scholarly journals Exogenous Glycine Betaine Ameliorates the Adverse Effect of Salt Stress on Perennial Ryegrass

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longxing Hu ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Xunzhong Zhang ◽  
Huancheng Pang ◽  
Jinmin Fu
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Cell Membrane Damage ◽  
Relative Water

Salinity stress may involve the accumulation of glycine betaine (GB). The objective of this study was to examine whether exogenous GB would ameliorate the detrimental effect of salinity stress on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The grass was subjected to two salinity levels (0 and 250 mm NaCl) and three GB levels (0, 20, and 50 mm). Salinity resulted in a remarkable decrease in vertical shoot growth rate (VSGR), shoot and root fresh weight, relative water content (RWC), relative transpiration rate (Tr), and chlorophyll (Chl) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. Plants subjected to salt exhibited an increase in leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and proline content. Application of GB reduced EL, MDA, and proline content in salt-stressed plants. Perennial ryegrass subjected to salt stress plus GB had a greater level of VSGR, RWC, relative Tr, Chl content, and activities of SOD, CAT, and APX when compared with salt-stressed without GB. Salt stress increased Na+ and decreased K+ content, which resulted in a higher Na+/K+ ratio in perennial ryegrass. Application of 20 mm GB suppressed Na+ accumulation, whereas the K+ content was significantly increased in shoot, which led to a higher K+/Na+ ratio under saline conditions. These results suggested that GB-enhanced salt tolerance in perennial ryegrass was mainly related to the elevated SOD, CAT, and APX activity and alleviation of cell membrane damage by reducing oxidation of membrane lipid and improving the ion homeostasis under salt stress.

scholarly journals Glycine betaine affects the antioxidant system and ion accumulation and reduces salinity-induced damage in safflower seedlings

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farnaz Alasvandyari ◽  
Batool Mahdavi ◽  
Hosseini Madah
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Chloride Salt ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Cell Membrane Damage ◽  
Stress Levels

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important oilseed crop, usually grown on a small scale and in salt-affected soils. Salinity stress can cause oxidative damage to plants. Upregulation of the antioxidant defense system induced by glycine betaine (GlyBet) alleviates the damaging effects of oxidative stress in plants. In the present investigation, seeds were treated with 0, 10, 30 and 60 mM of GlyBet solutions. Germination and the primary growth of the seedling were examined using sodium chloride salt (NaCl) at 0 (non-stress), 50, 100 and 150 mM concentrations. The obtained results indicate that at 50 and 100 mM NaCl, priming with 30 and 60 mM GlyBet increased root and shoot lengths compared to the control (0 mM). In addition, at all stress levels, priming with 60 mM GlyBet led to lower malondialdehyde, total soluble sugars and proline contents than in control seedlings. Priming with GlyBet increased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities and protein content, while it reduced the activity of peroxidase under salinity stress. In addition, priming with GlyBet reduced the Na+/K+ ratio of seedlings and increased K+ under all salinity stress levels. Priming with 60 mM GlyBet also reduced the Na+ content under 150 mM NaCl. Together, these results show that 60 mM GlyBet had the most pronounced effect on tolerance to salinity stress in safflower seedling. The glycine betaine-increased tolerance to salt in safflower was mainly related to increased CAT and SOD activities, and the prevention of cell membrane damage as a result of reduced lipid peroxidation and improved ion homeostasis under salinity stress condition.

scholarly journals Assessment of Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical and Antioxidant Responses of Tomato Landraces to Salinity Stress

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 696
Author(s):  
Reem H. Alzahib ◽  
Hussein M. Migdadi ◽  
Abdullah A. Al Ghamdi ◽  
Mona S. Alwahibi ◽  
Abdullah A. Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Antioxidants Activity ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Salinity Levels

