scholarly journals Geographic footprints of life expectancy inequalities in the state of Geneva, Switzerland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Ladoy ◽  
Juan Vallarta-Robledo ◽  
David De Ridder ◽  
José Sandoval ◽  
Silvia Stringhini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Spatial Cluster ◽  
The State ◽  
Cluster Detection ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Neighborhood Income

Abstract Introduction Although Switzerland has one of the highest life expectancy in the world, this global indicator may mask significant disparities at a local level. The present study used a spatial cluster detection approach on individual mortality data to investigate the geographic footprint of life expectancy inequalities in the state of Geneva, Switzerland. Methods Individual-level mortality data (n=30,592) were obtained from the Geneva’s mortuary announcements (2003-2017). We measured life expectancy inequalities through Life Expectancy Difference (LED), defined as the difference between the individual’s age at death and their Life Expectancy at Birth. We assessed the spatial dependence of LED across the state of Geneva using spatial autocorrelation statistics (Local Moran’s I). To ensure the robustness of the discovered patterns, we ran the analysis for ten random subsets of 10,000 individuals drawn from the 30,592 deceased. We also repeated the spatial analysis for LED before and after controlling for nationality and neighborhood income.Results LED was not randomly distributed across the state of Geneva. The ten random subsets revealed no significant difference in the geographic footprint of LED and the population characteristics within Local Moran cluster types, suggesting the robustness of the spatial structure obtained. The proportion of women, the proportion of Swiss, and the median neighborhood income were significantly lower for populations within low LED clusters than for populations within high LED clusters. After controlling for nationality and neighborhood income, we observed a slight reduction in the low LED cluster footprints, but we found similar differences in population characteristics between cluster types.Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Switzerland using spatial cluster detection methods to investigate small area inequalities in life expectancy. We identified a clear geographic footprint of LED, which may support further investigations and guide future public health interventions at the local level.

scholarly journals Geographic footprints of life expectancy inequalities in the state of Geneva, Switzerland

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Ladoy ◽  
Juan R. Vallarta-Robledo ◽  
David De Ridder ◽  
José Luis Sandoval ◽  
Silvia Stringhini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Spatial Cluster ◽  
The State ◽  
Cluster Detection ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Neighborhood Level

AbstractThough Switzerland has one of the highest life expectancies in the world, this global indicator may mask significant disparities at a local level. The present study used a spatial cluster detection approach based on individual death records to investigate the geographical footprint of life expectancy inequalities in the state of Geneva, Switzerland. Individual-level mortality data (n = 22,751) were obtained from Geneva’s official death notices (2009–2016). We measured life expectancy inequalities using the years of potential life lost or gained (YPLLG) metric, defined as the difference between an individual’s age at death and their life expectancy at birth. We assessed the spatial dependence of YPLLG across the state of Geneva using spatial autocorrelation statistics (Local Moran’s I). To ensure the robustness of the patterns discovered, we ran the analyses for ten random subsets of 10,000 individuals taken from the 22,751 deceased. We also repeated the spatial analysis for YPLLG before and after controlling for individual-level and neighborhood-level covariates. The results showed that YPLLG was not randomly distributed across the state of Geneva. The ten random subsets revealed no significant difference with the geographic footprint of YPLLG and the population characteristics within Local Moran cluster types, suggesting robustness for the observed spatial structure. The proportion of women, the proportion of Swiss, the neighborhood median income, and the neighborhood median age were all significantly lower for populations in low YPLLG clusters when compared to populations in high YPLLG clusters. After controlling for individual-level and neighborhood-level covariates, we observed a reduction of 43% and 39% in the size of low and high YPLLG clusters, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Switzerland using spatial cluster detection methods to investigate inequalities in life expectancy at a local scale and based on individual data. We identified clear geographic footprints of YPLLG, which may support further investigations and guide future public health interventions at the local level.

