scholarly journals Contrasting Monetary and non-monetary measures of poverty in developing countries: a survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hicham El Azami
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The Other ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Conceptual Frameworks ◽  
Dynamic Setting ◽  
Monetary Approach ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract While the study of poverty is popular amongst academia, there is yet to be a consensus on what defines such a phenomenon. Basing their arguments on different conceptual frameworks, some argue for a definition in monetary terms, as a lack of income or consumption, while others support a non-monetary approach focusing on shortcomings in diverse dimensions (health, education, nutrition…). Does it really matter that researchers do not agree on a definition of a poverty? Probing the empirical literature comparing monetary and non-monetary poverty in developing countries, this survey argues that different definitions of poverty lead to different populations identified as poor. Indeed, cross-tabulating poverty headcounts, it finds that a sizable portion of the non-monetary poor are excluded by the monetary approach. Moving to a subgroup level, it finds nonmonetary poverty amongst the monetary richest, and considerable disagreements with regards to poverty risks. In addition, these significant differences are not resolved when switching to a dynamic setting through panel studies. Policy implications are important: the risk mistargeting and misevaluation of policies is high if we do not consider both approaches concomitantly without one taking precedence over the other.

High-Skilled Immigration and Innovation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Venturini ◽  
Sona Kalantaryan ◽  
Claudio Fassio
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Skilled Immigration ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

This chapter provides an extensive review of the existing empirical literature that analyses the impact of (mostly high-skilled) migration on the innovative performances of firms, regions, and countries. The authors discuss the different features of the immigrant labour force, such as education, occupation, age, and internal ethnic diversity, that play a role in the contribution of immigrants to innovation. By categorizing the existing studies on the basis of the definition of innovation and migration that they adopt, as well as on the specific level of analysis chosen (at the firm, regional, or country level), the chapter also engages in an in-depth discussion about the policy implications that can be drawn from the existing evidence. Finally, the chapter outlines some suggestions about the implementation of appropriate immigration policies, able to truly foster innovation in European countries.

scholarly journals Prevalence of NCD Risk Factors Among the Adult Family Members of Students of School (Phase – A)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Ratindra Nath Mondal ◽  
Anupom Das ◽  
Md Foyzul Islam ◽  
Priyanka Podder ◽  
Soma Pramanik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High School ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Education ◽  
School Health ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
School Health Education ◽  
Study Population

Background: Like other developing countries, in our country major causes of mortality is shifted from communicable to non-communicable diseases. NCD already disproportionately affect low and middle income countries, where nearly three quarters of NCD deaths (28 million) occur annually. Management of the existing NCD and upcoming NCD will be a great challenge for the developing countries like us. Therefore a strategy of prevention of NCD is very important. Materials and methods: This was a community based prospective interventional study, carried out in Mornea high school and Alef Uddin Sarker high school of Rangpur sadar. In the first phase, from each school 100 students from different classes were selected randomly. Then adult family members of these students were surveyed to see the prevalence of NCD risk factors. In second phase (ongoing) school health education will be given in Mornea high school (randomly chosen) monthly basis for 12 months and the students will share these with their family members. On the other hand the other school’s students will not provide any health education. One of the guardian from each family will chosen for confirmation of the sharing of information of school health education acquired by students over phone after each class. After one year prevalence of NCD risk factors will be surveyed again to know whether there are any significant differences of outcome of school health education. Results: In this study we have been able to study of 356 adult people of both sexes. From the Mornea high school 197 (55.3%) and Alef Uddin Sarker high school 159 (44.7%). Mean age of the study population was 47.33 years and female was more than male 66.3%. Awareness of NCD was found in only 10.4% of the study population. Overall 96.63% had NCD risk factors, 30.90% had two risk factors and 50.26% had 3 or more risk factors. Overall prevalence of smoking was 36.8%, among them 20.5% were current smoker. 33.1% of the study population used to take smokeless tobacco. Among the survey population only 14.3% used to take vegetables 7 days/week. 32.6% (116) people were physically inactive and 6.7% (24) had sedentary lifestyle. Only 5.3% of the people were obese and 66.57% had central obesity. Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among the study population was 28.9% and 4.77% respectively. Among the known hypertensive 72.7% (16) used to take antihypertensive drug regularly and blood pressure was controlled in only 27.3%. Among the known diabetic mean duration were 4.12 years and 62.5% (5) of the patients used to take the antidiabetic drug regularly. Conclusions: In our study, awareness of NCD is very low but high prevalence of NCD risk factors, which are modifiable. So, an appropriate intervention is needed to modify the risk factors and thus prevention of NCDs. J MEDICINE JAN 2020; 21 (1) : 8-13

