scholarly journals Growth, Opium Gum Yield, and Photoperiod Response of Five Opium Poppy Accessions

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1060-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
Q. Liu ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Wide Range

Flowering time, growth, and opium gum yield from five seed sources (T, L, B1, B2, B3) of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) collected from different latitudes in three Southeast Asian countries were determined. Plants were grown in six growth chambers at a 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-hour photoperiod with a 12-hour, 25/20 °C thermoperiod. Flower initiation was observed under a dissecting microscope (40×) to determine if time to floral initiation was identical for all accessions across a wide range of photoperiods. The main capsule was lanced for opium gum at 10, 13, and 16 days after flowering (DAF). Plants were harvested at 21 DAF for plant height, leaf area, and organ dry-weight determinations. In a 16-hour photoperiod, flower initiation was observed 10 days after emergence (DAE) for B1 vs. 8 DAE for the other four accessions. Flowering time was affected most by photoperiod in B1 and least in B2. Flowering times for B3, L, and T were similar across the range of photoperiods. B2, B3, and L had the highest gum yields per capsule; even though B1 had the greatest total plant biomass, it produced the lowest gum yield. There was no difference among accessions in the average ratio of gum: individual capsule volume. For the ratio of gum: capsule dry weight, only the difference between T and B1 was significant. Capsule size did affect these ratios slightly. T had a larger gum: volume ratio for larger capsules, and B3 had a smaller gum: dry-weight ratio for heavier capsules. Flowering time varied up to 40%, capsule dry weight up to 41%, and opium gum yield up to 71% for the five accessions across all treatments. No relationship was found between flowering time and the latitude where the seed sources were collected. Time to flower initiation could not be used to predict time to anthesis because floral development rates varied significantly among accessions and photoperiods. Capsule volume and dry weight were useful in estimating gum yield.

Growth, Opium Gum Yield, and Photoperiod Response in Five Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 481d-481
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Positive Correlations

To develop models for estimating growth, flowering time and gum yield of opium poppy, we compared variability among five cultivars (T, L, B1, B2, B3) from different latitudes in three Southeast Asian countries. Variability in the relationships between gum yield, capsule volume, and dry weight was also examined. Plants were grown in six growth chambers at a 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-h photoperiod (PP) with a 12-h 25/20 °C thermoperiod. The main capsule was lanced for opium gum at 10, 13, and 16 d after flowering (DAF). Plants were harvested at 21 DAF and separated into leaves, stems, and capsules. Flowering time for B2 was affected least by PP and B1 the most. Flowering times for B3, L, and T were similar across the range of PPs. All cultivars showed a significant increase in flowering time from 14 to 13 h PP. Cultivars that flowered late (such as B1) had greater biomass than those that flowered earlier. However, cultivars that flowered earlier (such as L) had more dry matter partitioned into capsule than late-flowering ones. B2, B3, and L had the highest gum yields while B1 had the lowest. Positive correlations were found between gum dry weight and capsule volume (or dry weight) for T and L, but no correlations were observed between these variables for B1, B2, and B3. Our results indicated that plant dry weight varied as much as 77% and flowering time varied up to 40% even though the critical photoperiod was the same for all cultivars. The ratio of gum yield to capsule dry weight were significantly different between B1 and T.

scholarly journals A method to improve leaf succulence quantification

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
André Mantovani
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Ecological Implications ◽  
Leaf Succulence ◽  
Sun Leaves

Leaf succulence has important physiological and ecological implications. Currently it is quantified by Delf's index (fresh weight/leaf area) and fresh weight/ dry weight ratio. Both indeces are reconsidered and a new index is proposed. Shade and sun leaves from terrestrial, hemiepiphytic and epiphytic aroids were studied. Delf's formula, which does not consider dry weight, overestimated leaf succulence. As fresh weight / dry weight ratio (fw / dw) does not consider leaf area, plants with the same fw / dw ratio were more than five times different in area. The last case was only possible with a decrease in surface / volume ratio and a increase of mesophyll thickness, components not measured by fw / dw ratio. The new index proposed here, which takes into consideration dry weight and leaf area, showed a high correlation to mesophyll thickness.

