Evaluating Hawaii-grown Papaya for Resistance to Internal Yellowing Disease Caused by Enterobacter cloacae

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) cultivars and breeding lines were evaluated for resistance to Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) Hormaeche & Edwards, the bacterial causal agent of internal yellowing disease (IY), using a range of concentrations of the bacterium. Linear regression analysis was performed and IY incidence was positively correlated with increasing inoculum concentrations for susceptible cultivars Kapoho Solo and Laie Gold but not for resistant cultivars or lines. It was determined that the inoculum concentration of 9 to 10 Log10 colony-forming units per milliliter (cfu/mL) was able to reliably differentiate resistant and susceptible papaya germplasm. Red-fleshed cultivars SunUp and Sunrise were the most resistant papaya groups evaluated at this dose concentration. Yellow-fleshed cultivars, Kapoho Solo and Laie Gold, were susceptible to E. cloacae. ‘Rainbow’, an F1 hybrid between ‘SunUp’ and ‘Kapoho Solo’ that is yellow-fleshed, was moderately resistant to E. cloacae, exhibiting limited symptoms of the disease. Yellow-fleshed I-Rb F5/F6, an advanced inbred line derived from ‘Rainbow’, is resistant and offers the potential of improving resistance of yellow-fleshed commercial cultivars. A colorimeter was used to objectively measure internal flesh color and distinguish between infected and non-infected tissue in red- and yellow-fleshed papayas using L*C*H* color space analysis. Symptomatic tissue (72.4 and 79.0°) had higher hue angle means than non-symptomatic tissue (62.8 and 75.0°) for all cultivars or lines in red- and yellow-fleshed papayas, respectively. Yellow (“Y”) hue color also distinguished infected tissue from non-infected tissue. Symptomatic tissue that had Y hue color resulted in 79 to 81° hue angle means among red- or yellow-fleshed papayas. Our results demonstrated the usefulness of colorimetry to help detect infected papaya tissue. In surveys of naturally infected papaya, high populations (8.57 × 107 cfu/g) of E. cloacae were recovered in infected fruit of ‘Kapoho Solo’ and represent a food safety concern for fresh and processed papaya. In isolations from inoculated fruits, we observed decreases of ≈1 to 2 Log10 cfu/g in final bacterial populations when high-dose range inoculum concentrations (9 to 12 Log10 cfu/mL) were used. This dose range may represent a saturation range for E. cloacae inoculation.

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Use of Serum Creatinine and Cystatin C Improves Risk Stratification for Mannitol Therapy in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

10.21203/rs.3.rs-787123/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chang Ding ◽

Wei Chen ◽

Jieyi Zhao ◽

Yuan Tian ◽

Huiyang Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Stratification ◽

Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽

Serum Creatinine ◽

Cystatin C ◽

Safety Concern ◽

Dose Range ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

University Hospital ◽

High Dose ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Objectives: An accurate assessment of renal function is key to the hyperosmolar mannitol therapy of patients after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), yet a comprehensive report of this safety concern is not available. This study aims to investigate the risk stratification of patients with ICH receiving mannitol treatment using the measurements of serum creatinine, cystatin C, or both in real-world settings. Methods: This population-based, observational, retrospective study was conducted with patients with an acute ICH admitted to a tertiary care university hospital from October 2010 to December 2018. Admission cystatin C and creatinine levels were measured in serum samples; these data were used to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). An eGFR value less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 of body-surface area was considered abnormal. Mannitol doses were recorded by the mean dose range per day (≤50, 51–100, 101–150, and >150 g/day). Results: A total of 1,946 patients (mean age 59 years; 68.6% male) were included in the present analysis. Among patients with abnormal eGFR values calculated from serum creatinine, cystatin C, or both creatinine and cystatin C, moderate-dose (101–150 g/day) and high-dose (>150 g/day) mannitol use were associated with an increased risk of all-cause in-hospital mortality compared with a mannitol dose of ≤50 g/day in analyses adjusted for ICH risk factors. For patients exhibiting normal eGFR values estimated based on serum creatinine and cystatin C, high-dose mannitol administration was also independently associated with death during hospitalization. However, this association was not observed among patients with a normal eGFR derived from combined creatinine and cystatin C measurements. Conclusions: The findings in this study provide encouraging support that eGFR use based on a combination of creatinine and cystatin C measurements for risk stratification among patients with ICH receiving hyperosmolar mannitol treatment in clinical practice.

