The combined effect of sowing methods, and nitrogen application rates on photosynthetic characteristics, and soil water consumption of wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAFEEZ NOOR ◽  
Min Sun ◽  
Wen Lin ◽  
Zhiq-iang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

Abstract Sustainability of winter wheat yield under dryland conditions depends on Improvements in crop photosynthetic characteristics and, crop yield. Study the effects of sowing method and N-nitrogen rates on yield, selected sowing, and soil water storage, nitrogen translocation. Experiment comprised of three sowing methods: wide-space sowing (WSS), furrow sowing (FS), and drill sowing (DS) and seven nitrogen treatments: 0 kg ha− 1, 90 kg ha− 1, 180 kg ha− 1, 210 kg ha− 1, 240 kg ha− 1, 270 kg ha− 1 and 300 kg ha− 1.The results indicated that the sowing methods significantly affected the yield, and grain. The increase in grain yield was 25%, respectively. The photosynthetic traits, and leaf area index were highest under WS followed by FS. The plant height was highest under DS. I (WSS), and (II) (DS). Sowing method WSS with N level N240 significantly enhanced the Photosynthesis Rate, intercellular CO2, and transpiration rate .Our results indicated that implication of a proper sowing method coupled with enhanced nitrogen doses resulted in an increase in yield. WSS 240 kg ha− 1 enhances photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves, and promotes to achieve high yield. The plants were improved, which ware beneficial to the improvement of sugar content.

scholarly journals Daily and seasonal patterns of CO2 fluxes and evapotranspiration in maize-grass intercropping

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 777-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cássia B. Machado ◽  
José R. de S. Lima ◽  
Antonio C. D. Antonino ◽  
Eduardo S. de Souza ◽  
Rodolfo M. S. Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon ◽  
Main Consumer

ABSTRACT Studies that investigate the relationships between CO2 fluxes and evapotranspiration (ET) are important for predicting how agricultural ecosystems will respond to climate changes. However, none was made on the maize-grass intercropping system in Brazil. The aim of this study was to determine the ET and CO2 fluxes in a signal grass pasture intercropped with maize, in São João, Pernambuco, Brazil, in a drought year. Furthermore, the soil water storage (SWS) and leaf area index (LAI) were determined. The latent heat flux was the main consumer of the available energy and the daily and seasonal ET and CO2 variations were mainly controlled by rainfall, through the changes in soil water content and consequently in SWS. The agroecosystem acted as an atmospheric carbon source, during drier periods and lower LAI, and as an atmospheric carbon sink, during wetter periods and higher LAI values. In a dry year, the intercropping sequestered 2.9 t C ha-1, which was equivalent to 8.0 kg C ha-1 d-1. This study showed strong seasonal fluctuations in maize-grass intercropping CO2 fluxes, due to seasonality of rainfall, and that this agroecosystem is vulnerable to low SWS, with significant reduction in CO2 uptake during these periods.

scholarly journals Response of Soil Temperature, Moisture, and Spring Maize (Zea mays L.) Root/Shoot Growth to Different Mulching Materials in Semi-Arid Areas of Northwest China

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Haidong Lu ◽  
Zhenqing Xia ◽  
Yafang Fu ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Jiquan Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spring Maize

Adaptive highly efficient mulching technologies for use on dryland agricultural ecosystems are crucial to improving crop productivity and water-use efficiency (WUE) under climate change. Little information is available on the effect of using different types of mulch on soil water thermal conditions, or on root/shoot trait, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), yield, and WUE of spring maize. Hence, in this study, white transparent plastic film (WF), black plastic film (BF), and maize straw (MS) was used, and the results were compared with a non-mulched control (CK). The results showed that the mean soil temperature throughout the whole growth period of maize at the 5–15 cm depth under WF and BF was higher than under MS and CK, but under BF, it was 0.6 °C lower than WF. Compared with CK, the average soil water storage (0–200 cm) over the whole growth period of maize was significantly increased under WF, BF, and MS. WF and BF increased the soil water and temperature during the early growth stages of maize and significantly increased root/shoot biomass, root volume, LAI, LAD, and yield compared with MS. Higher soil temperatures under WF obviously reduced the duration of maize reproductive growth and accelerated root and leaf senescence, leading to small root/shoot biomass accumulation post-tasseling and to losses in yield compared with BF

scholarly journals Modeling Soil Water–Heat Dynamic Changes in Seed-Maize Fields under Film Mulching and Deficit Irrigation Conditions

