Changes In Antioxidant Systems And Sucrose Metabolism In Maize Varieties Exposed To Cd

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Li ◽  
Yingdi Cao ◽  
Tianfeng Li ◽  
Meiyu Guo ◽  
Xinglin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Stress Response Genes ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Tolerant Variety ◽  
Maize Plants

Abstract While it is generally accepted that different maize varieties respond in various ways to cadmium (Cd) stress, the physiological mechanisms that determine how they respond are not well-defined. We do know, however, that antioxidant systems and sucrose metabolism help plants to cope with abiotic stresses, including stress from Cd. Seed is sensitive to Cd stress during germination stage. In this study, we investigated how the antioxidant systems, sucrose metabolism, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA3) concentration in two maize varieties with low (FY9) or high (SY33) sensitivities to Cd changed when Cd was added at 20 mg L−1 over different germination stages (3, 6, and 9 days). As Cd accumulated, the germination rate decreased, and growth was inhibited. The O2•-, malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline (Pro) concentrations, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities increased compared to the CK (without Cd). The expression levels of three genes (ZmOPR2, ZmOPR5 and ZmPP2C6) that respond to oxidative stress increased differently in two varieties under Cd stress. The activity of the antioxidant system including the transcript levels of oxidative stress response genes were higher in Cd-tolerant variety, FY9, than in sensitive variety, SY33. And then, we also examined sucrose metabolism levels that were increased compared to the CK. However, it was more active in the Cd-sensitive variety, SY33. Therefore, these results also suggest that antioxidant systems are first respond to Cd stress in maize plants, and sucrose metabolism is cooperation and complement that are exposed to Cd.

scholarly journals Changes in sucrose metabolism in maize varieties with different cadmium sensitivities under cadmium stress

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243835
Author(s):  
Cong Li ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Jing Tian ◽  
Yanshu Zhu ◽  
Jinjuan Fan
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Secondary Response ◽  
Sucrose Synthesis ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Sucrose Hydrolysis ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Tolerant Variety ◽  
Photosynthetic Products

Sucrose metabolism contributes to the growth and development of plants and helps plants cope with abiotic stresses, including stress from Cd. Many of these processes are not well-defined, including the mechanism underlying the response of sucrose metabolism to Cd stress. In this study, we investigated how sucrose metabolism in maize varieties with low (FY9) and high (SY33) sensitivities to Cd changed in response to different levels of Cd (0 (control), 5, 10, and 20 mg L−1 Cd). The results showed that photosynthesis was impaired, and the biomass decreased, in both varieties of maize at different Cd concentrations. Cd inhibited the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) (sucrose synthesis), and stimulated the activities of acid invertase (AI) and SS (sucrose hydrolysis). The total soluble sugar contents were higher in the Cd-treated seedlings than in the control. Also, Cd concentrations in the shoots were higher in SY33 than in FY9, and in the roots were lower in SY33 than in FY9. The decreases in the photosynthetic rate, synthesis of photosynthetic products, enzyme activity in sucrose synthesis direction, and increases in activity in hydrolysis direction were more obvious in SY33 (the sensitive variety) than in FY9 (the tolerant variety), and more photosynthetic products were converted into soluble sugar in SY33 than in FY9 as the Cd stress increased. The transcript levels of the sugar transporter genes also differed between the two varieties at different concentrations of Cd. These results suggest that sucrose metabolism may be a secondary response to Cd additions, and that the Cd-sensitive variety used more carbohydrates to defend against Cd stress rather than to support growth than the Cd-tolerant variety.

scholarly journals Silymarin-Enriched Biostimulant Foliar Application Minimizes the Toxicity of Cadmium in Maize by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Elevating Antioxidant Gene Expression

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Hesham F. Alharby ◽  
Hassan S. Al-Zahrani ◽  
Khalid R. Hakeem ◽  
Hameed Alsamadany ◽  
El-Sayed M. Desoky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Antioxidative Enzymes ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Enzyme Gene ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Maize Grain

For maize, the potential preventive role of foliar spraying with an extract derived from maize grain (MEg, 2%), silymarin (Sm, 0.5 mM), or silymarin-enriched MEg (MEg-Sm) in attenuating the stress effects of cadmium (Cd, 0.5 mM) was examined using a completely randomized design layout. Under normal conditions, foliar spraying with MEg, Sm, or MEg-Sm was beneficial (with MEg-Sm preferred) for maize plants, whereas the benefit was more pronounced under Cd stress. The use of Cd through irrigation water decreased plant growth traits, photosynthetic efficiency, including instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, Fv/Fm, and pigment contents, and hormonal contents (e.g., auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins including trans-zeatin, and salicylic acid). These undesired findings were due to an increase in Cd content, leading to increased levels of oxidative stress (O2•− and H2O2), ionic leakage, and lipid peroxidation. Therefore, this damage resulted in an increase in the activities of nonenzymatic antioxidants, Sm, antioxidative enzymes, and enzyme gene expression. However, under Cd stress, although foliar spray with MEg or Sm had better findings than control, MEg-Sm had better findings than MEg or Sm. Application of MEg-Sm greatly increased photosynthesis efficiency, restored hormonal homeostasis, and further increased the activities of various antioxidants, Sm, antioxidative enzymes, and enzyme gene expression. These desired findings were due to the suppression of the Cd content, and thus the levels of O2•−, H2O2, ionic leakage, and lipid peroxidation, which were positively reflected in the growth and accumulation of dry matter in maize plants. The data obtained in this study recommend applying silymarin-enriched maize grain extract (MEg-Sm at 0.24 g Sm L−1 of MEg) as a spray solution to maize plants when exposed to excess Cd in soil or irrigation water.