The effect of genotype on biomass and nutrient content in 11-year-old loblolly pine plantations

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Hilly Region

Dry weights and nutrient contents of all aboveground biomass components were estimated for four seed sources of 11-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) grown in plantations of the same spacing on an old-field site of high quality in the hilly region of north-central Arkansas, U.S.A. Soil nutrient content was estimated to a depth of 0.61 m. Stand data averaged over all seeds sources are in agreement with published reports for dry weight and nutrient accumulation for loblolly pine if differences associated with seasonal variation are considered. Seed source significantly affected total dry matter and nutrient accumulations. Estimated total aboveground mean annual accumulation of biomass for the four seed sources ranged from 5.99 × 103 to 11.17 × 103 kg/ha per year. Elemental accumulation (kilograms per hectare per year) ranged from 14.06 to 23.66 for N, 1.54 to 3.45 for P, and 6.96 to 18.43 for K. On the average, trees comprise 84% of the aboveground plant biomass and contain 76% of the N, 77% of the P, and 90%, of the K associated with plant tissue. The significant influence of seed source on these stand values can affect the potential impact of short rotation, total tree harvesting on long-term site productivity. The elemental content of the tree biomass ranged from 7 to 11% of the total N, 20 to 35% of the P, and 14 to 30% of the K in the soil–litter–plant system.

Variation amongst Canadian six-row spring barley cultivars for germination and emergence characteristics in controlled environments and in the field

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Briggs ◽  
G. J. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Controlled Environments

Information is lacking concerning the extent of variability in Canadian six-row barley cultivars for differences in potential field germination vigour and other germination characteristics, and the extent to which these traits can be predicted from laboratory tests. This study was conducted to evaluate the extent to which a genetically diverse range of Western Canadian six-row barley cultivars differ in germination resistance and early seedling vigour or emergence rate under controlled environments and in the field, over a range of temperature stress conditions. Vigour was assessed by measuring germination rate, emergence rate, and dry weight accumulation in young seedlings, in the growth cabinet and in the field. Cultivars studied were selected to represent a wide range of genetic diversity typical of Canadian breeding programs of the early 1980s. Growth cabinet assays were conducted at six temperatures from 2.5 to 20 °C. Field trials were conducted using the same cultivars seeded at three dates per site in 2 yr, to assess cultivar emergence rates and seedling dry weight accumulation over a range of seedbed temperatures, using two seed sources from cultivar increases each grown in different years.Cultivars differed significantly for germination resistance in the growth cabinet, and the performance of cultivars was relatively consistent across assay temperatures and for the two different seed sources. Differences among cultivars in growth for seedling dry weight were also consistent across temperatures, but cultivar performance for seedling dry weight accumulation was not significantly correlated with germination resistance in the cabinet test. In field trials, days to emergence were highly and significantly correlated with germination resistance determined in the growth cabinet. Germination resistance was less strongly correlated with dry weight accumulation in the field at 5 wk. Across cultivars, seedling dry weight estimates in the field were significantly correlated with seedling dry weights assayed in the growth cabinet. Results from this study confirm that genetic variation in potential germination rate and seedling vigour in the field can be identified in six-row barley using the germination resistance assay in the growth cabinet. Germination resistance identified more cultivar differences than were found for the seedling dry weight accumulation tests, which were characterized by high coefficients of variation and low correlation between growth cabinet and field. Key words: Temperature, field seedling vigour, barley cultivars, prediction tests

Isolation, characterization and purification of Rhizobium strain to enrich the productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 400-409
Author(s):  
Akbar Hossain ◽  
Sunil Kumar Gunri ◽  
Manashi Barman ◽  
Ayman EL Sabagh ◽  
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microbial Strains

AbstractGroundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food legume in tropical and subtropical areas because of its ability to adapt to a wide range of agro-climatic regions. Groundnut is usually cultivated in nutrient-poor soil and rain-fed conditions, so average yield tends to be very low relative to potential yield. Even though the nitrogen (N) requirement of groundnut is much higher than cereals due to its high protein content, it has the capacity to meet 60-80% of N-based requirements through symbiotic N fixation via its root nodules. In its symbiotic relationship with legumes, Rhizobium fixes N, thereby positively impacting the content of this nutrient. This study aimed to isolate, characterize and purify microbial strains of Rhizobium specific to groundnut in a bid to increase this legume’s productivity. The research was conducted in the AICRP-Groundnut laboratory and greenhouse of the Directorate of Research, BCKV, in Kalyani, India during October 2016 to March 2017. Two Rhizobium isolates (RhBC and NRA1) were isolated and selected from groundnut pot cultures. After 45 days, NRA1 produced higher plant biomass, longer roots and shoots, more nodules and higher nodule dry weight than RhBC. NRA1 was selected for a future field trial. The two isolated microbial strains will aid in the screening of additional local isolates to test their effectiveness when co-cultured with local groundnut cultivars to increase yield in soil with low fertility.

