scholarly journals The Negative Contingency Illusion: A Cognitive Bias Leading to Misjudgement of Protection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Piech ◽  
Matthew J. C. Crump ◽  
David H. Zald
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Negative Contingency ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Adaptive Ability ◽  
Superstitious Beliefs ◽  
Outcome Probability ◽  
Actual Relationship

Abstract Humans possess a highly adaptive ability to draw inferences about the world by recognizing meaningful links between stimuli and events: making contingency judgements. We describe a systematic bias in contingency judgements that we label the negative contingency illusion in which individuals falsely judge a cue to be protective against an outcome. We demonstrate that the illusion arises when outcome probability is low and occurs when there is no actual relationship between cue and outcome and even when there is a modest positive relationship between cue and outcome. Such misjudgements may lead individuals to superstitious beliefs and could have major public health implications if they lead to the belief in and promotion of treatments that are ineffective or deleterious to the prevention and treatment of illness.

Chimeras In Time-Honored Societies

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-466
Author(s):  
TUMMALA. SAI MAMATA
Keyword(s):  
Major Elements ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Life Changes ◽  
Inner Self ◽  
The World ◽  
Nature And Nurture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Superstitious Beliefs

A river flows serenely accepting all the miseries and happiness that it comes across its journey. A tree releases oxygen for human beings despite its inner plights. The sun is never tired of its duty and gives sunlight without any interruption. Why are all these elements of nature so tuned to? Education is knowledge. Knowledge comes from learning. Learning happens through experience. Familiarity is the master of life that shapes the individual. Every individual learns from nature. Nature teaches how to sustain, withdraw and advocate the prevailing situations. Some dwell into the deep realities of nature and nurture as ideal human beings. Life is a puzzle. How to solve it is a million dollar question that can never be answered so easily. The perception of life changes from individual to individual making them either physically powerful or feeble. Society is not made of only individuals. Along with individuals it has nature, emotions, spiritual powers and superstitious beliefs which bind them. Among them the most crucial and alarming is the emotions which are interrelated to others. Alone the emotional intelligence is going to guide the life of an individual. For everyone there is an inner self which makes them conscious of their deeds. The guiding force should always force the individual to choose the right path.  Writers are the powerful people who have rightly guided the society through their ingenious pen outs.  The present article is going to focus on how the major elements bound together are dominating the individual’s self through Rabindranath Tagore’s Home and the World (1916)

Awareness on Sustainability Perspective among Consumers’ of Tea

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Dr. M. Ayisha Millath ◽  
Dr. K. Malik Ali
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
High Price ◽  
Educational Qualification ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Correlation Result ◽  
Day By Day

Tea is an imperative beverage elsewhere in the world.  The need and demand for tea are increasing day by day.  Tea Association of USA expects continued growth in tea sales due to awareness on its health benefits. There are more than 3000 kinds of tea varieties are there but only four varieties are widely used. The authors investigated the opinion on sustainability perspectives and problems faced by them while they intend to buy. Willing Participants are included in survey with the sample size of 237.  The correlation result revealed that there is a positive relationship between educational qualification and sustainability perspectives of tea products among consumers. .  It is also found that lack of information and high price were the major problems faced by tea consumers while intend to buy sustainable tea. So the tea manufacturers and processors must throw light on these issues to improve its preference among consumers.

COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences in China and Implications for its Prevention and Treatment Worldwide

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning-Ning Liu ◽  
Jing-Cong Tan ◽  
Jingquan Li ◽  
Shenghui Li ◽  
Yong Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
International Community ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
History Of

The outbreak of COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 originally emerged in Wuhan in December 2019. As of March 22, 2020, the disease spread to 186 countries, with at least 305,275 confirmed cases. Although there has been a decline in the spread of the disease in China, the prevalence of COVID-19 around the world remains serious despite containment efforts undertaken by national authorities and the international community. In this article, we systematically review the brief history of COVID-19 and its epidemic and clinical characteristics, highlighting the strategies used to control and prevent the disease in China, which may help other countries respond to the outbreak. This pandemic emphasizes the need to be constantly alert to shifts in both the global dynamics and the contexts of individual countries, making sure that all are aware of which approaches are successful for the prevention, containment and treatment of new diseases, and being flexible enough to adapt the responses accordingly.

scholarly journals From the Infection to the Immunotherapy in Cervical Cancer: Can We Stop the Natural Course of the Disease?

