types and classes in both poultry and small-scale dairy farming in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This result gives insight into the antimicrobial use practices and its quantification. The information obtained can guide and promote prudent use of antimicrobials among the farmers by developing mitigate strategies that reduce antimicrobial resistance risk potentials.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Sushan Dhakal ◽  
Tulsi Ram Gompo

The poultry industry has transformed into one of the vibrant economic activities in Nepal, contributing to almost 4% of the national GDP. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the poultry farmers of Kathmandu valley and Chitwan district to assess the knowledge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the farmers; their practice of antimicrobial use in poultry productions and the biosecurity status of their poultry farms. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview a total of 112 respondents, 56 each from the study sites. Nineteen percent (11/56) of the farmers from the Kathmandu valley and 16% (9/56) of that of Chitwan district knew about the antimicrobial resistance (AMR). About 53.6% (30/56) of farmers from Kathmandu valley and 60.7% (34/56) from Chitwan district followed the drug’s withdrawal period. About 33.9% (19/56) of the farmers of Kathmandu valley and 41.1% (23/56) of Chitwan could tell the names of antibiotics they used in their farms. Doxycycline (25.9%, 29/112) was the most used antibiotic followed by Tylosin (21.5%, 24/112), Colistin (18.75%, 21/112), Ciprofloxacin (13.4%, 15/112) and Neomycin (12.5%, 14/112) in both districts. On average of 41.05% (46/112) farmers knew about the harmful effects of drug residues present in the poultry products. 69.6% (39/56) of poultry farms in Kathmandu valley 53.6% (30/56) of Chitwan district had fences. All the farmers of both districts had separate boots for their farms (100%). 8.9% (5/56) of farms in Chitwan district and 16.1% (9/56) of farms in Kathmandu valley disinfected vehicles entering the farms. Nearly 53.6% (30/56) of the farms in Kathmandu valley and 46.4% (26/56) in Chitwan were in close contact with wild birds. Identifying the critical gaps in knowledge and practice of antimicrobials and improving the farms’ biosecurity status could address the issues of AMR in poultry. We suggest a reduction of antimicrobials in the poultry production by adopting alternative measures.


Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1456
Author(s):  
Sandra Sevilla-Navarro ◽  
Pablo Catalá-Gregori ◽  
Clara Marin

The exploration of novel nonantibiotic interventions in the field, such as the use of bacteriophages, is necessary to avoid the presence of Salmonella. Bacteriophages are a group of viruses widely distributed in nature, strictly associated with the prokaryotic cell. Researchers have demonstrated the success of phage therapy in reducing Salmonella counts in poultry products. However, the impact that phage concentration in the environment may have against certain Salmonella serovars is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess Salmonella phage prevalence in commercial poultry farms in terms of the production type: layers or broilers. The most prevalent Salmonella serovars isolated in poultry production were used for phage isolation. Salmonella specific phages were isolated from 141 layer and broiler farms located in the Valencia region during 2019. Analysis of the samples revealed that 100% presented Salmonella phages, the most prevalent being against serovar S. Enteritidis (93%), followed by S. Virchow (59%), S. Typhimurium (55%), S. Infantis (52%) and S. Ohio (51%). These results indicate that poultry farms could represent an important source of Salmonella phages. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to assess the epidemiology of phages against other serovars present in other countries and their diversity from the point of view of molecular studies.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pattanapong Tiwasing ◽  
Sukanlaya Sawang

PurposeLocal Chambers of Commerce networks provide small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with an opportunity to access essential information and networking with other businesses, resulting in improved business performance. However, rural SMEs are less likely to participate in these networks and often possess lower performance. This paper aims to examine the relationship between being members of local Chambers of Commerce networks and rural SMEs’ performance by comparing business performance between rural SMEs who are members and non-members of local Chambers of Commerce networks. This paper also further explores difference in business growth plans between rural SMEs members and non-members.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis draws on cross-sectional data of 3,769 rural SMEs in England and Wales from the UK's Government Longitudinal Small Business Survey 2015. Propensity score matching (PSM) is applied to control for selection bias and variations in business characteristics before comparing business performance, measured in terms of annual turnover, sale growth and profitability, between rural SMEs that are members and non-members of local Chambers of Commerce networks.FindingsOur results show that rural SME members of local Chambers of Commerce networks are more likely to grow their sales than non-members. However, they perform as good as non-members in terms of turnover and profitability. The results also emphasise that local Chambers of Commerce networks are crucial for rural SMEs to develop the skills of the workforce and leadership capability of managers, new product/service development and new working practices. Therefore, to enhance rural SMEs' performance, tailoring the services of local Chambers of Commerce to support rural businesses' needs and encouraging rural SMEs to make use of business networks are recommended.Practical implicationsThe paper unpacks the relationships between being local Chamber of Commerce membership and business performance, offering lessons for rural SMEs to boost their business performance and growth through participating in local business association networks.Originality/valueThis paper is the first study that explores the comparative analysis of business performance and growth plans between rural SMEs that are members and non-members of the local Chamber of Commerce networks. We provide an empirical evidence-based analysis to existing literature regarding the advantages of being local Chamber of Commerce memberships to enhance business performance in rural areas.


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