Protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding practices and the introduction of complementary foods

Breastfeeding is the gold standard of optimal nutrition and largely determines the health of the child not only at an early age, but also in subsequent periods of his life. Due to the optimal composition of breast milk, the child forms such features of lipid, carbohydrate, mineral and energy metabolism, which provide not only the best conditions for physical and intellectual development of the child, but also its social adaptation. Prolonged breastfeeding reduces the subsequent risk of developing socially significant diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Since the 1970s, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) have been active in reviving the culture of breastfeeding. In 1989, they developed a joint declaration Protection, Promotion and Support of Breastfeeding Practices: the Special Role of Obstetric Services, which is based on Ten Principles of Successful Breastfeeding (training of medical personnel, antenatal preparation of pregnant women for breastfeeding, early breastfeeding in the delivery room, keeping mother and baby together and feeding a healthy baby on demand, helping mothers in difficult situations, exclusive breastfeeding, informing mothers about the dangers of pacifiers in initiating breastfeeding, follow-up assistance to mothers after discharge from the maternity hospital). The duration of exclusive breastfeeding (feeding only breast milk) is important for the health of the infant. According to the 2003 WHO recommendations, which are reflected in the Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, exclusive breastfeeding should last 6 months. The national program for optimizing the feeding of children of the first year of life in the Russian Federation (2009, 2019) defines recommended periods of exclusive breastfeeding in the range of 4-6 months, and they depend on the health status of the infant. Modern industrially produced complementary foods are created taking into account the principles of healthy eating and contribute to the formation of proper nutritional behavior in children from an early age, which undoubtedly has a favorable effect on the child’s health in the future.

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Social and cultural aspects of child feeding early age

NATURE AND SCIENCE ◽

10.36719/2707-1146/04/32-35 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 03 (04) ◽

pp. 32-35

Author(s):

Sabir Nurgalam Amiraliev ◽

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Young Children ◽

Key Words ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Positive Association ◽

Early Age ◽

Emotional Needs ◽

Child Feeding ◽

Cultural Aspects

Eating habits formed at an early age will have different consequences throughout people's lives. For the first 6 months of life, it is recommended that the baby be exclusively breastfed, as breast milk is the only food that can satisfy all the nutritional and emotional needs of the baby during this period and provide an intense bond between mother and baby. In addition, there is a positive association between the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and a healthier diet in later childhood. Key words: food, eating habits, young children

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A study on effectiveness of lactational amenorrhea as a method of contraception

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20183837 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 3946 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kamlesh Tiwari ◽

Ishmat Khanam ◽

Neha Savarna

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

World Health ◽

Contraceptive Methods ◽

Monthly Basis ◽

Breastfeeding Practices ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

Lactational Amenorrhea ◽

The World ◽

Lactational Amenorrhea Method ◽

Natural Hormones

Background: The lactational amenorrhea method, known as LAM, is part of the World Health Organization’s list of accepted and effective methods of family planning. Studies show LAM to be 98% effective, as effective as the pill and other modern methods, when used according to guidelines. As LAM costs nothing, easy and natural to use, no medication or any devise needed, no interference with natural hormones, no interruption in conjugal life and more over the mother enjoying her motherhood life, it sounds very good as a method of contraception.Methods:This is a prospective non-comparative study. A total of 298 mothers participated in this study. The benefits of exclusive breast feeding with particular emphasis on timely breastfeeding and must feeding during the night hours were explained to the mothers and the physiology of lactational amenorrhea was explained to them. All the mothers were interviewed and followed up on monthly basis. Results:No lactating mothers conceived within the first six months of delivering their baby and only 4% mothers had evidence of pregnancy mainly after the 10th months after delivery.Conclusions:The lactational amenorrhea method is a highly effective method of contraception for 6 months if exclusive breastfeeding practices are followed. In a country like India where use of contraceptive methods are very meager, LAM may prove a boon as it provides dual benefit of exclusive breastfeeding and prevention of pregnancy.

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The DIFFERENCES IN NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF INFANTS AGED 4-6 MONTHS WHO WERE EXCLUSIVELY BREASTFED AND THOSE WERE GIVEN NONEXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING : LITERATURE REVIEW

SEAJOM: The Southeast Asia Journal of Midwifery ◽

10.36749/seajom.v7i1.136 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 28-38

Author(s):

Frisna Dwika Maheni Maheni ◽

Abdiana ◽

Rafika Oktova

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Literature Review ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Complementary Food ◽

World Health ◽

Formula Milk ◽

Working Mother ◽

Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that babies remain given exclusive breast milk for the first six months of a baby's life. However, there were some obstacles that cause the mother to be unable to give exclusive breast milk to her baby. By the time the baby becoming 4 to 6 months, the opportunity to provided exclusive breast milk is reduced because of many factor such as working mother can be an obstacle to providing exclusive breast milk. Often for mothers prefer to provide formula milk or complementary food for their babies to make it simply.This literature review aims to determine the differences in nutritional status of infants who were exclusively breastfed and those who were not exclusively breastfed at the age of 4 to 6 months. This literature review is semi-quantitative using the narrative review method. The search for articles accessed from the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct database found 40 articles that met the criteria. There were differences in the nutritional status of infants who were exclusively breastfed and those who were given non-exclusive breastfeeding. Babies who were exclusively breastfed at the age of 4 to 6 months had a better nutritional status than babies who were given nonexclusive breastfeeding.