scholarly journals Comparison of coenzyme Q10 or fish oil for prevention of intermittent hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in neonatal rat lungs

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina D’Agrosa ◽  
Charles L. Cai ◽  
Faisal Siddiqui ◽  
Karen Deslouches ◽  
Stephen Wadowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Coenzyme Q10 ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Oxidative Injury ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Antioxidant Systems

Abstract Background Neonatal intermittent hypoxia (IH) results in oxidative distress in preterm infants with immature antioxidant systems, contributing to lung injury. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and fish oil protect against oxidative injury. We tested the hypothesis that CoQ10 is more effective than fish oil for prevention of IH-induced lung injury in neonatal rats. Methods Newborn rats were exposed to two clinically relevant IH paradigms at birth (P0): (1) 50% O2 with brief hypoxia (12% O2); or (2) room air (RA) with brief hypoxia (12% O2), until P14 during which they were supplemented with daily oral CoQ10, fish oil, or olive oil from P0 to P14. Pups were studied at P14 or placed in RA until P21 with no further treatment. Lungs were assessed for histopathology and morphometry; biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation; and antioxidants. Results Of the two neonatal IH paradigms 21%/12% O2 IH resulted in the most severe outcomes, evidenced by histopathology and morphometry. CoQ10 was effective for preserving lung architecture and reduction of IH-induced oxidative stress biomarkers. In contrast, fish oil resulted in significant adverse outcomes including oversimplified alveoli, hemorrhage, reduced secondary crest formation and thickened septae. This was associated with elevated oxidants and antioxidants activities. Conclusions Data suggest that higher FiO2 may be needed between IH episodes to curtail the damaging effects of IH, and to provide the lungs with necessary respite. The negative outcomes with fish oil supplementation suggest oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation.

scholarly journals Light and CO2 Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Leaves

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Lena Hunt ◽  
Karel Klem ◽  
Zuzana Lhotáková ◽  
Stanislav Vosolsobě ◽  
Michal Oravec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Stress Prevention ◽  
Tolerant Variety ◽  
Barley Leaves

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) accumulates phenolic compounds (PhCs), which play a key role in plant defense against environmental stressors as antioxidants or UV screening compounds. The influence of light and atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on the accumulation and localization of PhCs in barley leaves was examined for two varieties with different tolerances to oxidative stress. PhC localization was visualized in vivo using fluorescence microscopy. Close relationships were found between fluorescence-determined localization of PhCs in barley leaves and PhC content estimated using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy detection. Light intensity had the strongest effect on the accumulation of PhCs, but the total PhC content was similar at elevated [CO2], minimizing the differences between high and low light. PhCs localized preferentially near the surfaces of leaves, but under low light, an increasing allocation of PhCs in deeper mesophyll layers was observed. The PhC profile was significantly different between barley varieties. The relatively tolerant variety accumulated significantly more hydroxycinnamic acids, indicating that these PhCs may play a more prominent role in oxidative stress prevention. Our research presents novel evidence that [CO2] modulates the accumulation of PhCs in barley leaves. Mesophyll cells, rather than epidermal cells, were most responsive to environmental stimuli in terms of PhC accumulation.

scholarly journals Selenium deficiency induces spleen pathological changes in pigs by decreasing selenoprotein expression, evoking oxidative stress, and activating inflammation and apoptosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Li ◽  
Wenjuan Sun ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Jiawei Zhu ◽  
Xueting Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Se Deficiency ◽  
Spleen Index

