scholarly journals Maize Genotypes With Different Zinc Efficiency in Response to Low Zinc Stress and Heterogeneous Zinc Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianqin Xu ◽  
Xuejie Wang ◽  
Huaqing Zhu ◽  
Futong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Zinc Efficiency ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Zn Stress

All over the world, a common problem in the soil is the low content of available zinc (Zn), which is unevenly distributed and difficult to move. However, information on the foraging strategies of roots in response to heterogeneous Zn supply is still very limited. Few studies have analyzed the adaptability of maize inbred lines with different Zn efficiencies to different low Zn stress time lengths in maize. This study analyzed the effects of different time lengths of low Zn stress on various related traits in different inbred lines. In addition, morphological plasticity of roots and the response of Zn-related important gene iron-regulated transporter-like proteins (ZIPs) were studied via simulating the heterogeneity of Zn nutrition in the soil. In this report, when Zn deficiency stress duration was extended (from 14 to 21 days), under Zn-deficient supply (0.5 μM), Zn efficiency (ZE) based on shoot dry weight of Wu312 displayed no significant difference, and ZE for Ye478 was increased by 92.9%. Under longer-term Zn deficiency, shoot, and root dry weights of Ye478 were 6.5 and 2.1-fold higher than those of Wu312, respectively. Uneven Zn supply strongly inhibited the development of some root traits in the -Zn region. Difference in shoot dry weights between Wu312 and Ye478 was larger in T1 (1.97 times) than in T2 (1.53 times). Under heterogeneous condition of Zn supply, both the –Zn region and the +Zn region upregulated the expressions of ZmZIP3, ZmZIP4, ZmZIP5, ZmZIP7, and ZmZIP8 in the roots of two inbred lines. These results indicate that extended time length of low-Zn stress will enlarge the difference of multiple physiological traits, especially biomass, between Zn-sensitive and Zn-tolerant inbred lines. There were significant genotypic differences of root morphology in response to heterogeneous Zn supply. Compared with split-supply with +Zn/+Zn, the difference of above-ground biomass between Zn-sensitive and Zn-tolerant inbred lines under split-supply with –Zn/+Zn was higher. Under the condition of heterogeneous Zn supply, several ZmZIP genes may play important roles in tolerance to low Zn stress, which can provide a basis for further functional characterization.

Diallel analysis of competition between diploid and tetraploid genotypes of Secale cereale grown at two densities

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Norrington-Davies ◽  
Janice M. Hutto
Keyword(s):  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Diallel Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Alpha Effect ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARYTwo inbred diploid lines of Secale cereale L. and their derived tetraploids were grown together with a commercial diploid and tetraploid in all possible pair combinations in a pot experiment. Comparisons between lines and varieties were made in respect to dry weight measured at 30 weeks.The competitive effects within mixtures were not compensatory, the commercial varieties tending to increase in dry weight more than the homozygous inbred lines decreased. This gave rise to mixture means which tended to exceed their mid-constituent values.The analysis of reciprocal differences in dry weight showed that the effects of competition between any one genotype and its associate in mixtures were constant (alpha competition), the sign and magnitude of the alpha effect being related to the pure stand values of the genotype.The mean effect of competition was to increase the difference in dry weight between genotypes by 2·108 g for each gram by which the genotypes differed when grown alone. In each case the values for genotypes with the higher dry weight increased in mixture whereas the values for those with lower dry weights decreased.Not surprisingly, the commercial varieties were found to be better competitors than the inbred lines, but of more interest was the ineffectiveness of chromosome doubling on competitive ability. Under the conditions of density and fertility reported here, the tetraploid inbred lines could not be distinguished from their diploid progenitors either in their competitive ability or in their reaction to increased density when grown in mixtures. The same is true for the tetraploid and diploid commercial varieties.

THE EFFECT OF INGESTED CHLORTETRACYCLINE ON SOME HYDROLASES AND ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN GROWING PIGS: II. PANCREAS–DRY WEIGHT, FAT CONTENT, PROTEASE, AND AMYLASE ACTIVITY

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Vonk ◽  
L. W. McElroy ◽  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Protease Activity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pancreatic Protease ◽  
The Difference

Results of experiments to investigate the effect of dietary chlortetracycline on pancreas dry weight and on the crude fat content and hydrolase activity of the gland are presented. Chlortetracycline fed at a level of 20 g. per ton of feed caused an increase in rate of gain and efficiency of feed utilization by pigs between the ages of 9 and 17 weeks. An effect on the pancreas was indicated by significant increases in: (a) dry weight, (b) total protease and amylase activity, and (c) amylase activity per gram dry matter of the glands from animals receiving the supplemented ration. The difference remained significant after adjustment for body weight by covariance in the case of amylase activity but not for dry weight or protease activity, indicating that the effect of chlortetracycline on amylase activity was more pronounced than that on rate of gain of pigs, pancreas dry weight, or pancreatic protease activity. No significant difference in the crude fat content of the pancreas attributable to the inclusion of chlortetracycline in the ration was observed.