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Skin regeneration is accelerated by a lower dose of multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells—a paradigm change

Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.1186/s13287-020-02131-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gertraud Eylert ◽

Reinhard Dolp ◽

Alexandra Parousis ◽

Richard Cheng ◽

Christopher Auger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Low Dose ◽

Dose Range ◽

High Dose ◽

Full Thickness ◽

Burn Wound ◽

Dermal Regeneration Template ◽

Yorkshire Pigs ◽

Stromal Stem Cells

Abstract Background Multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) therapy is under investigation in promising (pre-)clinical trials for wound healing, which is crucial for survival; however, the optimal cell dosage remains unknown. The aim was to investigate the efficacy of different low-to-high MSC dosages incorporated in a biodegradable collagen-based dermal regeneration template (DRT) Integra®. Methods We conducted a porcine study (N = 8 Yorkshire pigs) and seeded between 200 and 2,000,000 cells/cm2 of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal/stem cells on the DRT and grafted it onto full-thickness burn excised wounds. On day 28, comparisons were made between the different low-to-high cell dose groups, the acellular control, a burn wound, and healthy skin. Result We found that the low dose range between 200 and 40,000 cells/cm2 regenerates the full-thickness burn excised wounds most efficaciously, followed by the middle dose range of 200,000–400,000 cells/cm2 and a high dose of 2,000,000 cells/cm2. The low dose of 40,000 cells/cm2 accelerated reepithelialization, reduced scarring, regenerated epidermal thickness superiorly, enhanced neovascularization, reduced fibrosis, and reduced type 1 and type 2 macrophages compared to other cell dosages and the acellular control. Conclusion This regenerative cell therapy study using MSCs shows efficacy toward a low dose, which changes the paradigm that more cells lead to better wound healing outcome.

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Meyer-Neldel Rule on thermal stability parameters (trap depth and frequency factor) of luminescence signals in quartz

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10775 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zuzanna Kabacińska ◽