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Barrier and facilitator on breastfeeding education and promotion: A literature review

International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) ◽

10.11591/ijphs.v9i4.20495 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 320

Author(s):

Lina Handayani ◽

Maya Kusuma Dewi ◽

Lafi Munira

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Study Finding ◽

Well Being ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

World Health ◽

Full Time ◽

Literature Study ◽

Breastfeeding Promotion ◽

Health Organization

Breast milk contains many nutrients according to the needs of the baby for growth and development. Breast milk is very important for the health and well-being of infants. The world health organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding mothers for six months starting from the baby's first life and continuing until the age of two. Breastfeeding can provide economic benefits for the family and community. This study aimed to explore the barrier and facilitator on breastfeeding promotion and education. This study was literature study. This study finding that support from the baby's father is needed as a strong decision exclusively breastfeeding mothers. Pediatricians and midwives have an important role to support in providing exclusive breastfeeding from mothers and infants. Mothers who work full time find it very difficult to care for their babies exclusively. The workplace can be a barrier for mothers to care for and provide exclusive breastfeeding. Breastfeeding competency-based training is needed as a more optimal promotion of exclusive breastfeeding. Promotion of breastfeeding can increase the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding. Knowledge promotes breastfeeding can increase the chances of successful breastfeeding and improve baby's health. An important role in the successful promotion of breastfeeding is the quality of knowledge and support for exclusive breastfeeding.

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Determinants of breastfeeding practice in Pujehun district, southern Sierra Leone: a mixed-method study

International Breastfeeding Journal ◽

10.1186/s13006-021-00390-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dorothee van Breevoort ◽

Francesca Tognon ◽

Arne Beguin ◽

Amara S. Ngegbai ◽

Giovanni Putoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Sierra Leone ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Mixed Method ◽

Critical Role ◽

World Health ◽

Mixed Method Study ◽

Breastfeeding Rate ◽

Breastfeeding Practice ◽

Determinants Of Breastfeeding

Abstract Background It is well established that exclusive breastfeeding can play a critical role in reducing child morbidity and mortality. Limited research has been done thus far on the practice and perceptions of breastfeeding in Sierra Leone, where more than 10 % of children die before the age of five. This study aimed to gain understanding into and explore both matters in order to develop recommendations for effective strategies to promote breastfeeding practice in Pujehun District, Southern Sierra Leone. Methods This exploratory mixed-method study included a cross-sectional survey of 194 mothers, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Logistic regression analysis was used calculated odds ratios of factors associated with primarily breastfeeding practice, defined as ‘Children under six months of age who are fed with breast milk only and children older than six months of age that were exclusively breastfed up to six months’, based on recall from birth. Exclusive breastfeeding rate was based on breastfeeding practice 24 h prior to the survey. Qualitative data was analysed through a deductive approach, using a pre-determined framework on determinants of breastfeeding. Results This study revealed an exclusive breastfeeding rate of 62.8% (95% CI 53.9, 71.7); dropping from 74% in the 0–1-month age group to 33% in the 4–5 months group. Triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data revealed enabling factors for primarily breastfeeding practice included mothers receiving support during their first breastfeed, pregnant women being provided with information on the benefits of the practice, counselling by nurses, support from husbands, and women’s awareness of how their friends and family members fed their own babies. The main barriers were a lack of encouragement by husbands, women’s perception that their infants’ stools were abnormal or that they were not producing enough breast milk. Conclusions Although the exclusive breastfeeding may have risen over recent years, a gap remains compared to World Health Organization recommendations. According to the breastfeeding determinants identified in this study, promotion of counselling by a nurse, encouragement of husbands’ support, and improve knowledge of mothers on breastfeeding are recommended to be incorporated in the design of future health programs.

