scholarly journals The Biochemical Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Armando Massange-Sánchez ◽  
Carla Vanessa Sánchez-Hernández ◽  
Rosalba Mireya Hernández-Herrera ◽  
Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Dna Structures ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes

Salinity is one of the most severe environmental problems worldwide and affects plant growth, reproduction, and crop yields by inducing physiological and biochemical changes due to osmotic and ionic shifts in plant cells. One of the principal modifications caused by osmotic stress is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause membrane damage and alter proteins, DNA structures, and photosynthetic processes. In response, plants increase their arsenal of antioxidant compounds, such as ROS scavenging enzymes and nonenzymatic elements like ascorbate, glutathione, flavonoids, tocopherols, and carotenoids, and their rates of osmolyte synthesis to conserve ion homeostasis and manage salt stress. This chapter describes the principal biochemical mechanisms that are employed by plants to survive under salt-stress conditions, including the most recent research regarding plant tolerance, and suggests strategies to produce valuable crops that are able to deal with soil salinity.

scholarly journals Seed Treatment with Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 Promotes Wheat Seedling Growth under NaCl Stress Through Activating the Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidant Defense Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuwu Zhang ◽  
Bingliang Xu ◽  
Yantai Gan
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Wheat Seedling ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes ◽  
Different Levels

Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting crop growth and productivity worldwide. Species of Trichoderma are widely recognized for their bio-control abilities, but little information is regarding to the ability and mechanisms of their promoting plant growth and enhancing plant tolerance to different levels of salt stress. Hence, we determined (i) the role of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 (TL-6) in promoting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination and seedling growth under different levels of salt stress, and (ii) the mechanisms responsible for the enhanced tolerance of wheat to salt stress by TL-6. Wheat seeds treated with or without TL-6 were grown under different levels of salt stress in controlled environmental conditions. As such, the TL-6 treatments promoted seed germination and increased the shoot and root weights of wheat seedlings under both non-stress and salt-stress conditions. Wheat seedlings with TL-6 treatments under different levels of NaCl stress increased proline content by an average of 11%, ascorbate 15%, and glutathione 28%; and decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) by an average of 19% and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 13%. The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, leading to the increases of glutathione s-transferase (GST) by an average of 17%, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 16%, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 17%, glutathione reductase (GR) 18%, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) 5%. Our results indicate that the beneficial strain of TL-6 effectively scavenged ROS under NaCl stress through modulating the activity of ROS scavenging enzymes, regulating the transcriptional levels of ROS scavenging enzyme gene expression, and enhancing the nonenzymatic antioxidants in wheat seedling in response to salt stress. Our present study provides a new insight into the mechanisms of TL-6 can activate the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems and enhance wheat seedling tolerance to different levels of salt stress at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels.

A barley mutant with improved salt tolerance through ion homeostasis and ROS scavenging under salt stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davood Kiani ◽  
Hassan Soltanloo ◽  
Seyyede Sanaz Ramezanpour ◽  
Ali Asghar Nasrolahnezhad Qumi ◽  
Ahad Yamchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Barley Mutant

scholarly journals Overexpression ofCaAPXInduces Orchestrated Reactive Oxygen Scavenging and Enhances Cold and Heat Tolerances in Tobacco

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangying Wang ◽  
Bin Wu ◽  
Hengfu Yin ◽  
Zhengqi Fan ◽  
Xinlei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes ◽  
Ros Scavenging Enzymes

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) acts indispensably in synthesizing L-ascorbate (AsA) which is pivotal to plant stress tolerance by detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enhanced activity of APX has been shown to be a key step for genetic engineering of improving plant tolerance. However it needs a deeper understanding on the maintenance of cellular ROS homeostasis in response to stress. In this study, we identified and characterized anAPX(CaAPX) gene fromCamellia azalea. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed thatCaAPXwas expressed in all tissues and peaked in immature green fruits; the expression levels were significantly upregulated upon cold and hot stresses. Transgenic plants displayed marked enhancements of tolerance under both cold and heat treatments, and plant growth was correlated withCaAPXexpression levels. Furthermore, we monitored the activities of several ROS-scavenging enzymes includingCu/Zn-SOD,CAT,DHAR, andMDHAR, and we showed that stress tolerance was synchronized with elevated activities of ROS-scavenging. Moreover, gene expression analysis of ROS-scavenging enzymes revealed a role ofCaAPXto orchestrate ROS signaling in response to temperature stresses. Overall, this study presents a comprehensive characterization of cellular response related toCaAPXexpression and provides insights to breed crops with high temperature tolerances.