Alida Timar-Gabor ◽

Benny Guralnik

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Thermal Stability ◽

Hydrogen Diffusion ◽

Dose Range ◽

Accurate Determination ◽

Frequency Factor ◽

Proton Conduction ◽

High Dose ◽

Compensation Law ◽

Thermal Stability Of

Thermally activated processes can be described mathematically by the Arrhenius equation. The Meyer-Neldel Rule (MNR), or compensation law, linearly relates the pre-exponent term to the logarithm of the excitation enthalpy for processes that are thermally driven in an Arrhenian manner. This empirical rule was observed in many areas of materials science, in physics, chemistry, and biology. In geosciences it was found to uphold in hydrogen diffusion (Jones 2014a) and proton conduction (Jones 2014b) in minerals.Trapped charge dating methods that use electron spin resonance (ESR) or optically or thermally stimulated luminescence (OSL and TL) are based on the dose-dependent accumulation of defects in minerals such as quartz and feldspar. The thermal stability of these defects in the age range investigated is a major prerequisite for accurate dating, while the accurate determination of the values of the trap depths and frequency factors play a major role in thermochronometry applications.&#160;The correlation of kinetic parameters for diffusion has been very recently established for irradiated oxides (Kotomin et al. 2018). A correlation between the activation energy and the frequency factor that satisfied the Meyer&#8211;Neldel rule was reported when the thermal stability of [AlO4/h+]0 and [TiO4/M+]0 ESR signals in quartz was studied as function of dose (Benzid and Timar-Gabor 2020). Here we compiled the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) data published so far in this regard, and investigated experimentally the thermal stability of OSL signals for doses ranging from 10 to 10000 Gy in sedimentary quartz samples. We report a linear relationship between the natural logarithm of the preexponent term (the frequency factor) and the activation energy E, corresponding to a Meyer-Neldel energy of 45 meV, and a deviation from first order kinetics in the high dose range accompanied by an apparent decrease in thermal stability. The implications of these observations and the atomic and physical mechanisms are currently studied.&#160;ReferencesBenzid, K., Timar Gabor, A. 2020. The compensation effect (Meyer&#8211;Neldel rule) on [AlO4/h+]0 and [TiO4/M+]0 paramagnetic centers in irradiated sedimentary quartz. AIP Advances 10, 075114.Kotomin, E., Kuzovkov, V., Popov, A. I., Maier, J., and Vila, R. 2018. Anomalous kinetics of diffusion-controlled defect annealing in irradiated ionic solids. J. Phys. Chem. A 122(1), 28&#8211;32Jones, A. G. (2014a), Compensation of the Meyer-Neldel Compensation Law for H diffusion in minerals, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 15, 2616&#8211;2631Jones, A. G. (2014b), Reconciling different equations for proton conduction using the Meyer-Neldel compensation rule, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 15, 337&#8211;349

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Optimal dose of aripiprazole for augmentation therapy of antidepressant-refractory depression: preliminary findings based on a systematic review and dose–effect meta-analysis

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.2021.165 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Yuki Furukawa ◽

Tasnim Hamza ◽

Andrea Cipriani ◽

Toshi A. Furukawa ◽

Georgia Salanti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meta Analysis ◽

Dose Range ◽

Drop Out ◽

Dose Effect ◽

High Dose ◽

Optimal Dosage ◽

Inadequate Response ◽

Augmentation Therapy ◽

Refractory Depression ◽

Significant Difference

Background Aripiprazole augmentation is proven effective for antidepressant-refractory depression, but its licensed dose range is wide and optimal dosage remains unclear. Aims To find the optimal dosage of aripiprazole augmentation. Method Multiple electronic databases were searched (from inception to 16 February 2021) to identify all assessor-masked randomised controlled trials evaluating aripiprazole augmentation therapy in adults (≥18 years old, both genders) with major depressive disorder showing inadequate response to at least one antidepressant treatment. A random-effects, one-stage dose–effect meta-analysis with restricted cubic splines was conducted. Outcomes were efficacy (treatment response: ≥50% reduction in depression severity), tolerability (drop-out due to adverse effects) and acceptability (drop-out for any reason) after 8 weeks of treatment (range 4–12 weeks). Results Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. All were individually randomised, placebo-controlled, multi-centre, parallel studies including 2625 participants in total. The maximum target dose–efficacy curve showed an increase up to doses between 2 mg (odds ratio OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.15–1.85) and 5 mg (OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.33–2.81), and then a non-increasing trend through the higher licensed doses up to 20 mg (OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.52–2.37). Tolerability showed a similar trend with greater uncertainty. Acceptability showed no significant difference through the examined dose range. Certainty of evidence was low to moderate. Conclusions Low-dose aripiprazole as augmentation treatment might achieve the optimal balance between efficacy, tolerability and acceptability in the acute treatment of antidepressant-refractory depression. However, the small number of included studies and the overall moderate to high risk of bias seriously compromise the reliability of the results. Further research is required to investigate the benefits of low versus high dose.