Lowered pulmonary arterial pressure prevents edema after endotoxin in sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1008-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Allen ◽  
R. E. Drake ◽  
J. Katz ◽  
J. C. Gabel ◽  
G. A. Laine
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Pressure ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Capillary Membrane ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
The Difference

Escherichia coli endotoxin causes increased capillary membrane permeability and increased pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in sheep. If the pulmonary hypertension extends to the level of the microvasculature, then the increased microvascular pressure may contribute to the pulmonary edema caused by endotoxin. We tested the hypothesis that reducing the pulmonary hypertension would reduce the amount of edema caused by endotoxin. Twelve sheep were chronically instrumented with catheters to measure PAP, left atrial pressure, and central venous pressure. The sheep were divided into two groups. One group (E) of six sheep received an intravenous infusion of 4 micrograms/kg of E. coli endotoxin. The second group (E + SNP) received the same dose of endotoxin as well as a continuous infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) to reduce PAP. Three hours after the endotoxin infusions, the sheep were terminated and the extravascular fluid-to-blood-free dry weight ratios of the lungs were determined (EVF). The base-line PAP was 17.5 +/- 2.7 mmHg. A two-way analysis of variance demonstrated a significant difference (P less than 0.01) in PAP between the E and E + SNP groups. Although PAP in each group varied as a function of time, the difference between the two groups did not. The mean PAP for the E + SNP group (20.9 +/- 1.5 mmHg) was lower than the E group PAP of 27.3 +/- 2.1 mmHg after the endotoxin spike. Furthermore, the E + SNP group EVF (3.9 +/- 0.2) was significantly less than the EVF of the E group (4.7 +/- 0.5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

COMPARISON OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN NORMAL AND TRIAZINE-RESISTANT Brassica

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. A. HOBBS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Net Assimilation

In spaced field plantings, triazine-resistant types of Brassica campestris L. and B. napus L. had a carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER) 28% lower in 1983 and 25% lower in 1984 than normal (triazine-susceptible) types. In plots simulating agronomic spacings in 1984, the difference between CER in normal and resistant types was 17% for B. campestris, 14% for B. napus and 13% for B. juncea L. Differences were apparent throughout the season and were not associated with any particular stage of growth. Resistant progeny from reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible plants of B. napus exhibited reduced CER at all levels of photosynthetically active radiation and at all temperatures. There was no significant difference between plant types for chlorophyll a + b content or chlorophyll a/b ratio. Shoot dry weight, stomatal resistance and specific leaf weight were higher in the normal types, but there was no difference between types in either relative growth rate or net assimilation rate. The reduced biomass was not therefore linked to reduced CER.Key words: Carbon dioxide exchange rate, herbicide, oilseed, rapeseed

scholarly journals Ammonium/nitrate ratio affects the growth and glucosinolates content of pakchoi

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-253
Author(s):  
Jing Yang ◽  
Biao Zhu ◽  
Xiaolei Ni ◽  
Yong He
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ammonium Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Β Carotene

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) strongly affects plant growth. However, little is known about the effects of the ammonium/nitrate ratio on pakchoi (Brassica rapa), especially its glucosinolates (GSs) contents which are involved in plant defense and many of them benefit to human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a constant N supply (8 mM) but with five ammonium/nitrate ratios (namely 0/8 mM, 2/6 mM, 4/4 mM, 6/2 mM and 8/0 mM) on the growth of pakchoi in a hydroponic system in 2 years. In both years, a higher biomass (dry weight) was in the 4/4 and 2/6 ammonium/nitrate treatments (2.3 and 2.2-fold compared to 8/0, respectively), with no significant difference in biomass between these two treatments. The biomass then decreased with increasing proportions of ammonium in the N supply from more than 10 g/pot to below 5 g/pot. The N and sulfur contents were strongly affected in the sole nitrate or ammonium treatments, as were the contents of chlorophyll, lutein, and β-carotene. Most of the individual glucosinolates (GSs) detected in pakchoi showed the highest concentrations in the sole ammonium treatment. The ammonium/nitrate ratio also affected the types of GSs. The highest proportion of indolyl GSs and the lowest proportion of aromatic GSs were in the sole ammonium treatment. We concluded that a high ammonium level decreases the biomass but increases the GSs concentrations in pakchoi. Further studies are required to explore the difference in GSs metabolism among plants supplied with different ammonium/nitrate ratios.