Defining Disability in Theory and Practice: A Critique of the British Disability Discrimination Act 1995

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROL WOODHAMS ◽  
SUSAN CORBY
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Evidence ◽  
Disability Discrimination ◽  
The Public ◽  
Disability Discrimination Act ◽  
Definition Of

This article presents a theoretical critique of the employment provisions of the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) (1995), focusing on the definition of disability. It argues that the underpinning medical assumption of the statutory definition of disability is detrimental to the achievement of disability equality in the workplace and is problematic for practitioners and Employment Tribunals. In particular there are four areas of significant confusion arising from the need for medical evidence, the lack of congruence between managerial and legal definitions, the focus on the negative aspects of disability and the fact that disability is often hidden. By exploring these four themes and drawing on comparisons with the other equality laws, the article concludes that the definition of disability contained in the DDA (1995) contradicts many of the principles of the liberal equality framework that underpins it. Finally the article considers the public policy implications and suggests a new statutory approach.

scholarly journals What is mental wellbeing?

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S236-S236
Author(s):  
David Baldwin ◽  
Julia Sinclair ◽  
Gemma Simons
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Support Research

AimsTo explore the theory of wellbeing and to propose an operational definition for wellbeing in doctors.Hypothesis: An operational definition for wellbeing in doctors is needed in order for it to be measured and interventions to improve it developed.BackgroundThere is no internationally recognised definition for wellbeing and yet wellbeing is an increasingly fashionable topic of research and development, including in doctors. This is because wellbeing can be described using either hedonist, or eudonist philosophy and there is a lack of conceptual clarity about what wellbeing is, and how it works. Research into the measurement of mental wellbeing has been dominated by individualist societies, with the inherent bias towards measuring self-centred components and not the other-orientated components that might be valued more in collectivist societies and by doctors.MethodThe Centre for Workforce Wellbeing (C4WW), a collaboration between the University of Southampton and Health Education England, was created to support research into the nature, assessment and enhancement of wellbeing in physicians. A literature review of the philosophy, definition and measurement of wellbeing was undertaken with a focus on mental wellbeing at work and specifically in doctors.ResultA concept map of the relationship between wellbeing terms has been created and was used to understand and classify where mental wellbeing itself was being defined and measured in studies, as opposed to a component of wellbeing, or determinant of wellbeing. Thematic analysis was used to develop an operational definition of wellbeing for doctors.ConclusionMeasurement of wellbeing and interventions for wellbeing cannot be developed if you cannot clearly define what wellbeing is. An operational definition of mental wellbeing in doctors is ethically required to prevent research waste and to allow us to identify and recreate when doctors thrive, not just survive.Health Education England funded PhD.

scholarly journals Understanding the Brazilian demand regime: a Kaleckian approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-302
Author(s):  
Bruno Thiago Tomio
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Single Equation ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Functional Distribution

The empirical literature on Kaleckian growth and distribution models consists almost exclusively of studies of developed countries. These studies have used varied econometric techniques and estimation methods, but little attention has been given to developing countries. Onaran and Galanis (2013) provide an extensive review of this literature, and they complement it by estimating models for some developing countries. However, owing to lack of data they were unable to estimate their model for Brazil. This paper expands the empirical literature by applying it to Brazil. The Brazilian demand regime is analysed for the period of 1956–2008, using functional distribution of income data supplied by Adalmir Marquetti (which was developed in a paper by Marquetti et al. 2010). The paper estimates the open-economy Bhaduri–Marglin model using the single-equation technique outlined in Hein and Vogel (2008). The results of the estimation show that the demand regime in Brazil is wage-led domestically despite being an open economy. Consequently, increases in the profit share tend to diminish demand. The paper concludes with some policy implications of the findings.

scholarly journals Industrial Clusters in Developing Countries: A Survey of the Literature

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Thompson Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Clusters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Geographic Proximity ◽  
Technological Spillovers ◽  
Flexible Specialization ◽  
Collective Efficiency ◽  
Large Scale Project

This paper provides a survey of the theoretical and empirical literature relating to industrial clusters. These clusters are groups of firms that are specialized by sector, located in close geographic proximity and consist of mostly small and medium sized enterprises. The benefits to firms from clustering are sometimes referred to as active and passive collective efficiency. Passive collective efficiency refers to benefits accruing to a firm by virtue of being in a cluster, such as access to markets and skilled labor, technological spillovers, flexible specialization, and reduced transaction costs. Active collective efficiency, on the other hand, stems from purposeful cooperation between clustered firms to undertake a large-scale project to upgrade production, such as entering into product marketing.