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 597
Author(s):  
Daniela Luvero ◽  
Salvatore Lopez ◽  
Giorgio Bogani ◽  
Francesco Raspagliesi ◽  
Roberto Angioli
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Cancer Death ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Primary And Secondary Prevention ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Cervical cancer (CC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in women aged 20–39 years. Persistent infection with oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV) represents the most important risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. Three HPVs vaccines are currently on the global market: bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent. The nonavalent vaccine provides protection against almost 90% of HPV-related CC. Despite availability of primary and secondary prevention measures, CC persists as one of the most common cancers among women around the world. Although CC is a largely preventable disease, management of persistent or recurrent CC no longer amenable to control with surgery or radiation therapy has not improved significantly with the progress of modern chemotherapy and disseminated carcinoma of the cervix remains a discouraging clinical entity with a 1-year survival rate between 10% and 15%. Over the last few years, there has been increasing interest in immunotherapy as a strategy to fight tumors. This article focuses on recent discoveries about the HPV vaccine and immunotherapies in the prevention and treatment of CC, highlighting the future view.

scholarly journals SARS-COV-2 – THE LATEST GLOBAL THREAT AND THE PROSPECT OF COVID-19 THERAPY WITH THE USE OF CHITOSAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Pieklarz ◽  
◽  
Zofia Modrzejewska
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Targeted Treatments ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
A New Species

Epidemics of infectious diseases have always been a threat to humanity and have contributed to increased mortality in the affected areas. This also applies to a new species of coronavirus identified in 2019, SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite preventive measures implemented all over the world to minimise the spread of the pathogen as well as the development of vaccines, which have been approved for emergency use, the situation is still worrying. Moreover, the problem is exacerbated by the lack of targeted treatments for COVID-19 patients. One possible solution is the using preparations based on natural raw materials, including chitosan. This biopolymer is of great interest due to a number of unique biological properties, among which its antiviral effect is a key feature. Hence, this paper presents the application possibilities of chitosan-based solutions in the prevention and treatment of viral diseases, with particular emphasis on COVID-19.

scholarly journals Higher Mortality and Infection Rate in a Region or Country Suggest a Longer Time of COVID-19 Disease Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianshu Gu ◽  
Lan Yao ◽  
Tong Sun ◽  
Sara W. Day ◽  
Scott C. Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The World ◽  
Total Death ◽  
R Value

Abstract In view of the fact that the 2019-nCoV has spread to most countries in the world, it is necessary to make scientific and well-founded predictions of the current pandemic situation caused by the virus worldwide, which are conducive to public, social and government responses that mitigate and appropriately address the pandemic. We collected data from provinces with more than 200 cases in China and from eight other countries. Our analyses showed that the disease duration has no correlation with the number of patients, with r = 0.184. The number of deaths was not correlated to the disease duration, with r = 0.242. However, a positive correlation between the days of disease duration and infection rate, with a r = 0.626. Furthermore, there is a strong positive correlation between the disease duration and total death rate, with a r = 0.707. Using death rate of first 25 days, we obtained a positive relationship with a r value of 0.597. Based on the data from first 25 days, the minimum and maximum days of COVID-19 pandemic duration of eight countries was estimated between days of 37 and 114 days.

