scholarly journals In Vitro-in Vivo Digestibility and Nitrogen Balance in Indigenous, Exotic and Crossbred Growing Pigs Fed Sprouted or Roasted Cowpea Diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mfanuzile Welcome Lubisi ◽  
F Fushai ◽  
R.S Thomas ◽  
J.J. Baloyi
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
Genotype Interaction

Abstract The study evaluated effects of processing cowpeas for inclusion in maize-based diets for Windsnyer, Large-White x Landrace, and their 3-way crossbred growing pig genotypes. In-vitro, the raw and roasted cowpea diets, sprouting cowpeas decreased (P<0.05) gastric-ileal non-enzymatic (buffer-only) DM digestibility. Roasting increased (P<0.05) the colon enzymatic digestion relative to sprouting. Total ileal and colon in-vitro diet DM digestibility were not affected (P>0.05) by cowpea processing. In-vivo, Pigs consumed most (P<0.05) feed (g/day/kg BW) in period 1, with significant (P<0.05) genotype X period interaction. Both roasting and sprouting cowpeas reduced (P<0.05) dietary apparent DM digestibility. Pig daily body weight (BW) gain reduced (P<0.05) in period 3 compared to period 1. There was no (P>0.05) treatment effect on feed conversion efficiency. The 3-way crossbred pigs excreted more (P<0.05) urine N (g/dayBW0.75). Urine N excretion (g/dayBW0.75) peaked (P<0.05) in period 2 (P<0.05), with less (P<0.05) N intake (g/dayBW0.75), faecal N excretion (g/dayBW0.75) and N balance (g/dayBW0.75) than in period 3. Significant diet X genotype interaction in faecal N excretion (g/dayBW0.75) resulted from markedly high (P<0.05) in contrast to low (P<0.05) excretion. Significant genotype X period interaction resulted from the numerically (P>0.05) higher urine N excretion. In conclusion, in-vitro, sprouting shifted non-enzymatic digestion to the colon, while roasting increased colon fibrolysis, without effect on overall DM digestibility. In-vivo, the period of feeding, interpreted to reflect pig maturity, the pig genotype and cowpea processing interacted to influence apparent dietary DM digestibility and N utilization, without significant effect on the conversion efficacy of the maize-cowpea diet.

Bioactive peptides originating from gastrointestinal endogenous proteins in the growing pig: In vivo identification

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi A. Dave ◽  
Maria Hayes ◽  
Leticia Mora ◽  
Shane M. Rutherfurd ◽  
Carlos A. Montoya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Porcine Serum ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Endogenous Proteins

Background: Recent in silico and in vitro studies have shown that gastrointestinal endogenous proteins (GEP) are a source of bioactive peptides. To date, however, the presence of such peptides in the lumen of the digestive tract has not been demonstrated. Objective: We investigated the generation of GEP-derived bioactive peptides in the growing pig fed a protein-free diet. Methods: Stomach chyme (SC) and jejunal digesta (JD) fractions from 6 growing pigs (two sampling times) were assessed for their angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE-I; EC 3.4.15.1) inhibition, and antioxidant activity using the 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and microsomal lipid peroxidation (MLP) inhibition assays. Results: Two of the fractions prepared from JD samples inhibited ACE-I and DPPH by 81 (± 2.80)% and 94 (±0.66)%. SC fractions were found to inhibit MLP between 15-39 (±3.52-1.40)%. The study identified over 180 novel peptide sequences that were related to the determined bioactivities, including a porcine serum albumin-derived peptide (FAKTCVADE SAENCDKS), corresponding to f(7-23) of the human serum albumin peptide LVNEVTEFAKTCVADESAEN CDKSLHTLF that was previously identified from the digests of the latter GEP. Conclusions: This study provides the first in vivo evidence for GEP as a source of bioactive peptides. These new findings help advance our knowledge of the latent bioactive role of GEP-derived peptides in mammalian nutrition and health, and their potential pharmaceutical applications.