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin Zhao ◽  
Xiaomin Mao ◽  
Manoj K. Shukla ◽  
Sien Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Swap Model ◽  
Film Mulching

The Soil–Water–Atmosphere–Plant (SWAP) model does not have a mulching module to simulate the effect of film mulching on soil water, heat dynamics and crop growth. In this study, SWAP model parameters were selected to simulate the soil water–heat process and crop growth, taking into account the effect of film mulching on soil evaporation, temperature, and crop growth, in order to predict the influence of future climate change on crop growth and evapotranspiration (ET). A most suitable scheme for high yield and water use efficiency (WUE) was studied by an experiment conducted in the Shiyang River Basin of Northwest China during 2017 and 2018. The experiment included mulching (M1) and non-mulching (M0) under three drip irrigation treatments, including full (WF), medium (WM), low (WL) water irrigation. Results demonstrated that SWAP simulated soil water storage (SWS) well, soil temperature at various depths, leaf area index (LAI) and aboveground dry biomass (ADB) with the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 16.2%, 7.5%, 16.1% and 16.4%, respectively; and yield, ET, and WUE with the mean relative error (MRE) of 10.5%, 12.4% and 14.8%, respectively, under different treatments on average. The measured and simulated results showed film mulching could increase soil temperature, promote LAI during the early growth period, and ultimately improve ADB, yield and WUE. Among the treatments, M1WM treatment with moderate water deficit and film mulching could achieve the target of more WUE, higher yield, less irrigation water. Changes in atmospheric temperature, precipitation, and CO2 concentration are of worldwide concern. Three Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5) showed a negative effect on LAI, ADB and yield of seed-maize. The yield of seed-maize on an average decreased by 33.2%, 13.9% under the three RCPs scenarios for film mulching and non-mulching, respectively. Predicted yields under film mulching were lower than that under non-mulching for the next 30 years demonstrating that current film mulching management might not be suitable for this area to improve crop production under the future climate scenarios.

Effects of ionized brackish water and polyacrylamide application on infiltration characteristics and improving water retention and reducing soil salinity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Wei ◽  
Jihong Zhang ◽  
Quanjiu Wang ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
Qian Ding
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Application Rates

There is an urgent need for brackish groundwater-based irrigation methods to be developed for saline soils that are effective, economically advantageous, and environmentally friendly. The use of both ionized brackish water and polyacrylamide (PAM) might provide such a method. The long-term use of brackish water irrigation can lead to the secondary salinization of soil and, as a consequence, restrict the development of the agricultural economy. Here, we conducted one-dimensional vertical infiltration experiments to examine the effects of ionized brackish water and PAM on soil infiltration characteristics. The result indicated that the water retention of soil first increased and then decreased with the increased in PAM application rates. The maximum water retention of soil was obtained in PAM application of 0.04% for ionized brackish water treatment. Soil water storage for the 0.04% PAM application under ionized brackish water irrigation was the highest and 5.1% higher compared with non-ionized brackish water at a PAM application rate of 0.04%. The ionized brackish water treatment at a PAM application rate of 0.04% improved the desalinization efficiency by 2.3% compared with non-ionized brackish water treatment. Thus, ionized treatment and PAM application are effective for improving the characteristics of soil water and salt transport and permit the safe use of brackish groundwater for irrigation.

scholarly journals Soil Water Depletion in Planted Alfalfa Pastures in an Alpine Pastoral Area