Understanding salt tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) landraces will facilitate their use in genetic improvement. The study assessed the morpho-physiological variability of Hail tomato landraces in response to different salinity levels at seedling stages and recommended a tomato salt-tolerant landrace for future breeding programs. Three tomato landraces, Hail 548, Hail 747, and Hail 1072 were tested under three salinity levels: 75, 150, and 300 mM NaCl. Salinity stress reduced shoots’ fresh and dry weight by 71% and 72%, and roots were 86.5% and 78.6%, respectively. There was 22% reduced chlorophyll content, carotene content by 18.6%, and anthocyanin by 41.1%. Proline content increased for stressed treatments. The 300 mM NaCl treatment recorded the most proline content increases (67.37 mg/g fresh weight), with a percent increase in proline reaching 61.67% in Hail 747. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased by 65% in Hail 548, while it relatively increased in Hail 747 and Hail 1072 treated with 300 mM NaCl. Catalase (CAT) activity was enhanced by salt stress in Hail 548 and recorded 7.6%, increasing at 75 and 5.1% at 300 mM NaCl. It revealed a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) at the 300 mM NaCl concentration in both Hail 548 and Hail 1072 landraces. Increasing salt concentrations showed a reduction in transpiration rate of 70.55%, 7.13% in stomatal conductance, and 72.34% in photosynthetic rate. K+/Na+ ratios decreased from 56% for 75 mM NaCl to 85% for 300 mM NaCl treatments in all genotypes. The response to salt stress in landraces involved some modifications in morphology, physiology, and metabolism. The landrace Hail 548 may have better protection against salt stress and observed protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) by increasing enzymatic “antioxidants” activity under salt stress.

scholarly journals Salinity Stress in Potato: Understanding Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Responses

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Kumar Nishant Chourasia ◽  
Milan Kumar Lal ◽  
Rahul Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Devanshu Dev ◽  
Hemant Balasaheb Kardile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Molecular Responses

Among abiotic stresses, salinity is a major global threat to agriculture, causing severe damage to crop production and productivity. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is regarded as a future food crop by FAO to ensure food security, which is severely affected by salinity. The growth of the potato plant is inhibited under salt stress due to osmotic stress-induced ion toxicity. Salinity-mediated osmotic stress leads to physiological changes in the plant, including nutrient imbalance, impairment in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane damage, and reduced photosynthetic activities. Several physiological and biochemical phenomena, such as the maintenance of plant water status, transpiration, respiration, water use efficiency, hormonal balance, leaf area, germination, and antioxidants production are adversely affected. The ROS under salinity stress leads to the increased plasma membrane permeability and extravasations of substances, which causes water imbalance and plasmolysis. However, potato plants cope with salinity mediated oxidative stress conditions by enhancing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. The osmoprotectants, such as proline, polyols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, and maltitol), and quaternary ammonium compound (glycine betaine) are synthesized to overcome the adverse effect of salinity. The salinity response and tolerance include complex and multifaceted mechanisms that are controlled by multiple proteins and their interactions. This review aims to redraw the attention of researchers to explore the current physiological, biochemical and molecular responses and subsequently develop potential mitigation strategies against salt stress in potatoes.

scholarly journals The Biochemical Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Armando Massange-Sánchez ◽  
Carla Vanessa Sánchez-Hernández ◽  
Rosalba Mireya Hernández-Herrera ◽  
Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Dna Structures ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes

Salinity is one of the most severe environmental problems worldwide and affects plant growth, reproduction, and crop yields by inducing physiological and biochemical changes due to osmotic and ionic shifts in plant cells. One of the principal modifications caused by osmotic stress is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause membrane damage and alter proteins, DNA structures, and photosynthetic processes. In response, plants increase their arsenal of antioxidant compounds, such as ROS scavenging enzymes and nonenzymatic elements like ascorbate, glutathione, flavonoids, tocopherols, and carotenoids, and their rates of osmolyte synthesis to conserve ion homeostasis and manage salt stress. This chapter describes the principal biochemical mechanisms that are employed by plants to survive under salt-stress conditions, including the most recent research regarding plant tolerance, and suggests strategies to produce valuable crops that are able to deal with soil salinity.

scholarly journals Salt Stress-induced Injury is Associated with Hormonal Alteration in Kentucky Bluegrass

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xunzhong Zhang ◽  
Wenli Wu ◽  
Erik H. Ervin ◽  
Chao Shang ◽  
Kim Harich
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Zeatin Riboside ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Cell Membrane Damage ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Isopentenyl Adenosine