scholarly journals 594 Effect of Water Stress during the Harvest Period on the Carbohydrate Reserves of Mature Almond Trees

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 549C-549
Author(s):  
Gaston Esparza ◽  
Ted M. DeJong ◽  
Steve A. Weinbaum
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Whole Tree

The effect of water stress during the harvest period on carbohydrate reserves at the end of the growing season was studied for mature, field-grown almond trees. The following irrigation treatments were imposed during 1995, 1996, and 1997: a) full irrigation (FI) (irrigation every 3–7 days), b) moderate stress (MS) (18 days of irrigation cut-off), and c) severe stress (SS) (35, 47, and 53 days of irrigation cut-off for 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively). Midday stem (Yms) and predawn leaf (Ypd) water potentials were monitored during each season's stress. Three trees of contrasting treatments (FI vs. SS) were excavated on 10 Dec. 1997 and divided into tree components for dry weight and TNC concentration determination. Although there was no significant difference in whole-tree biomass between the excavated FI and SS trees, total new stem growth of SS trees was half of FI trees. TNC concentrations in the organs of SS trees were significantly reduced compared to FI trees. Total calculated whole tree TNC content for SS trees was 26.1% less than FI trees. The difference in TNC content between FI and SS trees was larger for roots (34.9%) than for the aerial parts (21.1%) indicating the higher sensitivity of roots for reflecting reserve status. Although roots constituted just 13.4% of the whole tree biomass, they stored 36.4% of TNC. Only roots exhibited a clear association between the minimum values of Yms and Ypd during the season and TNC concentration of 12 non-excavated additional trees that were subsampled at the end of the growing season.

THE EFFECT OF INGESTED CHLORTETRACYCLINE ON SOME HYDROLASES AND ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN GROWING PIGS: II. PANCREAS–DRY WEIGHT, FAT CONTENT, PROTEASE, AND AMYLASE ACTIVITY

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Vonk ◽  
L. W. McElroy ◽  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Protease Activity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pancreatic Protease ◽  
The Difference

Results of experiments to investigate the effect of dietary chlortetracycline on pancreas dry weight and on the crude fat content and hydrolase activity of the gland are presented. Chlortetracycline fed at a level of 20 g. per ton of feed caused an increase in rate of gain and efficiency of feed utilization by pigs between the ages of 9 and 17 weeks. An effect on the pancreas was indicated by significant increases in: (a) dry weight, (b) total protease and amylase activity, and (c) amylase activity per gram dry matter of the glands from animals receiving the supplemented ration. The difference remained significant after adjustment for body weight by covariance in the case of amylase activity but not for dry weight or protease activity, indicating that the effect of chlortetracycline on amylase activity was more pronounced than that on rate of gain of pigs, pancreas dry weight, or pancreatic protease activity. No significant difference in the crude fat content of the pancreas attributable to the inclusion of chlortetracycline in the ration was observed.

scholarly journals Identification, Association of Natural Variation and Expression Analysis of ZmNAC9 Gene Response to Low Phosphorus in Maize Seedling Stage

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1447
Author(s):  
Javed Hussain Sahito ◽  
Xiao Zhang ◽  
Haixu Zhong ◽  
Xuan He ◽  
Chen Zhen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Favorable Alleles ◽  
Seedling Traits ◽  
Significant Difference