Atomistic-Continuum Modeling of the Mechanical Properties of Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposite

2011 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohayra Mortazavi ◽  
Julien Bardon ◽  
Said Ahzi ◽  
Akbar Ghazavizadeh ◽  
Yves Rémond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Amorphous Silica ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Epoxy Nanocomposite ◽  
Axial Tensile ◽  
Wide Range

In this study, a hierarchical multiscale homogenization procedure aimed at predicting the effective mechanical properties of silica/epoxy nanocomposites is presented. First, the mechanical properties of the amorphous silica nanoparticles are investigated by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. At this stage, the MD modeling of three-axial tensile loading of amorphous silica is carried out to estimate the elastic properties. Second, the conventional twp phase homogenization techniques such as finite elements (FE), Mori-Tanaka (M-T), Voigt and Reuss methods are implemented to evaluate the overall mechanical properties of the silica/epoxy nanocomposite at different temperatures and at constant weight ratio of 5%. At this point, the mechanical properties of silica obtained in the first stage are used as the inputs of the reinforcing phase. Comparison of the FE and M-T results with the experimental results in a wide range of temperatures reveals fine agreement; however, the FE results are in better agreement with the experiments than those obtained by M-T approach. Additionally, the results predicted by FE and M-T methods are closer to the lower bound (Reuss), which is due to lowest surface to volume ratio of spherical particles.

scholarly journals Influence of nitrogen deficiency on photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure of pepper plants (Research Note)

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. DONCHEVA ◽  
V. VASSILEVA ◽  
G. IGNATOV
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Chloroplast Ultrastructure ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Nitrogen Deprivation ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pepper Plants

Pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Zlaten Medal) were grown on nutrient solution without nitrogen, and photosynthetic response of plants was examined by determination of leaf CO2 fixation and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The absence of nitrogen in the medium resulted in a decrease of the leaf area and of plant biomass accumulation, and in an increase of the root-shoot dry weight ratio. The photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents decreased significantly under nitrogen deprivation. Examination of nitrogen deficient leaves by transmission electron microscopy showed dramatic changes in chloroplast ultrastructure. The proportion of starch granules and plastoglobules in the stroma matrix was increased and internal membrane system was greatly reduced. It seems that nitrogen plays an important role in the formation of chloroplast structure and hence to the photosynthetic intensity and productivity of pepper plants.

Evaluation of Nurse Crops for Weed Control and Plant Establishment in Prairie Restoration

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 485b-485
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Barry ◽  
Michael N. Dana
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Prairie Restoration ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nurse Crops ◽  
Partridge Pea ◽  
Prairie Plant

Nurse crops are often recommended in prairie restoration planting. This work investigated several alternative nurse crops to determine their utility in prairie planting. Nurse crops were composed of increasing densities (900, 1800, or 2700 seeds/m2) of partridge pea, spring oats, spring barley, Canada wild rye, or equal mixtures of partridge pea and one of the grasses. The experimental design was a randomized complete-block set in two sites with three blocks per site and 48 treatments per block. Each 3 × 3-m plot contained 1 m2 planted in Dec. 1995 or Mar. 1996 with an equal mix of seven prairie species. The nurse crops were sown over each nine square meter area in April 1996. Plots lacking nurse crops served as controls. Evaluated data consisted of weed pressure rankings and weed and prairie plant dry weight. Nurse crop treatments had a significant effect on weed pressure in both sites. Barley (1800 and 2700 seeds/m2) as well as partridge pea + barley (2700 seeds/m2) were most effective at reducing weed pressure. When weed and prairie plant biomass values were compared, a significant difference was observed for site quality and planting season. Prairie plant establishment was significantly greater in the poorly drained, less-fertile site and spring-sown plots in both sites had significantly higher prairie biomass values. Overall, after two seasons, there was no advantage in using nurse crops over the control. Among nurse crop treatments, oats were most effective in reducing weed competition and enhancing prairie plant growth.

scholarly journals A Review on Biosensors and Recent Development of Nanostructured Materials-Enabled Biosensors

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1109
Author(s):  
Varnakavi. Naresh ◽  
Nohyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Color Tunability