In vitro characterisation of two Lactobacillus strains and evaluation of their suitability as probiotics for growing-finishing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1537
Author(s):  
D. Y. Zhang ◽  
H. F. Ji ◽  
S. X. Wang ◽  
H. Liu ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Probiotic Properties ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White

In this study, we evaluated the probiotic properties of two strains Lactobacillus reuteri ZLR003 and Lactobacillus salivarius ZLS006. The two strains displayed tolerance of acid and heat, and demonstrated antimicrobial ability in vitro. Furthermore, their potential functions in vivo were also tested. A total of 120 crossbred (Landrace × Large White) growing pigs were divided into three groups: a control diet, the same diet supplemented with L. reuteri ZLR003 (2.0 × 109 cfu/kg of diet) or L. salivarius ZLS006 (3.50 × 109 cfu/kg of diet). The results showed that the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in L. reuteri ZLR003- (1–5 weeks and 1–9 weeks) (P &lt; 0.05) and L. salivarius ZLS006-treated pigs (1–5 weeks, 6–9 weeks and 1–9 weeks) (P &lt; 0.05) compared with the control group. Dietary supplementation with L. salivarius ZLS006 increased the apparent digestibility of nitrogen at Week 9 (P &lt; 0.05). The faecal Lactobacillus populations increased at the end of experiment, and the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in faeces decreased in the two Lactobacillus treatments compared with the control at Week 5 (P &lt; 0.05) and Week 9 (P &lt; 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, the total cholesterol, alanine transferase, aspartate transferase, blood urea nitrogen and haptoglobin levels in serum were significantly decreased following L. reuteri ZLR003 and L. salivarius ZLS006 treatments (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, these data suggest that the two Lactobacillus strains may be promising candidates for probiotic products in growing-finishing pigs.

Studies on the mechanism of acute inhibition of thyroglobulin hydrolysis by iodine

1985 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandalal Bagchi ◽  
Birdie Shivers ◽  
Thomas R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Iodotyrosine Deiodinase ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Excess Iodide ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract. Iodine in excess is known to acutely inhibit thyroidal secretion. In the present study we have characterized the time course of the iodine effect in vitro and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Labelled thyroid glands were cultured in vitro in medium containing mononitrotyrosine, an inhibitor of iodotyrosine deiodinase. The rate of hydrolysis of labelled thyroglobulin was measured as the proportion of labelled iodotyrosines and iodothyronines recovered at the end of culture and was used as an index of thyroidal secretion. Thyrotrophin (TSH) administered in vivo acutely stimulated the rate of thyroglobulin hydrolysis. Addition of Nal to the culture medium acutely inhibited both basal and TSH-stimulated thyroglobulin hydrolysis. The effect of iodide was demonstrable after 2 h, maximal after 6 h and was not reversible upon removal of iodide. Iodide abolished the dibutyryl cAMP induced stimulation of thyroglobulin hydrolysis. Iodide required organic binding of iodine for its effect but new protein or RNA synthesis was not necessary. The inhibitory effects of iodide and lysosomotrophic agents such as NH4C1 and chloroquin on thyroglobulin hydrolysis were additive suggesting different sites of action. Iodide added in vitro altered the distribution of label in prelabelled thyroglobulin in a way that suggested increased coupling in the thyroglobulin molecule. These data indicate that 1) the iodide effect occurs progressively over a 6 h period, 2) continued presence of iodide is not necessary once the inhibition is established, 3) iodide exerts its action primarily at a post cAMP, prelysosomal site and 4) the effect requires organic binding of iodine, but not new RNA or protein synthesis. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that excess iodide acutely inhibits thyroglobulin hydrolysis by increasing the resistance of thyroglobulin to proteolytic degradation through increased iodination and coupling.