Military Expenditure and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited in Some South Asian Countries

2018 ◽  
pp. 144-169
Author(s):  
Kanchan Datta
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Health Education ◽  
South Asian ◽  
National Income ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Multiplier Effect

To protect the motherland from foreign invasion, to maintain peace and stabilize border tension, to maintain a balance of strength among neighboring countries, military expenditure is inevitable. On the other hand, if huge money is spent to continue the war game with neighboring countries that shrinks the funds available for investing in health, education, infrastructure, and industrialization. Under this controversy, some researchers feel increase in military expenditure raises national income through multiplier effect, but another group thinks it crowds out investment for generating employment and reduction of poverty especially in developing countries. In this chapter an attempt has been taken to investigate the relation between military expenditure and its impact on economic growth of some South Asian nations (e.g., India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh) by giving special importance to India.

Military Expenditure and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited in Some South Asian Countries

2019 ◽  
pp. 810-835
Author(s):  
Kanchan Datta
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Health Education ◽  
South Asian ◽  
National Income ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Multiplier Effect

To protect the motherland from foreign invasion, to maintain peace and stabilize border tension, to maintain a balance of strength among neighboring countries, military expenditure is inevitable. On the other hand, if huge money is spent to continue the war game with neighboring countries that shrinks the funds available for investing in health, education, infrastructure, and industrialization. Under this controversy, some researchers feel increase in military expenditure raises national income through multiplier effect, but another group thinks it crowds out investment for generating employment and reduction of poverty especially in developing countries. In this chapter an attempt has been taken to investigate the relation between military expenditure and its impact on economic growth of some South Asian nations (e.g., India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh) by giving special importance to India.

Digital platforms: A literature review and policy implications for development

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Maria Rossotto ◽  
Prasanna Lal Das ◽  
Elena Gasol Ramos ◽  
Eva Clemente Miranda ◽  
Mona Farid Badran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Emerging And Developing Countries ◽  
New Research

This article takes stock of the literature around digital platforms and shows how this review can inform policy choices in developing countries. Through the review, this article sets a research agenda for platforms in emerging markets. Four elements are specifically analyzed. First, the definition of multisided platforms; second, technology and behavioral enablers; third, the emerging business models; and, fourth, platform dynamics. Each of these elements is assessed in terms of its relevance in emerging and developing countries. Policy implications for development are also highlighted, building the foundations for a new research agenda.

scholarly journals El concepto de iniciación deportiva en la actualidad (The concept of sport initiation nowadays)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Sixto González Víllora ◽  
Luis Miguel García López ◽  
Onofre Ricardo Contreras Jordan ◽  
David Sánchez-Mora Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Games Teaching ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New View

En este artículo se presenta un amplio análisis de la bibliografía sobre la conceptualización del término Iniciación Deportiva, dando una nueva visión del concepto de iniciación deportiva bajo tres perspectivas. En primer lugar, respecto al tipo de metodología, se aborda el giro que está sufriendo este concepto del producto al proceso, debido a la corriente de Enseñanza Comprensiva del Deporte. En segundo lugar, el concepto de iniciación deportiva ha evolucionado en cuento al número de deportes que abarca, puesto que tradicionalmente se abordaba la enseñanza de un solo deporte y actualmente se tiende a enseñar varios deportes de una misma categoría al mismo tiempo. En tercer lugar, el ámbito deportivo donde se realiza, destacando los ámbitos recreativo-salud, educativo-formativo y competitivo-alto rendimiento. Finalmente, concluimos que conviven dos corrientes al relacionar las tres perspectivas, una más tradicional, que sigue centrando la Iniciación Deportiva en el producto, enfoca su enseñanza centrada en una sola especialidad y orientada en cierta forma al rendimiento, y una segunda corriente que de forma más abierta se orienta al proceso, a planteamientos horizontales y con fines más educativos o recreativos.Abstract: TIn this paper a wide analysis of bibliography related to the definition of sport initiation in the last decades is presented for this reason we have carried out a new view of the concept of games teaching in the early years from three points of view. First, teaching methods that have focused now on product, rather than on results. Second, teaching games concept has evolved from vertical to thematic approaches. Third, the context where sport is carried out, outlining leisure-health, education and competition-high performance. Finally we state that coexist as a result of linking this three points of view. One is more traditional, focusing games teaching on product, one sport and, in a certain way, on performance. On the other hand, second perspective is more focused on process, on thematic approaches and educational or leisure goals.

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