A biosensor is an integrated receptor-transducer device, which can convert a biological response into an electrical signal. The design and development of biosensors have taken a center stage for researchers or scientists in the recent decade owing to the wide range of biosensor applications, such as health care and disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, water and food quality monitoring, and drug delivery. The main challenges involved in the biosensor progress are (i) the efficient capturing of biorecognition signals and the transformation of these signals into electrochemical, electrical, optical, gravimetric, or acoustic signals (transduction process), (ii) enhancing transducer performance i.e., increasing sensitivity, shorter response time, reproducibility, and low detection limits even to detect individual molecules, and (iii) miniaturization of the biosensing devices using micro-and nano-fabrication technologies. Those challenges can be met through the integration of sensing technology with nanomaterials, which range from zero- to three-dimensional, possessing a high surface-to-volume ratio, good conductivities, shock-bearing abilities, and color tunability. Nanomaterials (NMs) employed in the fabrication and nanobiosensors include nanoparticles (NPs) (high stability and high carrier capacity), nanowires (NWs) and nanorods (NRs) (capable of high detection sensitivity), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (large surface area, high electrical and thermal conductivity), and quantum dots (QDs) (color tunability). Furthermore, these nanomaterials can themselves act as transduction elements. This review summarizes the evolution of biosensors, the types of biosensors based on their receptors, transducers, and modern approaches employed in biosensors using nanomaterials such as NPs (e.g., noble metal NPs and metal oxide NPs), NWs, NRs, CNTs, QDs, and dendrimers and their recent advancement in biosensing technology with the expansion of nanotechnology.

scholarly journals Preservation of renal endothelial integrity and reduction of renal edema by aprotinin does not preserve renal perfusion and function following experimental cardiopulmonary bypass

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole A. M. Dekker ◽  
Anoek L. I. van Leeuwen ◽  
Matijs van Meurs ◽  
Jill Moser ◽  
Jeannette E. Pankras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Renal Perfusion ◽  
Plasma Creatinine ◽  
Microcirculatory Perfusion ◽  
Neutrophil Influx ◽  
Endothelial Integrity

Abstract Background Acute kidney injury is a severe complication following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and is associated with capillary leakage and microcirculatory perfusion disturbances. CPB-induced thrombin release results in capillary hyperpermeability via activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). We investigated whether aprotinin, which is thought to prevent thrombin from activating PAR1, preserves renal endothelial structure, reduces renal edema and preserves renal perfusion and reduces renal injury following CPB. Methods Rats were subjected to CPB after treatment with 33.000 KIU/kg aprotinin (n = 15) or PBS (n = 15) as control. A secondary dose of 33.000 KIU/kg aprotinin was given 60 min after initiation of CPB. Cremaster and renal microcirculatory perfusion were assessed using intravital microscopy and contrast echography before CPB and 10 and 60 min after weaning from CPB. Renal edema was determined by wet/dry weight ratio and renal endothelial structure by electron microscopy. Renal PAR1 gene and protein expression and markers of renal injury were determined. Results CPB reduced cremaster microcirculatory perfusion by 2.5-fold (15 (10–16) to 6 (2–10) perfused microvessels, p < 0.0001) and renal perfusion by 1.6-fold (202 (67–599) to 129 (31–292) au/sec, p = 0.03) in control animals. Both did not restore 60 min post-CPB. This was paralleled by increased plasma creatinine (p < 0.01), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL; p = 0.003) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1; p < 0.01). Aprotinin treatment preserved cremaster microcirculatory perfusion following CPB (12 (7–15) vs. 6 (2–10) perfused microvessels, p = 0.002), but not renal perfusion (96 (35–313) vs. 129 (31–292) au/s, p > 0.9) compared to untreated rats. Aprotinin treatment reduced endothelial gap formation (0.5 ± 0.5 vs. 3.1 ± 1.4 gaps, p < 0.0001), kidney wet/dry weight ratio (4.6 ± 0.2 vs. 4.4 ± 0.2, p = 0.046), and fluid requirements (3.9 ± 3.3 vs. 7.5 ± 3.0 ml, p = 0.006) compared to untreated rats. In addition, aprotinin treatment reduced tubulointerstitial neutrophil influx by 1.7-fold compared to untreated rats (30.7 ± 22.1 vs. 53.2 ± 17.2 neutrophil influx/section, p = 0.009). No differences were observed in renal PAR1 expression and plasma creatinine, NGAL or KIM-1 between groups. Conclusions Aprotinin did not improve renal perfusion nor reduce renal injury during the first hour following experimental CPB despite preservation of renal endothelial integrity and reduction of renal edema.

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