scholarly journals Increased Fasting Serum Level of Arsenic Caused by Intake of Fish Meat Promotes a Potential Risk of Hypertension

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingchao He ◽  
Nobutaka Ohgami ◽  
Shoko Ohnuma ◽  
Hisao Naito ◽  
Ichiro Yajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Level ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Fasting Serum ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
Fish Meat ◽  
Food Items

Abstract Despite identification of arsenic intake from well drinking water in developing countries as a crucial hazard for health, the health effects of diet-mediated intake of arsenic on health in developed countries have remained unclear. The Japanese diet, which is regarded as a healthy diet, includes a high intake of seafoods that contain high levels of arsenic. The associations among intake of Japanese food including 54 food items classified into 6 categories, arsenic exposure and hypertension were investigated in 2,709 adults in Japan. Logistic regression analysis including serum sodium and potassium levels as confounders indicated a positive association between fasting serum level of arsenic (fsl-As) and prevalence of hypertension. Seaweed, bone-edible small fish and fish meat in seafoods were strong contributors to the increased fsl-As among the food items examined. Fish meat intake was identified as the greatest contributor to prevalence of hypertension. Since 94% of arsenic has been reported to be caused by dietary intake in Japan, our results suggest that increased fsl-As caused by intake of fish meat could be a potential risk for hypertension. Considering the worldwide trend of increased fish meat intake, arsenic in fish meat might be a new global hazardous material.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN ADULT POPULATION OF HAYATABAD PESHAWAR

1969 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 644-647
Author(s):  
SARA GUL ◽  
ATIF HUSSAIN ◽  
KASHIF UR REHMAN KHALIL ◽  
IMRANULLAH ◽  
MUHAMMAD ISHTIAQ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Population

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is one of the common non communicable disease and is reported to beprevalent in 20% to 50% of the adult population, hypertension is one of the major contributor ofmortality and morbidity in developing and developed countries. The cross-sectional descriptive studywas formulated to find the prevalence and to assess different etiological factors of hypertension.MATERIAL & METHODS: This cross-sectional study among 400 adults of age 25-75 years wasconducted in months of June to December 2014 in Phase 5, Hayatabad Peshawar. A detailed structuredproforma having important questions was used to collect important data regarding various variables.RESULTS: Our study results showed that 22.75% of the study people were hypertensive i.e. 10.25% ofmales and 12.5% of females; and the prevalence of hypertension showed positive association withadvancing age. Out of all respondents; 60.25% were males while 39.75% were females; 28.5% weresmokers; 5.25% consume predominantly meat; 32.5% were obese & overweight; 36.75% checked theirB.P regularly; and 19.75% had positive history of hypertension in family.CONCLUSION: We conclude that hypertension prevalence was high among our study population andwas associated with various modifiable and non modifiable risk factors thus population based preventivestrategies are needed to control and prevent hypertension.KEY WORDS: Hypertension, Age, Diet, Smokers, Hayatabad, Peshawar.

scholarly journals Arsenic in groundwater in the Bengal Delta Plain: slow poisoning in Bangladesh

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Mukherjee ◽  
P Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Bengal Delta ◽  
Arsenic In Groundwater ◽  
The Government

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the problems concerning the widespread occurrences of arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh, a land with enormous resources of precipitation, surface water, and groundwater. Because of the potential risk of microbiological contamination in the surface water, groundwater was relied on as an alternate source of drinking water. Exploitation of groundwater has increased dramatically in Bangladesh since the 1960s to provide safe water for drinking and to sustain wetland agriculture. The presence of arsenic in the groundwater at elevated concentrations has raised a serious threat to public health in the region. Nearly 60–75 million people inhabiting a large geographical area are at potential risk of arsenic exposure, and several thousands have already been affected by chronic arsenicosis. The source of arsenic in groundwater is geogenic and restricted within the Holocene sedimentary aquifers. Mobilization of arsenic from the alluvial aquifers is primarily effected through a mechanism of reductive dissolution of the iron oxyhydroxides within the sediments, rather than by the oxidation of pyrite, as has been hypothesized by other workers. The problem is further accentuated by the fact that arsenic is also found at elevated concentrations in vegetables and rice grown in the areas where high-arsenic groundwater is used for irrigation. Dietary habits among the population are also an important pathway for arsenic ingestion. Studies are in progress at national as well as international levels to alleviate the arsenic crisis in Bangladesh. Besides the identification of arsenic-free tubewells in the affected areas for drinking purposes, purification of groundwater at household level by low-cost arsenic removal techniques is suggested. Rehabilitation of the patients with chronic arsenicosis and arsenic education programs for rural communities must be addressed urgently by the government of Bangladesh. Key words: arsenic, groundwater, chemistry, redox, causes, effects, Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Serum Non-esterified Fatty Acids and Risk of Incident Stroke in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1416-1416
Author(s):  
Neil Huang ◽  
Nirupa Matthan ◽  
Mary Biggs ◽  
W T Longstreth ◽  
David Siscovick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cardiovascular Health Study ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Total Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Fasting Serum ◽  
Total N