In vitro assessment of food-derived-glucose bioaccessibility and bioavailability in bicameral cell culture system

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
Cansu Ozel-Tasci ◽  
Gozde Pilatin ◽  
Ozgur Edeer ◽  
Sukru Gulec
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Cell Culture System ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
In Vitro Assessment

AbstractBackgroundFunctional foods can help prevent metabolic diseases, and it is essential to evaluate functional characteristics of foods through in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches.ObjectiveWe aimed to use the bicameral cell culture system combined with the in vitro digestion to evaluate glucose bioavailability.Materials and methodsCake, almond paste, and pudding were modified by adding fiber and replacing sugar with sweeteners and polyols. Digestion process was modeled in test tubes. Rat enterocyte cells (IEC-6) were grown in a bicameral cell culture system to mimic the physiological characteristics of the human intestine. The glucose bioaccessibility and cellular glucose efflux were measured by glucose oxidase assay.Results and discussionThe glucose bioaccessibilities of modified foods were significantly lower (cake: 2.6 fold, almond paste: 9.2 fold, pudding 2.8 fold) than the controls. Cellular glucose effluxes also decreased in the modified cake, almond paste, and pudding by 2.2, 4, and 2 fold respectively compared to their controls.ConclusionOur results suggest that combining in vitro enzymatic digestion with cell culture studies can be a practical way to test in vitro glucose bioaccessibility and bioavailability in functional food development.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

scholarly journals Probiotics in Fish Nutrition—Long-Standing Household Remedy or Native Nutraceuticals?

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1348
Author(s):  
Sven Wuertz ◽  
Arne Schroeder ◽  
Konrad M. Wanka
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Fish Nutrition ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Resistance Decrease ◽  
Stress Susceptibility

Over the last decades, aquaculture production increased rapidly. The future development of the industry highly relies on the sustainable utilization of natural resources. The need for improving disease resistance, growth performance, food conversion, and product safety for human consumption has stimulated the application of probiotics in aquaculture. Probiotics increase growth and feed conversion, improve health status, raise disease resistance, decrease stress susceptibility, and improve general vigor. Currently, most probiotics still originate from terrestrial sources rather than fish. However, host-associated (autochthonous) probiotics are likely more persistent in the gastrointestinal tract of fish and may, therefore, exhibit longer-lasting effects on the host. Probiotic candidates are commonly screened in in vitro assays, but the transfer to in vivo assessment is often problematic. In conclusion, modulation of the host-associated microbiome by the use of complex probiotics is promising, but a solid understanding of the interactions involved is only in its infancy and requires further research. Probiotics could be used to explore novel ingredients such as chitin-rich insect meal, which cannot be digested by the fish host alone. Most importantly, probiotics offer the opportunity to improve stress and disease resistance, which is among the most pressing problems in aquaculture.

The effect of extrusion cooking of different starch sources on the in vitro and in vivo digestibility in growing pigs

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiehu Sun ◽  
Helle Nygaard Lærke ◽  
Henry Jørgensen ◽  
Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Extrusion Cooking

scholarly journals Copy number variation of amylase alpha 2B gene is associated with feed efficiency traits in Large White pigs--title not given--

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Yoshidomi ◽  
Kazuaki Tanaka ◽  
Tatsuya Takizawa ◽  
Satoshi Nikaido ◽  
Tetsuya Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number Variation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Number Variation

Copy number variation (CNV) of the AMY gene in humans has been enthusiastically studied for its association with starch digestibility and obesity. The alpha-amylase (AMY) is a major starch digestive enzyme in mammals. This study aimed to determine the association between CNV of the porcine pancreatic amylase (AMY2B) gene and feed efficiency. Improvement of feed efficiency in growing pigs is of great economic interest. We assayed the copy number of AMY2B by using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in a Large White pig population. We identified three genotypes for AMY2B CNVs, namely I/I (homozygotes of haplotype I; a chromosome with one copy of AMY2B), I/II (heterozygotes of haplotype I and II; a chromosome with two copies) and II/II (homozygotes of haplotype II). We tested the genotypes of the parental generation consisting of six males, 21 females and 265 offspring piglets to validate the AMY2B CNV genotyping. With very few mistyping exceptions, copy numbers of AMY2B were transmitted to piglets in segregation ratios following Mendelian inheritance. Finally, we performed an association analysis between the CNV of the AMY2B gene and feed efficiency traits in 207 uncastrated male pigs. The generalised linear model analysis showed the significant effects of AMY2B CNV genotype on average daily feed intake, total feed intake and feed conversion ratio during growth from 30 kg to 100 kg body weight. However, it was not associated with average daily gain, backfat thickness and loin eye muscle area. Individuals with the genotype I/I had about 76.6 ± 27.1 g lower average daily feed intake, 5.35 ± 1.90 kg lower total feed intake and 0.089 8 ± 0.026 5 lower feed conversion ratio than individuals with I/II and II/II genotypes. Thus, AMY2B CNV has the potential to be an effective genetic marker that could reduce feed costs for pig farming.  