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The effects of recombinant human GH on promoting tumor growth depend on the expression of GH receptor in vivo

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-11-0100 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 211 (3) ◽

pp. 249-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yan Lin ◽

Suyi Li ◽

Peng Cao ◽

Lu Cheng ◽

Ming Quan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Tumor Growth ◽

Safety Concern ◽

Severe Malnutrition ◽

High Dose ◽

Gastric Adenoma ◽

Malignant Diseases ◽

Gh Receptor ◽

Tumor Bearing

Cancer-related malnutrition is a mortal threat to gastric carcinoma patients. However, conventional nutrition treatment is not effective for recovery. Recombinant human GH (rhGH) is widely accepted clinically to treat severe malnutrition caused by non-malignant diseases, but not approved to treat malignant diseases due to the safety concern. To explore the safety of rhGH on gastric cancer, we assessed the effect of rhGH on two tumor-bearing mice modelsin vivoestablished by human gastric adenoma cell lines of SGC-7901 and MKN-45. VEGF expression in tumor tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry. The expression of GH receptor (Ghr),Jak-2,Stat3,Vegf, Hif-1α, Fgf, andMmp-2was measured by RT-PCR and protein expression of STAT3, phosphorylated STAT3, VEGF, HIF-1α, and MMP-2 was measured by western blotting. The immunocytochemistry results showed that the GHR expression of SGC-7901 was strongly positive (GHR+++), while GHR expression of MKN-45 was regarded as negative (GHR−). After 14 days of rhGH treatment in SGC-7901 (GHR+++) tumor-bearing mice, we found that the tumor growth was significantly increased, and the expressions of downstream factors and VEGF were increased. However, in MKN-45 (GHR−) tumor-bearing mice, tumor growth was not significantly increased by rhGH, but tumor-free body weight was increased especially in high-dose rhGH-treated group (P<0.05). These findings suggest that the level of GHR expression is a key target that influences the effectiveness of rhGH on promoting the growth of gastric cancer and angiogenesis. rhGH may promote the activation of tumor angiogenesis factors through the Jak-2–STAT3 pathway.

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SUN-042 Low Dose Cyproterone Acetate for the Treatment of Transgender Women - a Retrospective Study

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.1412 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Naomi Even-Zohar ◽

Yael Sofer ◽

Iris Yaish ◽

Merav Serebro ◽

Karen Tordjman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cyproterone Acetate ◽

Dose Group ◽

Low Dose ◽

Dose Range ◽

Hormonal Treatment ◽

Transgender Women ◽

High Dose ◽

Historical Cohort ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

First Time

Abstract Introduction : Transgender women with intact gonads receive lifelong hormonal treatment in order to suppress physiologic androgen production. Cyproterone acetate (CA) is the most comon antiandrogenic drug prescribed for this indication in Europe, with a dose range between 25-100 mg/day. Aim: To assess the effectiveness and safety of low dose (<20 mg/day), compared with high dose (>50 mg/day) CA treatment. Methods: Historical cohort study of transgender women treated in our department between January 2000 and October 2018. Results: There were 42 transgender women in the low dose group (LDG) and 32 in the high dose group (HDG). Age (27.9 ± 1.6 vs.28.9 ± 1.7 years) and follow up time (16.2 ± 2.2 vs. 20.1 ± 2.1 months) were similar in the LDG and HDG, respectively. At the last available visit, testosterone levels were effectively and similarly suppressed in both treatment groups (0.6 ± 0.1 vs 0.8 ± 0.3 nmol/l; p=0.37, for LDG and HDG respectively). Prolactin (659 ± 64 vs 486 ± 42 mIU/ml, p=0.02), LDL cholesterol (96.1 ± 5 vs 78.5 ± 4 mg/dl, p= 0.02) and triglycerides (93.3 ± 9 vs 69 ± 5 mg/dl; p=0.02) were higher in the HDG compared with LDG respectively. Side effects were common in the HDG (four cases of increased liver enzymes, one case of pulmonary embolism and one case of sudden death). Conclusion: We show for the first time that anti-androgenic treatment of transgender women with low dose CA is as effective as high dose treatment, but safer. We suggest incorporation of this observation in future guidelines.