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macroelement supporting maize productivity and low-P stress is a limiting factor of maize growth and yield. Improving maize plant tolerance to low P through molecular breeding is an effective alternative to increase crop productivity. In this study, a total of 111 diverse maize inbred lines were used to identify the favorable alleles and nucleotide diversity of candidate ZmNAC9, which plays an important role in response to low P and regulation in root architecture. A significant difference was found under low- and sufficient-P conditions for each of the 22 seedling traits, and a total of 41 polymorphic sites including 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 9 insertion and deletions (InDels) were detected in ZmNAC9 among 111 inbred lines. Among the 41 polymorphic studied sites, a total of 39 polymorphic sites were associated with 20 traits except for the dry weight of shoots and forks, of which six sites were highly significantly associated with a diverse number of low-P tolerant root trait index values by using a mixed linear model (MLM) at −log10 P = 3.61. In addition, 29 polymorphic sites under P-sufficient and 32 polymorphic sites under P-deficient conditions were significantly associated with a diverse number of seedling traits, of which five polymorphic sites (position S327, S513, S514, S520, and S827) were strongly significantly associated with multiple seedling traits under low-P and normal-P conditions. Among highly significant sites, most of the sites were associated with root traits under low-P, normal-P, and low-P trait index values. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was strong at (r2 > 1.0) in 111 inbred lines. Furthermore, the effect of five significant sites was verified for haplotypes in 111 lines and the favorable allele S520 showed a positive effect on the dry weight of roots under the low-P condition. Furthermore, the expression pattern confirmed that ZmNAC9 was highly induced by low P in the roots of the P-tolerant 178 inbred line. Moreover, the subcellular localization of ZmNAC9 encoded by protein was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Haplotypes carrying more favorable alleles exhibited superior effects on phenotypic variation and could be helpful in developing molecular markers in maize molecular breeding programs. Taken together, the finding of this study might lead to further functions of ZmNAC9 and genes that might be involved in responses to low-P stress in maize.

scholarly journals Determination of Oxalates in Corms of Selected Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Varieties in Malaysia Using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
A. Mohd Zulkhairi ◽  
M. Razali ◽  
M. B. Umikalsum ◽  
G. Mohd Norfaizal ◽  
A. Aimi Athirah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Colocasia Esculenta ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Aims: To determine the oxalate contents in different varieties of taro (Colocasia esculenta) collected in Peninsular Malaysia. Study Design: Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) with UV detector (Diode Array Detection, (DAD)) was used to determine the total and soluble oxalate contents in different varieties of taro corms. Meanwhile, the insoluble oxalate content (calcium oxalate) was estimated from the subtraction of soluble oxalate content from total oxalate content. Place and Duration of Study: Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute (MARDI Headquarters), Persiaran MARDI-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia between December 2018 to December 2019. Methodology: 9 different varieties of taro were collected from different locations in Peninsular Malaysia. All the samples were analysed for their oxalate contents. Extractions were carried out to determine the total oxalate and soluble oxalate contents. All the samples were analysed using UHPLC. The generated data of oxalate contents were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: There is a significant difference (P <.05) between the oxalate content in the examined varieties with respect to the amount of total, soluble and insoluble oxalate contents. The putih variety has significantly the highest amount of total oxalate content with 218.8 ± 28.2 mg/100 g DW (dry weight) followed by the udang variety with 184.2 ± 24.7 mg/100 g DW and the wangi variety with 178.3 ± 5.1 mg/100 g DW. Tapak badak variety has the lowest total oxalate content with 70.5 ± 20.1 mg/100 g DW. Result showed that wangi variety has significantly the highest soluble oxalate content with 135.1 ± 4.8 mg/100 g DW followed by udang with 100.9 ± 49.8 mg/100 g DW. The lowest soluble oxalate content was found in tapak badak with 17.7 ± 2.9 mg/100 g DW. Conclusion: Despite many factors contributing to the difference in oxalate content between varieties, this study would help researchers or policy makers to suggest potential taros for commercial cultivation.

Relative RNA Content as a Measure of Condition in Larval and Juvenile Fish

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
IM Suthers ◽  
JJ Cleary ◽  
SC Battaglene ◽  
R Evans
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Thiazole Orange ◽  
Hoechst 33258 ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alternative Condition ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
The Difference

The RNA:DNA ratio for first-feeding larvae (12 days after hatching, 4-6 mm standard length, SL) of Australian bass (Percichthyidae, Macquaria novemaculeata) exposed to four different feeding regimes over 8 days was found to be insensitive to the level of starvation. An alternative condition index based on residuals derived from the regression of RNA on SL showed significant differences over the course of the experiment; these reflected the four feeding treatments. Field collections of juvenile monacanthids (Paramonacanthus otisensis, 10-30 mm SL) from a local estuary revealed no significant difference in RNA: DNA ratio at three sites over six weeks. A residual-based index (RNA on dry weight) showed parallel fluctuations at all sites; they were positively correlated with water temperature. The RNA : DNA ratio depends on the difference in fluorescence between total nucleic acids (TNA, using thiazole orange) and DNA (using Hoechst 33258) to calculate RNA, as there is no RNA-specific fluorescent dye. The numerator is thus dependent on the denominator, and measurement error may be compounded in the ratio, exacerbating potential variability in the index. Ratios may also be variably correlated with age or size and consequently may erroneously indicate condition or growth in larger and faster-growing fish.

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