scholarly journals The decomposition of life expectancy for age and cause of death in Tuscany, Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Nante ◽  
L Kundisova ◽  
F Gori ◽  
A Martini ◽  
F Battisti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Reduction Of Mortality ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Changing of life expectancy at birth (LE) over time reflects variations of mortality rates of a certain population. Italy is amongst the countries with the highest LE, Tuscany ranks fifth at the national level. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of various causes of death in different age groups on the change in LE in the Tuscany region (Italy) during period 1987-2015. Material and methods Mortality data relative to residents that died during the period between 1987/1989 and 2013/2015 were provided by the Tuscan Regional Mortality Registry. The causes of death taken into consideration were cardiovascular (CVS), respiratory (RESP) and infective (INF) diseases and cancer (TUM). The decomposition of LE gain was realized with software Epidat, using the Pollard’s method. Results The overall LE gain during the period between two three-years periods was 6.7 years for males, with a major gain between 65-89, and 4.5 years for females, mainly improved between 75-89, <1 year for both sexes. The major gain (2.6 years) was attributable to the reduction of mortality for CVS, followed by TUM (1.76 in males and 0.83 in females) and RESP (0.4 in males; 0.1 in females). The major loss of years of LE was attributable to INF (-0.15 in females; -0.07 in males) and lung cancer in females (-0.13), for which the opposite result was observed for males (gain of 0.62 years of LE). Conclusions During the study period (1987-2015) the gain in LE was major for males. To the reduction of mortality for CVS have contributed to the tempestuous treatment of acute CVS events and secondary CVS prevention. For TUM the result is attributable to the adherence of population to oncologic screening programmes. The excess of mortality for INF that lead to the loss of LE can be attributed to the passage from ICD-9 to ICD-10 in 2003 (higher sensibility of ICD-10) and to the diffusion of multi-drug resistant bacteria, which lead to elevated mortality in these years. Key messages The gain in LE during the period the 1987-2015 was higher in males. The major contribution to gain in LE was due to a reduction of mortality for CVS diseases.

scholarly journals ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS TOURISM IN THE SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT OF SPORTS AND HEALTH ACTIVITIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Olena Melikh ◽  
Inna Irtyshcheva ◽  
Konstantin Bogatyrev
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
The State ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Current State

The article highlights the approaches to the development of sports and health activities and sports tourism in various spheres of society. It is proved that the current standard of quality of life in Ukraine is characterized as not satisfactory. Many factors affect the quality of life: lifestyle, genetic and environmental factors. However, one of the main issues remains the underfunding of development. The work investigates the state of financial support for health care, which is closely related to the level of low healthy life expectancy. It is determined that in modern conditions physical culture and sports are a necessary element of life of every Ukrainian. It is justified that grant programs are the main financial source for the development of physical culture and sports. It is proved that the state and non-state policy of development of physical education and sports should be built on creation of the corresponding concept for the next five years, which will include the appropriate strategy and program of development of physical culture and sports. The purpose of the article is a study of the peculiarities of organizing sports and health activities in different spheres of society and mechanisms of financing physical culture and sports in Ukraine. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: to reveal the role and importance of organizing sports and health activities in different spheres of society; to conduct an analysis of the current state of financing of health care, physical education and sports; outline strategic guidelines for improving state and non-governmental policies on financial provision for physical education and sports. Subject and object of study. The subject of the research is theoretical and practical aspects of organization of sports and health activities in different spheres of society. The object of the research is the process of managing sports and health activities in different spheres of society. Research methods. For a comprehensive study of the necessary information the basic methods of information research in management were used. In the study of the current state of financing the health care, physical education and sports the methods of statics and dynamics were used. The dynamic method was used to analyze health care expenditures in percentage terms to GDP and total expenditures, average life expectancy at birth in Ukraine, transition from one equilibrium state to another for the period from 1995 to 2017. The static method involved a comparison of the amount of annual funding from the State Targeted Social Program for the Development of Physical Culture and Sports and the actually allocated funds. An economic model of the dynamics of health care expenditures in percentage terms to GDP and total expenditures, average life expectancy at birth in Ukraine in the form of a graph is constructed.

scholarly journals Changing contribution of smoking to the sex differences in life expectancy in Europe, 1950–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 835-841
Author(s):  
Fanny Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Related Part