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Efficient monitoring of dosimetric behaviour for copper nanoparticles through studying its optical properties

Radiochimica Acta ◽

10.1515/ract-2018-3010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 107 (6) ◽

pp. 523-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohamad Bekhit ◽

Asmaa Sobhy ◽

Zakaria I. Ali ◽

Sameh M. Gafar

Keyword(s):

Copper Nanoparticles ◽

Metal Ion ◽

Copper Ions ◽

Dose Range ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Nanocomposite Films ◽

Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽

High Dose ◽

Γ Irradiation ◽

Γ Radiation

Abstract A novel high-dose dosimeter based on γ radiation reduction of copper ions and formation of copper metal inside polymer matrix were investigated. γ radiation induced synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in poly vinyl alcohol films were studied by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The optical absorption spectra showed that the Cu/PVA nanocomposite films have surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of copper nanoparticles which depending on irradiation doses. Upon γ irradiation these films turns its color from faint blue to deep reddish brown depending on metal ion concentration. The XRD pattern and FTIR spectrum confirm the formation of the CuNPs. The response of Cu/PVA nanocomposite dosimeters depends on both the irradiation doses and concentration of copper precursor. The dose range for these films was from 50 to 650 kGy, revealing its important applications for high dose dosimetry. Cu/PVA nanocomposites films exhibit good post-irradiation stability in dark and light.

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Color Measurement and Analysis of Fruit with a Battery-Less NFC Sensor

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19071741 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (7) ◽

pp. 1741 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Antonio Lazaro ◽

Marti Boada ◽

Ramon Villarino ◽

David Girbau

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Near Field ◽

Color Space ◽

Cloud Service ◽

Color Measurement ◽

Classification Algorithms ◽

Measurement And Analysis ◽

Hue Angle ◽

Color Data ◽

The Magnetic Field

This paper presents a color-based classification system for grading the ripeness of fruit using a battery-less Near Field Communication (NFC) tag. The tag consists of a color sensor connected to a low-power microcontroller that is connected to an NFC chip. The tag is powered by the energy harvested from the magnetic field generated by a commercial smartphone used as a reader. The raw RGB color data measured by the colorimeter is converted to HSV (hue, saturation, value) color space. The hue angle and saturation are used as features for classification. Different classification algorithms are compared for classifying the ripeness of different fruits in order to show the robustness of the system. The low cost of NFC chips means that tags with sensing capability can be manufactured economically. In addition, nowadays, most commercial smartphones have NFC capability and thus a specific reader is not necessary. The measurement of different samples obtained on different days is used to train the classification algorithms. The results of training the classifiers have been saved to the cloud. A mobile application has been developed for the prediction based on a table-based method, where the boundary decision is downloaded from a cloud service for each product. High accuracy, between 80 and 93%, is obtained depending on the kind of fruit and the algorithm used.

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Two Procedures for the Prediction of Acute Toxicity (LD50) from Cytotoxicity Data

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/026119299202000105 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 40-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Willi Halle ◽

Horst Spielmann

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Mammalian Cell ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Dose Range ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Range Finding ◽

Mammalian Cell Lines ◽

Ic50 Values

Single linear regression analysis was used to characterise the relationship between cytotoxicity in a variety of mammalian cell culture systems and acute oral toxicity (LD50) in experimental animals. The following results were obtained. Firstly, in a cytotoxicity assay using the calf aortic endothelial cell line BKEz-7, IC50 values determined for 44 chemicals in culture showed significant correlation with the oral LD50 values for rat and mouse (computed correlation coefficient r=0.546). After eliminating three chemicals that were characterised by extreme lethality indices (LI = IC50/LD50), the correlation coefficient of the remaining 41 chemicals increased to a value of r=0.728. By using the linear regression model for these 41 chemicals, the oral LD50 for rat and mouse can be predicted correctly from the IC50 values for 83% of substances from a variety of chemical substance classes within a range of approximately one order of magnitude of dosage unit of LD50 for rat and mouse. Secondly, the mean IC50 values (IC50x¯) determined as the geometrical mean of two or more IC50 values per substance, which were generated in a wide spectrum of mammalian cell lines and collected in a “Registry of Cytotoxicity” (RC), gave similar results (r=0.644). Likewise, with the aid of this method, the oral LD50 for rat and mouse can be predicted for 74% of non-selected chemicals from structurally-different classes in the same dosage range, e.g., 1–25 millimoles per kg body weight. The prediction of LD50 values from in vitro cytotoxicity data may permit the calculation of a more precise dose range-finding and offers a new way for reducing the number of animals in acute toxicity testing.