Abstract Objectives Significant associations between plasma total non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations and incident ischemic stroke have been reported in some but not all prospective cohort studies. Given the functional and structural diversity among circulating NEFA, the association of individual or sub-groups of circulating NEFAs may provide additional insight into their relationship with incident stroke. We hypothesized fasting serum monounsaturated, n-6 polyunsaturated (PUFA) and n-3 PUFA NEFA are inversely associated, and saturated and trans NEFA are positively associated with incident stroke. Methods We analyzed the incidence of stroke among Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) participants who were free of stroke in 1996–1997 (baseline) and had an archived fasting serum sample (N = 2028). At baseline, mean age was 77.8 ± 4.5, body mass index (BMI) was 26.7 ± 4.4 and 61% were female. A total of 38 individual NEFAs were measured using gas chromatography. Cox regression was used to evaluate the association of individual and 5 sub-group (saturated, monounsaturated, n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA and trans) NEFAs with incident stroke, adjusting for age, sex, race and field center (model 1); model 1 covariates plus serum albumin, smoking, education, physical activity, alcohol consumption, eGFR, BMI, aspirin use, waist circumference, hypertension, prevalent diabetes and total serum cholesterol concentration (model 2). Results A total of 338 cases of incident stroke occurred during median follow-up of 10.5 years. In the fully adjusted model 2, individuals in the highest quartile of serum 16:1n-7 had a 56% higher risk of stroke (quartiles 4 versus 1, hazard ratio [HR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–2.25; P-trend = 0.02); highest quartile of total n-6 PUFA NEFA had a 40% higher risk (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.99–1.98; P-trend = 0.03); and highest quartile of 20:3n-6 had a 53% higher risk (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.09–2.14; P-trend = 0.01). No significant associations were observed between saturated, n-3 PUFA, and trans NEFAs with incident stroke. Conclusions These data suggest a positive association between fasting serum 16:1n-7, 20:3n-6 and total n-6 PUFA NEFAs with incident stroke in CHS participants. No significant associations were observed for the other individual or sub-groups of NEFAs. Funding Sources NIH and USDA.

Epidemiology of prostate cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Key ◽  
Alison J. Price
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the sixth most common cause of cancer death for men worldwide. The highest incidence and mortality rates are in populations that originated in Africa, such as African Americans. Rates are also high in Western countries and generally low in East and South Asia. Incidence rates are increasing in some countries which until recently had low rates, but are not changing much in countries which already have high rates. The only well-established risk factors are increasing age, African ancestry, family history of the disease, and certain genetic factors, none of which is modifiable. Many potential risk factors have been investigated in epidemiological studies and randomized trials. Observational studies have shown that prostate cancer risk is positively associated with the plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I, but is not strongly associated with testosterone or other sex hormones. Studies of nutritional factors suggest that risk may be higher in men with a high intake of animal foods and dairy products, but this relationship is not clear enough to be considered as established. Some studies of other nutritional factors such as fat, lycopene and other carotenoids, vitamin D, vitamin E and selenium have suggested possible associations, but overall do not show any clear relationships. Research on other possible risk factors has shown a small positive association of risk with height, but little association with obesity, smoking or alcohol intake, and evidence on sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections is inconclusive. Further research is needed, particularly to determine whether potential risk factors may be related more to aggressive than to indolent prostate cancer.