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Sun ◽  
Ze Huang ◽  
Zeng Cui ◽  
Rong Lu ◽  
Rui-Qi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Soil Water Depletion ◽  
Water Depletion ◽  
Soil Desiccation ◽  
Management Measures

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has strong stress resistance, high nutritional value, good palatability for cattle, high yield and a drought tolerance mechanism, but long-term planting leads to soil desiccation. This research was carried out to examine the soil water conditions of alfalfa pastures with different planted ages, and determine the optimum time for alfalfa rotation in a plateau area of a sub-alpine monsoon climate. Soil water depletion, soil compaction and vegetation characteristics of alfalfa pastures of different ages (i.e., two, four and seven years) were assayed and compared with those of a cornfield which served as the control crop. Three 20 × 20 m plots and five random quadrats per plot were established at each field. Soil water contents at 0–400 cm depth and plant biomass were compared among different vegetation types, soil transects and planting years. The results showed that at the 250–400 cm depth, the soil water storage of the four- and seven-year-old alfalfa pastures was much lower than in the two-year-old alfalfa pasture and in the cornfield. Moreover, the degree of soil water storage deficit of the four- and seven-year-old alfalfa pastures was much higher than in the other fields. Soil compaction of alfalfa pastures increased with increasing planting age and reached a peak value in the seven-year-old alfalfa pasture. The highest above-ground biomass was observed in the four-year-old alpine alfalfa pasture. Thus, the best cultivation period for alfalfa pastures was four years from the perspective of higher yield and lower soil water consumption in pastoral sub-alpine areas. This study provided a basis for sustainable alfalfa pasture cultivation, timely harvest, rotation and water management measures to be implemented in alpine grazing lands.

Evapotranspiration of Safflower at three densities of sowing

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
WR Stern
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Type Curve ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Irrigated Crops

In a low latitude environment, evapotranspiration from irrigated crops of safflower growing at low, middle, and high densities was determined from changes in soil water storage. Evapotranspiration was related to potential free water evaporation as calculated by the Penman formula. Except at the rosette stage and during the transition period leading to elongation, there was no measurable difference in evapotranspiration between densities. The ratio of evapotranspiration to free water evaporation was 1.57 during elongation and 1.25 between elongation and flowering, falling to less than 1 before the last irrigation and before any marked depletion of soil water in the root zone. Average evapotranspiration over the cropping period was 3.1 mm day-l and the transpiration ratio 342. Leaf area index and evapotranspiration rates were related by a Mitscherlich type curve with an evapotranspiration plateau of 4.2 mm day-1. The high ratios of evapotranspiration to potential evaporation were due to bulk advective conditions in this environment. The observed evapotranspiration is discussed in relation to the growth of the crop and the variations observed in the field.

Effects of lupin on soil properties and wheat production

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
KY Chan ◽  
DP Heenan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Wheat Production

Effect of lupin on wheat production and soil properties was evaluated on a red earth, at Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. Soil physical and chemical properties as well as soil surface aggregate stability, soil water distribution and extraction by wheat crops from a 10-year-old wheat/lupin (WL) rotation were compared with those of continuous wheat (WW), with (WW+N) and without (WW-N) nitrogen fertilizer application. Averaged wheat yield over the 1989-1990 period was 4.17, 2.95 and 3.06 t ha-1 respectively for WL, WW-N and WW+N. Despite the higher yield, important changes in soil properties have been detected in the soil under wheat/lupin rotation when compared with that under continuous wheat. The major effect was surface soil acidification and an associated loss of cations. Ten years of WL, compared with WW-N resulted in 0.2 unit reduction in pH (4 -35 v. 4.55) in 0.10-0.15 m with corresponding increases in extractable A1 and losses in exchangeable Ca2+ (17% as present in WW-N) and Mg+2 (12%). In the continuous wheat, annual application of 100 kg N ha-1 as urea resulted in much greater acidification (by 0.48 pH unit from 4.63 to 4.15 at 0.05-0.10 m) and larger losses in Ca2+ (up to 40%) and Mg2+ (up to 52%) in the top 0.2 m. Ten years of WL rotation reduced K+ by 10% in the top 0.2 m layer compared with both of the continuous wheat rotations, presumably due to higher export of K in lupin grains. Inclusion of lupin in the rotation also resulted in differences in the quality of soil organic matter. Despite similar total soil organic carbon content to WW-N, in the top 0.1 m, soil organic matter under WL had lower C/N ratio and higher polysaccharide content. Lower macroaggregate stability was found under WL compared to WW-N, but this did not result in lower soil water storage over the summer fallow during the two seasons of measurement. However, the wheat crop under WW utilized less stored subsoil water than that under WL, even under conditions of moisture stress.