scholarly journals SlSTE1 promotes ABA-dependent salt stress-responsive pathways via improving ion homeostasis and ROS scavenging in tomato

Authorea ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Meng ◽  
Jing Cai ◽  
Lei Deng ◽  
Ge Li ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Ros Scavenging

scholarly journals A Review on Plant Responses to Salt Stress and Their Mechanisms of Salt Resistance

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Shanhu Hao ◽  
Yiran Wang ◽  
Yunxiu Yan ◽  
Yuhang Liu ◽  
Jingyao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms

Nowadays, crop insufficiency resulting from soil salinization is threatening the world. On the basis that soil salinization has become a worldwide problem, studying the mechanisms of plant salt tolerance is of great theoretical and practical significance to improve crop yield, to cultivate new salt-tolerant varieties, and to make full use of saline land. Based on previous studies, this paper reviews the damage of salt stress to plants, including suppression of photosynthesis, disturbance of ion homeostasis, and membrane peroxidation. We have also summarized the physiological mechanisms of salt tolerance, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and osmotic adjustment. Four main stress-related signaling pathways, salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway, calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) pathway, and abscisic acid (ABA) pathway, are included. We have also enumerated some salt stress-responsive genes that correspond to physiological mechanisms. In the end, we have outlined the present approaches and techniques to improve salt tolerance of plants. All in all, we reviewed those aspects above, in the hope of providing valuable background knowledge for the future cultivation of agricultural and forestry plants.

scholarly journals Exogenous application of xanthine and uric acid and nucleobase-ascorbate transporter MdNAT7 expression regulate salinity tolerance in apple

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Sun ◽  
Tingting Pei ◽  
Lulu Yang ◽  
Zhijun Zhang ◽  
Mingjun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Global Agriculture ◽  
Tolerance To Salinity ◽  
Transgenic Apple

Abstract Background Soil salinity is a critical threat to global agriculture. In plants, the accumulation of xanthine activates xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), which catalyses the oxidation/conversion of xanthine to uric acid to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). The nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (NAT) family is also known as the nucleobase-cation symporter (NCS) or AzgA-like family. NAT is known to transport xanthine and uric acid in plants. The expression of MdNAT is influenced by salinity stress in apple. Results In this study, we discovered that exogenous application of xanthine and uric acid enhanced the resistance of apple plants to salinity stress. In addition, MdNAT7 overexpression transgenic apple plants showed enhanced xanthine and uric acid concentrations and improved tolerance to salinity stress compared with nontransgenic plants, while opposite phenotypes were observed for MdNAT7 RNAi plants. These differences were probably due to the enhancement or impairment of ROS scavenging and ion homeostasis abilities. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that xanthine and uric acid have potential uses in salt stress alleviation, and MdNAT7 can be utilized as a candidate gene to engineer resistance to salt stress in plants.

scholarly journals Exogenous Glycine Betaine Ameliorates the Adverse Effect of Salt Stress on Perennial Ryegrass

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longxing Hu ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Xunzhong Zhang ◽  
Huancheng Pang ◽  
Jinmin Fu
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Cell Membrane Damage ◽  
Relative Water

Salinity stress may involve the accumulation of glycine betaine (GB). The objective of this study was to examine whether exogenous GB would ameliorate the detrimental effect of salinity stress on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The grass was subjected to two salinity levels (0 and 250 mm NaCl) and three GB levels (0, 20, and 50 mm). Salinity resulted in a remarkable decrease in vertical shoot growth rate (VSGR), shoot and root fresh weight, relative water content (RWC), relative transpiration rate (Tr), and chlorophyll (Chl) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. Plants subjected to salt exhibited an increase in leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and proline content. Application of GB reduced EL, MDA, and proline content in salt-stressed plants. Perennial ryegrass subjected to salt stress plus GB had a greater level of VSGR, RWC, relative Tr, Chl content, and activities of SOD, CAT, and APX when compared with salt-stressed without GB. Salt stress increased Na+ and decreased K+ content, which resulted in a higher Na+/K+ ratio in perennial ryegrass. Application of 20 mm GB suppressed Na+ accumulation, whereas the K+ content was significantly increased in shoot, which led to a higher K+/Na+ ratio under saline conditions. These results suggested that GB-enhanced salt tolerance in perennial ryegrass was mainly related to the elevated SOD, CAT, and APX activity and alleviation of cell membrane damage by reducing oxidation of membrane lipid and improving the ion homeostasis under salt stress.