What drives board committee structure? Evidence from an emerging market

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pornsit Jiraporn ◽  
Ali Uyar ◽  
Cemil Kuzey ◽  
Merve Kilic
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Board Structure ◽  
Ceo Duality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Board Committees

Purpose Board committees enable boards to function effectively, as committees improve the quality of corporate governance by fulfilling specific, assigned tasks. This study aims to explore how board structure, CEO duality and audit quality are associated with board committee structure in the context of an emerging market, namely, Turkey. Design/methodology/approach The sample consisted of 122 firms listed on the Industrial Index of Borsa Istanbul for the years between 2012 and 2014, inclusive, and this yielded 366 firm-year observations. To test the hypotheses, the panel data analysis method was used, which enabled the elimination of certain problems, such as multicollinearity and estimation bias, as well as specification of the time-variant association between the predictor variables and the output variable. Findings Board size, board independence and firm size had a positive association with the number and size of board committees, whereas CEO duality had a negative association with the number and size of board committees. Moreover, the appointment of female members on audit and corporate governance committees was more frequent in firms that had a high proportion of women on their boards. Finally, audit quality was positively associated with the existence of risk committee, the overall diversity of board committees and the diversity of corporate governance committees. Research limitations/implications The study is not free from limitations. It covers the time span between 2012 and 2014; thus, readers should be cautious about generalizing these results longitudinally, as a different time periods could possibly yield different results. The second limitation concerns the fact that only industrial firms were sampled; thus, these findings may not be valid in other sectors. Practical implications The paper shifts the attention of researchers from overall board structure to board committee structure. The results of the study provide insights for policymakers, boards and shareholders. Policymakers can formulate boards and committees by considering these findings. Boards can benefit from the conclusions of this study in shaping their own structure and sub-committee structures. Current and potential shareholders may find the results of the study instructive in making investment decisions. Originality/value This study investigates the factors associated with the structure of overall and specific board committees. Additionally, while most prior research on board committees has sampled firms that are domiciled in developed countries, this study examines the subject in an emerging country context, namely Turkey. Moreover, this study adds to the literature by examining the association between audit quality and board committee structure, which has been largely neglected in prior literature.

Food Safety Standards, Trade & WTO

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushdeep Dharni ◽  
Sonika Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Marine Products ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Food Safety Standards

With incidence of food-borne diseases, consumers have become more conscious of food safety. Share of high value food items in the export bounty from developing countries like India is on the rise. These high value food items such as fresh & processed fruits and vegetables, marine products, meat and its preparations are highly income elastic as well as sensitive from the viewpoint of food safety. Article 20 of GATT allows governments to act on trade in order to protect human, animal or plant life or health, provided they do not discriminate or use this as disguised protectionism. SPS Agreement sets out the basic rules concerning food safety and animal & plant health standards. It allows countries to set their own standards but also says that regulations must be based on science. With increased retail concentration ratio, large retailers in the developed countries are enforcing their own food safety standards and these standards are stringent as compared to standards of standard setting bodies of WTO. At times these standards are used for discrimination in international trade and are telling upon the exports from developing countries in terms of additional costs of compliance and lack of “harmonization” and difficulties in establishing “equivalence”. For the benefit of exporters from the developing countries and consumers of the developed countries, efforts must be made for encouraging harmonization in these private standards and reducing the resulting discrimination.

The food of the New Zealand common river galaxias, Galaxias vulgaris Stokell (Pisces: Salmoniformes)

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
PL Cadwallader
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Large Fish ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
The Common ◽  
Adult Habitat

The food of the common river galaxias, Galaxias vulgaris Stokell, inhabiting the Glentui River, Canterbury, New Zealand, was studied between June 1970 and November 1971. Basic food consisted of Ephemeroptera: particularly the larvae of Deleatidium spp., Coloburiscus humeralis and Nesameletus ornatus. Secondary food consisted of Elmidae (Coleoptera), terrestrial arthropods, and the larvae of Rhyacophilidae, Hydropsyche colonica, Olinga feredayi, Pycnocentrodes aureola (Trichoptera), Archichauliodes diversus (Megaloptera), Chironomidae and Simuliidae (Diptera). Other food items were considered to be incidental. Diet varied seasonally and with size of fish. Large fish tended to eat larger food items than small fish, and there was also an increase in variety of food items with increase in fish size. Recently hatched fish fed predominantly on dipteran larvae, changing to a mainly ephemeropteran diet on moving to the adult habitat. Diet did not change significantly with age in fish sampled in the same type of habitat. Male and female diets were very similar.