Abstract Background The immune system is one aspect of health that is affected by dietary selenium (Se) levels and selenoprotein expression. Spleen is an important immune organ of the body, which is directly involved in cellular immunity. However, there are limited reports on Se levels and spleen health. Therefore, this study established a Se-deficient pig model to investigate the mechanism of Se deficiency-induced splenic pathogenesis. Methods Twenty-four pure line castrated male Yorkshire pigs (45 days old, 12.50 ± 1.32 kg, 12 full-sibling pairs) were divided into two equal groups and fed Se-deficient diet (0.007 mg Se/kg) or Se-adequate diet (0.3 mg Se/kg) for 16 weeks. At the end of the trial, blood and spleen were collected to assay for erythroid parameters, the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes, the spleen index, histology, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, Se concentrations, the selenogenome, redox status, and signaling related inflammation and apoptosis. Results Dietary Se deficiency decreased the erythroid parameters and increased the number of osmotically fragile erythrocytes (P < 0.05). The spleen index did not change, but hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining indicated that the white pulp decreased, the red pulp increased, and splenocyte apoptosis occurred in the Se deficient group. Se deficiency decreased the Se concentration and selenoprotein expression in the spleen (P < 0.05), blocked the glutathione and thioredoxin antioxidant systems, and led to redox imbalance. Se deficiency activated the NF-κB and HIF-1α transcription factors, thus increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, and TNF-α), decreasing anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β) and increasing expression of the downstream genes COX-2 and iNOS (P < 0.05), which in turn induced inflammation. In addition, Se-deficiency induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, upregulated apoptotic genes (Caspase3, Caspase8, and Bak), and downregulated antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2) (P < 0.05) at the mRNA level, thus verifying the results of TUNEL staining. Conclusions These results indicated that Se deficiency induces spleen injury through the regulation of selenoproteins, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.

scholarly journals Developmental Origins of Kidney Disease: Why Oxidative Stress Matters?

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Chien-Ning Hsu ◽  
You-Lin Tain
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Developing Kidney

The “developmental origins of health and disease” theory indicates that many adult-onset diseases can originate in the earliest stages of life. The developing kidney has emerged as being particularly vulnerable to adverse in utero conditions leading to morphological and functional changes, namely renal programming. Emerging evidence indicates oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and antioxidant systems, plays a pathogenetic role in the developmental programming of kidney disease. Conversely, perinatal use of antioxidants has been implemented to reverse programming processes and prevent adult-onset diseases. We have termed this reprogramming. The focus of this review is twofold: (1) To summarize the current knowledge on oxidative stress implicated in renal programming and kidney disease of developmental origins; and (2) to provide an overview of reprogramming effects of perinatal antioxidant therapy on renal programming and how this may prevent adult-onset kidney disease. Although early-life oxidative stress is implicated in mediating renal programming and adverse offspring renal outcomes, and animal models provide promising results to allow perinatal antioxidants applied as potential reprogramming interventions, it is still awaiting clinical translation. This presents exciting new challenges and areas for future research.

Impact of seasonally frozen soil on germinability and antioxidant enzyme activity of Picea asperata seeds

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihong Qin ◽  
Qing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
Subalpine Zone ◽  
Picea Asperata

In the subalpine zone of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau of China, Dragon spruce (Picea asperata Mast.) is commonly used for reforestation. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of seasonally frozen soil on the germination of P. asperata seeds and to investigate whether these effects were associated with resumption of the antioxidant defense system. The nonfrozen treatment resulted in near failure of germination (1%) and was associated with relatively high levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and low activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxide (APX). Germination of P. asperata seeds at 10 cm under the seasonally frozen soil was higher than that at 5 cm by 26%; this higher germination rate was associated with the recovery of SOD, CAT, and APX activities. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in seeds from seasonally frozen treatments were higher than those in the nonfrozen treatment, implying greater lipid peroxidation and that frozen seeds might have suffered from oxidative stress. The results indicate that seasonally frozen soil facilitated the germination of P. asperata seeds and that germination was closely related to the resumption of antioxidant enzymes activity. Overall, these findings suggest that the disappearance of seasonally frozen ground caused by global warming might result in failure of regeneration of P. asperata.

scholarly journals Identification of Redox-Sensitive Transcription Factors as Markers of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1138
Author(s):  
Martina Schiavello ◽  
Elena Gazzano ◽  
Loredana Bergandi ◽  
Francesca Silvagno ◽  
Roberta Libener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Asbestos Exposure ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Aggressive Cancer

Although asbestos has been banned in most countries around the world, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a current problem. MPM is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis, so it is crucial to identify new markers in the preventive field. Asbestos exposure induces oxidative stress and its carcinogenesis has been linked to a strong oxidative damage, event counteracted by antioxidant systems at the pulmonary level. The present study has been focused on some redox-sensitive transcription factors that regulate cellular antioxidant defense and are overexpressed in many tumors, such as Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), Ref-1 (Redox effector factor 1), and FOXM1 (Forkhead box protein M1). The research was performed in human mesothelial and MPM cells. Our results have clearly demonstrated an overexpression of Nrf2, Ref-1, and FOXM1 in mesothelioma towards mesothelium, and a consequent activation of downstream genes controlled by these factors, which in turn regulates antioxidant defense. This event is mediated by oxidative free radicals produced when mesothelial cells are exposed to asbestos fibers. We observed an increased expression of Nrf2, Ref-1, and FOXM1 towards untreated cells, confirming asbestos as the mediator of oxidative stress evoked at the mesothelium level. These factors can therefore be considered predictive biomarkers of MPM and potential pharmacological targets in the treatment of this aggressive cancer.

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