Gene expression profiling of tolerant barley in response toDiuraphis noxia(Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gutsche ◽  
T. Heng-Moss ◽  
G. Sarath ◽  
P. Twigg ◽  
Y. Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes

AbstractAphids are, arguably, the single most damaging group of agricultural insect pests throughout the world. Plant tolerance, which is a plant response to an insect pest, is viewed as an excellent management strategy. Developing testable hypotheses based on genome-wide and more focused methods will help in understanding the molecular underpinnings of plant tolerance to aphid herbivory. As a first step in this process, we undertook transcript profiling with Affymetrix GeneChip Barley Genome arrays using RNA extracted from tissues of tolerant and susceptible genotypes collected at three hours, three days and six days afterDiuraphis noxiaintroduction. Acquired data were compared to identify changes unique to the tolerant barley at each harvest date. Transcript abundance of 4086 genes was differentially changed over the three harvest dates in tolerant and susceptible barley in response toD. noxiafeeding. Across the three harvest dates, the greatest number of genes was differentially expressed in both barleys at three days after aphid introduction. A total of 909 genes showed significant levels of change in the tolerant barley in response toD. noxiafeeding as compared to susceptible plants infested with aphids. Many of these genes could be assigned to specific metabolic categories, including several associated with plant defense and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, two peroxidase genes, designatedHvPRXA1andHvPRXA2, were up-regulated to a greater degree in response toD. noxiafeeding on tolerant barley plants, indicating that specific peroxidases could be important for the tolerance process. These findings suggest that the ability to elevate and sustain levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes could play an important role in the tolerant response.

Ectopic Expression of a Novel Cold-resistance Protein 1 (BoCRP1) from Brassica Oleracea Promotes Tolerance to Cold via Modulating Stress Associated Components

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umer Majeed Wani ◽  
Tahir Majeed Sheikh ◽  
Vaseem Raja ◽  
Zubair Ahmad Wani ◽  
Nelofer Jan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Protective Shield ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes ◽  
Susceptible Tomato

Abstract Cold stress is considered as a major environmental factor that adversely affect the plant growth and distribution. Therefore, there arises an immediate need to cultivate effective strategies aimed at developing stress-tolerant crops that would boost the production and minimise the risks associated with cold stress. In this study, a novel cold-responsive protein1 isolated from Brassica oleracea (BoCRP1) was ectopically expressed in a cold susceptible tomato genotype Shalimar 1 and its function was investigated in response to chilling stress. BoCRP1 was constitutively expressed in all the tissues of B. oleracea including leaf, root and stem however, its expression was found to be significantly increased in response to cold stress. Moreover, transgenic tomato plants expressing BoCRP1 exhibited increased tolerance to chilling stress (4oC) with an overall improved rate of seed germination, increased root length, reduced membrane damage and increase in accumulation of osmoprotectants. Furthermore, we observed increased transcript levels of stress responsive genes and enhanced accumulation of ROS scavenging enzymes in transgenic on exposure to chilling stress. These results are therefore strongly in support of the role of BoCRP1 in offering the plant a protective shield and heightened resilience to chilling stress by maintaining osmotic balance, utilising the cellular antioxidant system and enhancing the transcription of cold responsive genes.

scholarly journals The Role of Trichoderma Species in Plants Response to Salt Stress

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-43
Author(s):  
Solomon Boamah ◽  
Shuwu Zhang ◽  
Bingliang Xu ◽  
LI Tong ◽  
Rehan Inayat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Total Plant Biomass ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes

Soil salinity is a pending threat to global agricultural sustainability and food security. The natural means of alleviating this stress have become the major concern as to which methods, mechanisms, and organisms to be used.  Soil-borne fungi Trichoderma has proven to alleviate salinity stress in plants. This review aimed to shed light on the roles and mechanisms of some species of Trichoderma in response to salt stress and other merits to plant growth and development. Detailed of this research reviewed the level of growth promotion induced by Trichoderma species with an estimated increase of 200% of total plant biomass compared with control plants from literature. The defined mechanisms of Trichoderma in combating salinity stress in plants are; formation of ion channels in host plants, activation of ion exchange (K+/N+), increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, antioxidants, and genes, production of phytohormones and their signal pathways, stimulates root formation and developments, regulate stomata conductance through the increment of carotenoids in host plants which corresponds to the functions of the photosystems.

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