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF LOW FERTILITY IN BRAZIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (S1) ◽  
pp. S131-S155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Cruz Castanheira ◽  
Hans-Peter Kohler
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Negatively Associated

SummaryAn increasing number of developing countries are experiencing below replacement fertility rates. Although the factors associated with low fertility in developed countries have been widely explored in the literature, studies of low fertility in middle- and low-income countries continue to be rare. To help fill this gap, Brazil was used as a case study to assess whether human development, gender equality and the ability of mothers with young children to work are associated with the likelihood of married or cohabiting women to have a child. For this purpose, multilevel logistic regressions were estimated using the 1991, 2000 and 2010 Brazilian Demographic Censuses. It was found that human development was negatively associated with fertility in the three periods analysed. Gender equality and the ability of mothers with young children to work were positively associated with the odds of having higher order births in Brazil in 2000 and 2010. In 1991, these variables were not associated with higher order births, and gender equality was negatively associated with first births. The positive association found in 2000 and 2010 may constitute a reversal of the relationship that in all likelihood prevailed earlier in the demographic transition when gender equality was most likely negatively correlated with fertility levels.

scholarly journals The Impact of Lacking Guideline on the Prescription of Nonoccupational Postexposure Prophylaxis among HIV Medical Care Providers: National Internet-based Observational Study in China (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Ding ◽  
Zehao Ye ◽  
Weiming Tang ◽  
Xiaojie Huang ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Prescribing Practice ◽  
Biomedical Prevention ◽  
Disease Hospital ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (nPEP) is an effective HIV biomedical prevention strategy. While previously nPEP guidelines for HIV were mainly released in developed countries, little is known on the perception, attitude, and practice of nPEP in HIV medical care providers in developing countries. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the nPEP perception and prescribing practice among HIV medical care providers in China. METHODS HIV medical care providers were recruited in China during May to June 2019, through an online survey regarding nPEP-related knowledge, attitudes, and clinical prescription experiences. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with prescribing nPEP among HIV medical care providers. RESULTS Totally, 777 eligible participants participated in this study, who are from 133 cities in 31 provinces in China. Of the participants, only 39.8% (309/777) understood nPEP well. Overall, 53.3% (414/777) of participants once prescribed nPEP, among whom 38.9% (161/414) encountered barriers in the prescription process. HIV medical care providers who working in a specialized infectious disease hospital (vs. general hospital: adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 2.50; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.86–3.35), and having previously prescribed occupational PEP (oPEP, aOR, 4.55; 95% CI, 3.08–6.73), had a significantly positive association with prescribing nPEP; however, self-reported having no oPEP guideline in place (aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36–0.79), as well as believing nPEP may promote HIV high-risk behavior (aOR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.36–0.76) or result in HIV drug resistance (aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36–0.77) among key populations, were negatively associated with nPEP prescription behavior. CONCLUSIONS HIV medical care providers have a poor nPEP perception and an inadequate proportion of prescribing, which may impede the smooth implementation of nPEP to prevent HIV infection. The development of a national nPEP guideline would improve the situation.

scholarly journals The association between mandatory financial restatements and the turnover of firm executives

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 467-474
Author(s):  
Jo Ting Wei
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Financial Restatement ◽  
Financial Restatements ◽  
The Relationship

Prior studies have examined the relationship between financial restatements and the turnover of firm executives and find that financial restatements lead to the turnover of firm executives. They often concern the above effects in developed countries such as America rather than those in developing countries. Besides, financial restatements externally prompted are more serious. However, past research little explores this type of financial restatement. Therefore, this study aims to examine the association between mandatory financial restatements and the turnover of firm executives—the chairman and the CEO in Taiwan. The findings show that there is positive relationship between mandatory financial restatements and the turnover of the CEO. However, we do not find there is positive association between mandatory financial restatements and the turnover of the chairman. The implications are as follows. As the CEO has power to make firm major decisions, including financial reporting, he should be responsible for financial restatements. The chairman is the leader of a firm. Replacing the chairman may significantly affect firm normal operation. Hence, firms are not easily to replace the chairman unless there is concrete evidence showing that he should be responsible for the financial restatements.

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