scholarly journals A Coupled Model for Simulating Water and Heat Transfer in Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum with Crop Growth

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weicai Yang ◽  
Xiaomin Mao ◽  
Jian Yang ◽  
Mengmeng Ji ◽  
Adebayo J. Adeloye
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition

Crop growth is influenced by the energy partition and water–heat transfer in the soil and canopy, while crop growth affects the land surface energy distribution and soil water-heat dynamics. In order to simulate the above processes and their interactions, a new model, named CropSPAC, was developed considering both the growth of winter wheat and the water–heat transfer in Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC). In CropSPAC, the crop module depicts the dynamic changes of leaf area index (LAI), crop height, and the root distribution and outputs them to the SPAC module, while the latter outputs soil moisture conditions for the crop module. CropSPAC was calibrated and validated by field experiment of winter wheat in Yongledian, Beijing, with five levels of irrigation treatments, namely W0 (0 mm), W1 (60 mm), W2 (110 mm), W3 (170 mm), and W4 (230 mm). Results show that CropSPAC could predict the soil water and temperature distribution, and winter wheat growth with acceptable accuracy. For example, for the 0–1 m soil water storage, the R2 for W0, W1, W2, W3, and W4 is 0.90, 0.88, 0.90, 0.91, and 0.79, and the root mean square error (RMSE) is 17.24 mm, 27.65 mm, 20.47 mm, 22.35 mm, and 12.88 mm, respectively. For soil temperature along the soil profile, the R2 ranges between 0.96 and 0.98, and the RMSE between 1.22 °C and 1.94 °C. For LAI, the R2 varied from 0.76 to 0.96, and the RMSE from 0.52 to 0.67. We further compared the simulation results by CropSPAC and its two detached modules, i.e., crop and the SPAC modules. Results demonstrate that the coupled model could better reflect the interactions between crop growth and soil moisture condition, more suitable to be used under deficit irrigation conditions.

scholarly journals Cover Crop Impacts on Water Dynamics and Yields in Dryland Wheat Systems on the Colorado Plateau

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1102
Author(s):  
Lisa Eash ◽  
Abdel F. Berrada ◽  
Kathleen Russell ◽  
Steven J. Fonte
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Colorado Plateau ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Crop Biomass

On the semiarid Colorado Plateau, dryland farmers are challenged by degraded soils and unreliable precipitation. While cover crops have been shown to support soil fertility, control erosion, and enhance in soil water capture, they also use limited soil water and, thus, may impact cash crop productivity in dryland systems. Most literature on cover crops comes from relatively humid climates, where yield penalties due to cover crops may be less pronounced. Two field trials were conducted in Southwestern Colorado to assess the short-term viability of cover crops in dryland systems in this region. The effect of cover crops on subsequent winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield ranged from a decrease of 78% to an increase of 13%, depending on the amount of cover crop biomass produced in the previous year. Cover crop biomass was inversely correlated with soil nitrate levels and soil water storage at wheat planting, which decreased by 0.39 mg kg−1 and 10 mm, respectively, per 1000 kg ha−1 of cover crop biomass produced. Less available soil water and immobilized N therefore appeared to contribute to wheat yield reductions. These impacts are particularly important for semiarid environments, where decomposition of residue is water-limited and soil water recharge depends on unpredictable precipitation patterns.

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