Abstract This article provides a detailed and overarching illustration of the contribution of smoking to sex differences in life expectancy at birth (e0) in Europe, focusing on changes over time and differences between both European countries and European regions. For this purpose, the sex difference in e0 for 31 European countries over the 1950–2014 period was decomposed into a smoking- and a non-smoking-related part, using all-cause mortality data and indirectly estimated smoking-attributable mortality rates by age and sex, and a formal decomposition analysis. It was found that smoking-attributable mortality contributed, on average, 3 years (43.5%) to the 7-year life expectancy difference between women and men in 2014. This contribution, was largest in 1995, at 5.2 out of 9.0 years, and subsequently declined in parallel with the average sex difference in life expectancy. The average contribution of smoking-attributable mortality was especially large in North-Western Europe around 1975; in Southern Europe around 1985; and in Eastern Europe around 1990–1995, when smoking-attributable mortality reached maximum levels among men, but was still low among women. The observed parallel decline from 1995 onwards in the sex differences in e0 and the absolute contribution of smoking to this sex difference suggests that this recent decline in the sex difference in e0 can be almost fully explained by historical changes in sex differences in smoking, and, consequently, smoking-attributable mortality. In line with the progression of the smoking epidemic, the sex differences in life expectancy in Europe are expected to further decline in the future.

scholarly journals Life Expectancy at Birth at the Local Level in Ontario

1999 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-54
Author(s):  
D. G. Manuel ◽  
Vivek Goel ◽  
J. I. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 infection on life expectancy, premature mortality, and DALY in Maharashtra, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guru Vasishtha ◽  
Sanjay K. Mohanty ◽  
Udaya S. Mishra ◽  
Manisha Dubey ◽  
Umakanta Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
The State ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The COVID-19 infections and deaths have largely been uneven within and between countries. With 17% of the world’s population, India has so far had 13% of global COVID-19 infections and 8.5% of deaths. Maharashtra accounting for 9% of India’s population, is the worst affected state, with 19% of infections and 33% of total deaths in the country until 23rd December 2020. Though a number of studies have examined the vulnerability to and spread of COVID-19 and its effect on mortality, no attempt has been made to understand its impact on mortality in the states of India. Method Using data from multiple sources and under the assumption that COVID-19 deaths are additional deaths in the population, this paper examined the impact of the disease on premature mortality, loss of life expectancy, years of potential life lost (YPLL), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in Maharashtra. Descriptive statistics, a set of abridged life tables, YPLL, and DALY were used in the analysis. Estimates of mortality indices were compared pre- and during COVID-19. Result COVID-19 attributable deaths account for 5.3% of total deaths in the state and have reduced the life expectancy at birth by 0.8 years, from 73.2 years in the pre-COVID-19 period to 72.4 years by the end of 2020. If COVID-19 attributable deaths increase to 10% of total deaths, life expectancy at birth will likely reduce by 1.4 years. The probability of death in 20–64 years of age (the prime working-age group) has increased from 0.15 to 0.16 due to COVID-19. There has been 1.06 million additional loss of years (YPLL) in the state, and DALY due to COVID-19 has been estimated to be 6 per thousand. Conclusion COVID-19 has increased premature mortality, YPLL, and DALY and has reduced life expectancy at every age in Maharashtra.

scholarly journals Upper and lower bounds for annuities and life insurance from incomplete mortality data

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (80) ◽  
pp. 282-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Costa de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Lower Bounds ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Survival Curve ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Insurance Policies ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Life Annuities

ABSTRACT This study aimed to set upper and lower bounds for the expected present value of whole life annuities and whole life insurance policies from incomplete mortality data, generalizing previous results on life expectancy. Since its inception, in the 17th century, actuarial science has been devoted to the study of annuities and insurance plans. Thus, setting intervals that provide an initial idea about the cost of these products using incomplete mortality data represents a theoretical contribution to the area and this may have major applications in markets lacking historical records or those having little reliability of mortality data, as well as in new markets still poorly explored. For both the continuous and discrete cases, upper and lower bounds were constructed for the expected present value of whole life annuities and whole life insurance policies, contracted by a person currently aged x, based on information about the expected present value of these respective financial products subscribed to by a person of age x + n and the probability that an individual of age x survives to at least age x + n. Through the bounds of a continuous annuity, in an environment where the instantaneous interest rate is equal to zero, the results shown also set bounds for the complete life expectancy, which implies that the contribution of this research generalizes previous results in the literature. It was also found that, for both annuities and insurance plans, the length of constructed intervals increases as the data gap size increases and it decreases as the survival curve becomes more rectangular. Illustratively, bounds for life expectancy at 40 and 60 years of age, for the 10 municipalities showing the highest life expectancy at birth in Brazil in 2010, were constructed by using data available in the Atlas of Human Development in Brazil.