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P06 A study to assess the effectiveness of vitamin d supplementation in paediatric cystic fibrosis patients

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2017-314584.17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 103 (2) ◽

pp. e1.9-e1

Author(s):

Christiansen Nanna ◽

Ashraf Saleha

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Dose Range ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

High Dose ◽

List Type ◽

Current Guideline ◽

Paediatric Patients ◽

Significant Difference

AimsPatients with cystic fibrosis (CF) require supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins due to the effects of the disease on the pancreas and the resulting inability of absorb fat effectively.1The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of current of vitamin D supplementation to achieve adequate serum Vitamin D (25OHD) levels in paediatric CF patients.2 Secondly, this study assessed the effectiveness of ‘Stoss’ therapy (a high dose vitamin D therapy administered every three months) as an alternative to daily vitamin D supplementation for patients with known poor compliance.3MethodsVitamin D doses and serum 25OHD levels between January and December 2016 were reviewed for paediatric CF patients at a UK centre. Data was collected for 138 paediatric patients. The ‘clinical record summary’ system was used to extract the data which included age, hospital number, weight in 2015 and 2016, 25OHD levels from 2015 and 2016, vitamin D dose before each level and pancreatic status.Data was entered onto Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) system for analysis. A paired T-test was conducted to ascertain if there was a significant difference in weekly/kg doses between patients that were sufficient (25OHD>50 nmol/L) and insufficient (25OHD<50 nmol/L).ResultsData was collected for a total of 138 patients. The data from only 70 patients was analysed when investigating the first objective, as all other patients did not have 25OHD levels available for both 2015 and 2016. A further five patients wereexcluded and analysed seperately due to receiving Stoss therapy. The weekly Vitamin D dose range was very wide for both years with 43% (n=40) of patients requiring additional vitamin D in addition to Aquadeks (CF multivitamin preparation). There was no significant difference in Vitamin D doses between patients with sufficient and insufficient 25OHD levels. This was thecase for both 2015 (p=0.432) and 2016 (p=0.192). The daily supplementation doses were successful at maintaining vitamin D sufficiency for 83% of patients in 2015 and 93% in 2016.Out of the 5 patients who received ‘Stoss’ therapy, 3 had an increase in 25OHD levels. However, only one of the patients had a significant increase leading to sufficient 25OHD levels. In 2 cases there was actually a 60%–68% decrease in 25OHD levels, which lead to these patients developing vitamin D deficiency.ConclusionThis study was useful in determining the effectiveness of current Vitamin D dosing. The results suggest that patients having insufficient 25OHD levels may not be due to an inadequacy of doses provided in the current guideline, as there was no significant difference in dose between patients with sufficient and insufficient 25OHD levels. Given the patient group, the difference could be attributable to a lack of compliance to daily therapies in the patients with insufficient 25OHD levels or even differences in individual responses to therapy.In this sample, ‘Stoss’ therapy is not effective in maintaining sufficient 25OHD levels. Although the data for this part of the study was very limited, it identifies a need to investigate the effectiveness of ‘Stoss’ therapy further.ReferencesFerguson JH, Chang AB. Vitamin D supplementation for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev [Internet] 2014. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ & doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007298.pub3/pdf [Available: 2017April 12].Green D, Carson K, Leonard A, et al. Current treatment recommendations for correcting vitamin D deficiency in paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis is inadequate. J Pediatr2008;4:554–559.Shepherd D, Belessis Y, Katz, et al. Single high-dose oral vitamin D3 (stoss) therapy: A solution to vitamin D deficiency in children with cystic fibrosis?J Cyst Fibros2013;2:177–182.

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