Plant hormones play an important role in plant adaptation to abiotic stress, but hormonal responses of cool-season turfgrass species to salt stress are not well documented. This study was carried out to investigate the responses of hormones to salt stress and examine if salt stress-induced injury was associated with hormonal alteration in kentucky bluegrass (KBG, Poa pratensis L.). The grass was grown in a growth chamber for 6 weeks and then subjected to salt stress (170 mm NaCl) for 28 days. Salt stress caused cell membrane damage, resulting in photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll (Chl), and turf quality decline in KBG. Salt stress increased leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA/cytokinin (CK) ratio; reduced trans-zeatin riboside (ZR), isopentenyl adenosine (iPA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but did not affect gibberellin A4 (GA4). On average, salt stress reduced ZR by 67.4% and IAA by 58.6%, whereas it increased ABA by 398.5%. At the end of the experiment (day 28), turf quality, Pn, and stomatal conductance (gs) were negatively correlated with ABA and ABA/CK ratio, but positively correlated with ZR, iPA, and IAA. Electrolyte leakage (EL) was positively correlated with ABA and ABA/CK and negatively correlated with ZR, iPA, IAA, and GA4. GA4 was also positively correlated with turf quality and gs. The results of this study suggest that salt stress-induced injury of the cell membrane and photosynthetic function may be associated with hormonal alteration and imbalance in KBG.

scholarly journals Lipid synthesis in human erythroid cells: the effect of sickling

Blood ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
TA Lane ◽  
SK Ballas ◽  
ER Burka
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Erythroid Cell ◽  
Cell Membrane Damage

Abstract Human reticulocytes are capable of synthesizing membrane lipids from 14C-glycerol de novo. In both sickle and nonsickle reticulocytes the majority of 14C-glycerol was incorporated into phospholipids, primarily phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine. Incorporation into sphingomyelin was minimal. The most abundant neutral lipid synthesized was triglyceride. In the absence of sickling, the rate of lipid synthesis in sickle reticulocytes was similar to that of nonsickle reticulocytes. With the induction of sickling under anoxic conditions sickle reticulocytes showed a prompt increase in the rate of lipid synthesis to an average of 69% above control values, while nonsickle reticulocytes under similar conditions decreased the rate of lipid synthesis. An increase in the rate of membrane lipid synthesis is associated in the mammalian erythroid cell with cell membrane damage. The findings further confirm that lesions of the erythroid cell membrane in sickle cell anemia are secondary to the sickling process itself.

scholarly journals Decreased life span and membrane damage of carbamylated erythrocytes in vitro

Blood ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
TA Lane ◽  
ER Burka
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Significant Modification ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Cell Membrane Damage ◽  
Sickle Erythrocytes

Abstract Red blood cells exposed to cyanate (CNO) in vitro have a concentration- dependent decreased cell survival time associated with an inhibition of the ability of the cell membrane to synthesize lipids. The t1/2 of rabbit erythrocytes exposed to 30 mM or 50 mM cyanate for 1 hr at 37 degrees C is reduced from the normal 24 days to 15 and 9 days, respectively. The cyanate-induced defect in membrane lipid metabolism is irreversible. Carbamylation of membrane proteins and damage to metabolism are minimized by limiting exposure in vitro to 15 mM cyanate at 4 degrees C for 30 min. Cells carbamylated under these conditions do not have a shortened life span. Levels of globin carbamylation of 0.5 moles CNO/mole hemoglobin, shown to be clinically effective in prolonging the life span of sickle erythrocytes, are obtained under these conditions and reach maximal levels after only 30 min of incubation. Carbamylation of blood in CPD anticoagulant is inferior to either ACD or heparin. The findings indicate that adequate carbamylation of sickle erythrocytes with minimal red cell membrane damage can be achieved without significant modification of the standard plasmapheresis procedure utilized by the working blood bank.

scholarly journals Decreased life span and membrane damage of carbamylated erythrocytes in vitro