scholarly journals Gender gap in life expectancy in India and role of age groups: A comparison between before and after male – female life expectancy at birth crossover

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260657
Author(s):  
Girimallika Borah
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Female Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Before And After

To assess the gender gap in life expectancy at birth in India and its major states as well as the timing of male-female life expectancy at birth crossover. To analyze the age-specific contributions to the changing gender differences before and after the crossover at the national and sub-national levels. We have used sample-survey-based age-specific mortality data available for the periods 1970–2018 to construct abridged life tables. The contribution of different age groups to the gender gap is estimated by using Arriaga’s method of decomposition. During 1981–85 female life expectancy at birth caught up with male life expectancy at birth for India and by 2005 all major states completed the crossover. The male-female crossover in life expectancy at the national level in the early 80s is remarkable in the face of continued female disadvantage from birth till adolescence, even for some richer states. We provide evidence that gender difference in longevity in favour of females is largely a function of adult age groups and younger age groups contribute negatively to the gender gap in life expectancy at birth in most states. Juxtaposing the results from contribution in an absolute number of years and their relative contribution change before and after the crossover, it is established that although the adult and old age groups contribute the highest in the absolute number of years before and after the crossover, the contribution of the reproductive age groups and childhood years in the recent time is most relevant in relative terms.

scholarly journals The impact of mortality for infectious diseases on life expectancy at birth in Tuscany, Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Kundisova ◽  
N Nante ◽  
A Martini ◽  
F Battisti ◽  
L Giovannetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Epidemiologic Transition ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Hospital Infection Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction The epidemiologic transition describes the reduction of mortality for infectious diseases (ID), followed by an increase in prevalence of non-communicable diseases. During recent years the situation has changed; an increase in mortality for sepsis was observed. Italy is amongst the countries with the highest prevalence of microorganisms resistant to antimicrobial therapy in Europe. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of mortality for ID on life expectancy (LE) in the Tuscany region(Italy). Methods Mortality data relative to residents that died during the period 2000/2002- 2013/2015 were provided by the Tuscan Regional Mortality Registry. At first the analysis was performed for whole territory, then for geographic area (Nord-Est:NE, Centrum:C, South-East:SE). The analysis was realized with software Epidat,using the Pollard's method of decomposition of variations in LE for age and cause of death. Results The overall gain in LE was 2.9 years for males and 2.6 years for females. The increase in mortality for ID was responsible for the loss of 0.11 years of LE for males vs. 0.16 years for females. The loss was observed in males aged 45-89, for females from 69 years onwards, with the highest loss between 79-89 years. After analysis for area, geographical differences emerged, for both males and females the highest loss of LE was observed for NE (-0.23 years vs.-0.19), followed by C (-0.15 years vs. -0.16) and SE (-0.12 vs. -0.11). Conclusions The result can be partially explained by the transition from ICD-9 to ICD-10 (in 2010), which improved the sensitivity of codification, but also by diffusion of pathogens resistant to antimicrobial therapy. The highest impact of ID was observed in elderly, probably due to the existence of predisposing clinical condition. The ID deserve major attention; the programmes of hospital infection control and antimicrobial stewardship have to be potentiated in order to contain the phenomenon. Key messages During the study period an increase in mortality for infectious diseases comported the loss in terms of LE years. The growing diffusion of microorganisms resistent to antimicrobial therapy could have contributed to the higher mortality rates observed during the last period.

scholarly journals At-a-glance - The impact of poisoning-related mortality on life expectancy at birth in Canada, 2000 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Orpana ◽  
Justin J. Lang ◽  
Diana George ◽  
Jessica Halverson
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
National Mortality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Related Mortality

Increases in opioid-related mortality have contributed to declines in life expectancy at birth in the United States and British Columbia. Canadian national mortality data from 2000 to 2016 were analyzed to determine the contribution of poisoning-related mortality to changes in life expectancy at birth by age group and sex. From 2000 to 2016, life expectancy at birth increased by almost three years; however, mortality due to unintentional poisonings, including those involving opioids, curbed this increase by 0.16 years. Although a national decrease in life expectancy at birth has not been observed in Canada during this period, current trends suggest that the national opioid overdose crisis will continue to attenuate gains to life expectancy.

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