Industrial Policy as an Environmental Policy: Forest Preservation and the Industrialization of Manaus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre A.F. Rivas ◽  
James R. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Tropical Rainforest ◽  
Free Trade Zone ◽  
Amazon Rainforest ◽  
The World

The world is experiencing a major dilemma between the need to reduce global warming and to promote economic development. Brazil has the largest tropical rainforest on the planet, which plays an important role in this scenario. In the heart of this forest there is a special economic zone (SEZ), the Manaus Free Trade Zone. Studies indicate that there is a positive relationship between this economic activity and the level of forest conservation in the state of Amazonas, where the Manaus Free Trade Zone is located. There is important literature on SEZs, examining their economic and environmental impact in general, and specifically examining the Manaus Free Trade Zone. There is also a proposal to turn this SEZ into a major Brazilian economic initiative to protect the Amazon rainforest.

State Actor Dynamics in Brunei’s Healthcare Policies

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syazana Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
The State ◽  
World Health ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
State Actor ◽  
State Actors

This study seeks to ascertain the state actor dynamics in Brunei’s healthcare policies from the perspectives of an Islamic system of governance, by first identifying the state actors, or institutions, involved in influencing, formulating and implementing Brunei’s healthcare policies. The ‘IGC Matrix’ is employed to establish the Islamic health ‘sets of expectations’ (SoEs), particularly in terms of prevention and treatment, and medical ethics, primarily derived from the Qur’ān and Prophet Muhammadﷺ’s Sunnah, in order to construct for this study a framework of reference. The SoEs are then compared against Brunei’s healthcare policies and activities to determine how much of the Islamic health SoEs are met. This study reveals that Brunei’s healthcare policies are largely motivated by non-Islamic inspirations, specifically by the World Health Organisation (WHO), but with numerous overlaps with Islamic demands. In other words, Brunei’s healthcare policies may be stemmed from a non-Islamic influence, but it does not necessarily mean that they are un-Islamic. And most, if not all, of Brunei’s healthcare policies demonstrate a top-down approach, where the state actors play a crucial role in shaping Brunei’s dynamical SoEs.

Why blackseed can be the cure for all illnesses except death

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Rashid Bhikha ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Vast Range ◽  
Regular Intake

The use of plants to prevent and treat illnesses has been known since time immemorial. Blackseed has been used in different civilizations around the world for centuries. The curative properties of blackseed were mentioned in the Bible and further elaborated on by Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) as “Hold on to the use of blackseed, as it has a remedy for every illness except death”. Extensive research conducted over the past century into the phytochemistry of blackseed has identified many active ingredients and confirmed its pharmacological action in the treatment of a vast range of illness conditions across the different systems of the body, including the prevention and treatment of cancer, and optimum functioning of the immune system. Furthermore, the Tibb philosophical principles highlight the ability of the body’s inherent self-healing capacity, known as Physis, and the intricate functioning of the human body, based on the temperamental and humoral theory. This paper emphasizes the importance of Physis, and its role in the maintenance and restoration of health with the regular intake of blackseed, highlighting why blackseed can be a cure for all illnesses except death. Keywords: Blackseed, phytochemistry, pharmacological action, Tibb philosophical principles.

scholarly journals Morphometrics of eight Chinese cavefish species

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Lunghi ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Xueying Sun ◽  
Yahui Zhao
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
The World ◽  
Adaptive Ability

Abstract Chinese cavefishes are a bizarre and interesting vertebrate taxa, but one with relatively little research. China holds the highest global cavefish diversity, accounting for about one-third of known species. Sinocyclocheilus is the largest genus of cavefishes in the world and is endemic to the south of China. The distribution of Sinocyclocheilus species is very narrow, and sometimes they inhabit just a single cave; this feature increases the vulnerability to extinction. With this study we provide the first comprehensive dataset related to the morphometrics of eight Sinocyclocheilus species. In addition to enhancing our knowledge on these poorly known species we aim to provide a dataset useful for future comparative analyses aiming to better understand the adaptive ability of cavefishes.

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