scholarly journals l-Isoleucine Administration Alleviates DSS-Induced Colitis by Regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway in Rats

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangbing Mao ◽  
Rui Sun ◽  
Qingxiang Wang ◽  
Daiwen Chen ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Disease Activity Index ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Enterocyte Apoptosis

Inflammatory bowel disease (namely, colitis) severely impairs human health. Isoleucine is reported to regulate immune function (such as the production of immunoreactive substances). The aim of this study was to investigate whether l-isoleucine administration might alleviate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. In the in vitro trial, IEC-18 cells were treated by 4 mmol/L l-isoleucine for 12 h, which relieved the decrease of cell viability that was induced by TNF-α (10 ng/ml) challenge for 24 h (P &lt;0.05). Then, in the in vivo experiment, a total of 44 Wistar rats were allotted into 2 groups that were fed l-isoleucine-supplemented diet and control diet for 35 d. From 15 to 35 d, half of the rats in the 2 groups drank the 4% DSS-adding water. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion of rats were impaired by DSS challenge (P &lt;0.05). Drinking the DSS-supplementing water also increased disease activity index (DAI) and serum urea nitrogen level (P &lt;0.05), shortened colonic length (P &lt;0.05), impaired colonic enterocyte apoptosis, cell cycle, and the ZO-1 mRNA expression (P &lt;0.05), increased the ratio of CD11c-, CD64-, and CD169-positive cells in colon (P &lt;0.05), and induced extensive ulcer, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and collagenous fiber hyperplasia in colon. However, dietary l-isoleucine supplementation attenuated the negative effect of DSS challenge on growth performance (P &lt;0.05), DAI (P &lt;0.05), colonic length and enterocyte apoptosis (P &lt;0.05), and dysfunction of colonic histology, and downregulated the ratio of CD11c-, CD64-, and CD169-positive cells, pro-inflammation cytokines and the mRNA expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in the colon of rats (P &lt;0.05). These results suggest that supplementing l-isoleucine in diet improved the DSS-induced growth stunting and colonic damage in rats, which could be associated with the downregulation of inflammation via regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in colon.

Enrichment strategy of object combination on the behaviour of growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
A. A. Famakinwa ◽  
O. A. Adebiyi ◽  
T. O. Bankole ◽  
P. O. Idahosa
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Average Weight Gain

This study was carried out to determine the effect of object combination as environmental enrichment on behaviour of growing pigs. Thirty-six (36) crossbreed (Large White X Landrace) growing pigs with average weight of 34-36Kg were allotted randomly into four treatments, replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The four treatments were; Control (without enrichment), PRope (2 pieces of polyester rope), treatment SWood (2 pieces of soft wood) and treatment PRope+SWood (1 piece of soft wood and 1 piece of polyester rope). Behavioural observations were monitored by CCTV and recordings were made for 6 hours/day and 3days/week. At the end of the experiment, data collected includes average feed intake and average weight gain while feed conversion ratio was calculated. Likewise, behavioural observations; enrichment use, general activities, pen manipulation and pen-mate manipulation were observed. Behavioural data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) while performance data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. Performance data were significantly influenced (P<0.05) by enrichments for all the parameters measured. PRope+SWood had the highest value for the final weight (50.63kg), average weight gain (15.95kg) and average feed intake (56.61kg) while PRope had the highest FCR 4.18). Penmate manipulation (10.48%), pen manipulation (19.02%) and general activities (14.62%) were lower and significantly better for PRope+SWood compared to PRope and SWood and the highest interaction with enrichment objects was observed in the PRope+SWood (55.88%). It can be concluded that the use of combination of enrichment objects enhanced the performance and behaviour of pigs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document