Blood ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-917
Author(s):  
TA Lane ◽  
ER Burka
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Significant Modification ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Cell Membrane Damage ◽  
Sickle Erythrocytes

Red blood cells exposed to cyanate (CNO) in vitro have a concentration- dependent decreased cell survival time associated with an inhibition of the ability of the cell membrane to synthesize lipids. The t1/2 of rabbit erythrocytes exposed to 30 mM or 50 mM cyanate for 1 hr at 37 degrees C is reduced from the normal 24 days to 15 and 9 days, respectively. The cyanate-induced defect in membrane lipid metabolism is irreversible. Carbamylation of membrane proteins and damage to metabolism are minimized by limiting exposure in vitro to 15 mM cyanate at 4 degrees C for 30 min. Cells carbamylated under these conditions do not have a shortened life span. Levels of globin carbamylation of 0.5 moles CNO/mole hemoglobin, shown to be clinically effective in prolonging the life span of sickle erythrocytes, are obtained under these conditions and reach maximal levels after only 30 min of incubation. Carbamylation of blood in CPD anticoagulant is inferior to either ACD or heparin. The findings indicate that adequate carbamylation of sickle erythrocytes with minimal red cell membrane damage can be achieved without significant modification of the standard plasmapheresis procedure utilized by the working blood bank.

scholarly journals Foliar Application of 24-Epibrassinolide Improved Salt Stress Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1518-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Sun ◽  
Mengying An ◽  
Liebao Han ◽  
Shuxia Yin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Salt Stress Condition ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a widely used turfgrass. In this study, the effect of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on salt stress tolerance of perennial ryegrass was investigated. The results indicated that pretreatment with four concentrations of EBR (0, 0.1, 10, 1000 nM) improved salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass. Exogenous EBR treatment decreased electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and H2O2 contents and enhanced the leaf relative water content (RWC), proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein content under salt stress condition. Meanwhile, EBR reduced the accumulation of Na+ and increased K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents in leaves after salt treatment. Moreover, EBR pretreatment also increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, as well as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione contents. These results suggested that EBR improved salt tolerance by enhancing osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense systems in perennial ryegrass.

Influence of Salt Stress on Proline and Glycine Betaine Accumulation in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ja'afar Umar ◽  
Adamu Aliyu ◽  
Kasimu Shehu ◽  
Lawal Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Free Proline ◽  
Ionic Effect ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Mass Accumulation

Many plants accumulate high levels of free proline content (pro) and glycine betaine (GB) in response to abiotic stress, Pro and GB act as an osmoprotectant. Generally, these levels are high than those required to be used in protein synthesis. Salinity inhibition of plant growth is the result of osmotic and ionic effect and different plant species have developed different mechanisms to cope with those effects. In this study, accumulation of osmolytes of twenty tomato genotypes was evaluated in response to salinity stress. The seedlings of each genotype were divided into three groups, Sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolved in irrigation water to make variant concentration of 30 and 60 mg/L of salt concentration using electrical conductivity meter which were used to water the plants. Level of free proline and glycine betaine were measured. Data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance using SPSS (20) Statistical Software. Dry mass accumulation decreased with increased salt concentration in all the genotypes. However, the result differ significantly (P< 0.05). The highest dry mass accumulations at control were recorded on Tropimech and Giofranco F. with 6.00 and 5.97. The lowest dry mass accumulations were recorded on plant treated with 60mg/L of salt. Dangainakawa recorded the least accumulation of dry mass on plants treated with 60mg/l of salt with 0.90g followed by Dan Gombe with 1.47g respectively. The highest free proline content of 1.46 µmolg-1was recorded on Dan gainakawa at plant treated with 60 mg/L of NaCl. The lowest proline content was recorded at control on Giofranco F. with 0.17 µmolg-1The highest GB content in all the plants were recorded at plants treated with 60 mg/L. However, the highest GB content (1.67) among the 20 (P<0.05) were recorded at 60 mg/L in Rio Grande followed by Bahaushe with 1.50 µmolg-1. In conclusion, GB and Pro are osmoregulators produced by tomato in response to stress so as to alleviate the consequence effects of salt stress.

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