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Comparing breastfeeding experiences between mothers spending the traditional Chinese confinement period in a confinement centre and those staying at home: a cohort study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-26168/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Siew Cheng Foong ◽

May Loong Tan ◽

Wai Cheng Foong ◽

Jacqueline J Ho ◽

Fairuz Fadzilah Rahim

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Support Groups ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

World Health ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression ◽

Breastfeeding Support ◽

Ethnic Chinese ◽

Chinese Mothers ◽

Breastfeeding Rates

Abstract BackgroundEthnic Chinese mothers in Malaysia adhere to 30 days of traditional postpartum practices (the “confinement period”) aimed at recuperation after delivery. Recently there has been an emergence of confinement centres (CCs) where mothers stay and receive traditional confinement care. Ethnic Chinese mothers have low breastfeeding rates. There are concerns that practices in CCs could contribute to this but no data exists. We described mother’s breastfeeding experience at CCs and identify areas for potential improvement in breastfeeding support.MethodsEthnic Chinese mothers intending to breastfeed their healthy infants were recruited post-delivery between August and October 2017 then, at 1 and 6 months, were telephone interviewed about their experience. For every participant going to a CC, another mother going home was recruited.Chi-square test was used to compare groups and multiple logistic regression was used to assess the effect of confinement place on exclusive breastfeeding. We defined exclusive breastfeeding according to the World Health Organisation’s definition which means no other food or drink, not even water, except breast milk (including milk expressed or from a donor).Results Of 187 mothers, 88(47%) went to CCs. Significantly more were primipara and fewer had previous breastfeeding experience. Response rates for the 1- and 6- month interviews were 88%(CC) versus 97%(home); and 77%(CC) versus 87%(home).Exclusive breastfeeding rates were similar between the groups: 62%(CC) versus 56%(home) at 1 month (p=0.4); and 37%(CC) versus 42%(home) at 6 months (p=0.5). Multiple logistic regression did not show that CCs were a factor affecting exclusive breastfeeding rates at 1 month, (adjusted odds ratio(aOR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval(CI) 0.9, 3.3), or 6 months (aOR 0.9, 95% CI 0.4, 1.7). However, significantly more CC participants only fed expressed breast milk. Despite 66% of CC participants reporting that their centre supported breastfeeding, only 6(8%) CC participants compared to 66(69%) of home participants slept with their baby (p<0.001). The proportion encountering breastfeeding difficulties were similar between groups. CC participants sought help for breastfeeding problems mainly from CC staff and support groups while home participants obtained help from friends and healthcare professionals.ConclusionBreastfeeding rates appeared to be similar at CCs and home but there were gaps in how CCs supported breastfeeding. Targeted training to CC staff to support breastfeeding may result in better outcomes for mothers staying in CCs.

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Design, Development, and Testing of Best4Baby, a Mobile Health Technology to Support Exclusive Breastfeeding in India: A Pilot Study (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.32795 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tony Ma ◽

Katie Chang ◽

Amal Alyusuf ◽

Elina Bajracharya ◽

Yukiko Washio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Mobile Health ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

World Health ◽

Rural India ◽

Agile Development ◽

Iterative Design ◽

Breastfeeding Practices ◽

System Usability Scale ◽

Breastfeeding Counseling

BACKGROUND Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) through 6 months of age in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is surprisingly low. In India, an LMIC, EBF rates fall well below the World Health Organization benchmark of 90%. There has been a relative lack of mobile health (mHealth) applications that specifically focus on leveraging the use of peer counselors (PCs) to support mothers as a means of increasing exclusive breastfeeding practices in LMICs. OBJECTIVE A key study objective was to design, develop, and test the usability of BEST4Baby, a mHealth app specifically designed to support PCs in providing in-home breastfeeding counseling support to mothers in rural India around optimal breastfeeding practices. METHODS To develop and test BEST4Baby, we applied behavioral theories (i.e., social cognitive theory and theory of planned behavior) to a user-centered design (UCD) process with an Agile development methodology. The approach involved stakeholders and PCs to guide BEST4Baby’s design and development including the app’s content and features. PCs were engaged through the use of focus groups with interactive wireframes. Their feedback helped finalize the design prior to development. During the 24-month study period, we conducted a feasibility test of the BEST4Baby app with 23 PCs that supported mothers residing in rural India in a pilot study that incorporated an intervention (n=110) and control (n=112) group. The intervention protocol required PCs to provide education and follow mothers using BEST4Baby from the late prenatal stage of pregnancy through 6 months postpartum. BEST4Baby’s usability from the PCs’ perspective was assessed using a translated System Usability Scale (SUS). RESULTS The findings of this study align with best practices in UCD (i.e., understand user experience, context with iterative design with stakeholders) to address EBF barriers. It led to the cultural tailoring and contextual alignment of an evidence-based WHO breastfeeding program with iterative design and Agile development of the BEST4Baby app. The approach translated to a highly usable BEST4BABY app for employment by PCs for breastfeeding counseling that has been shown to statistically increase EBF practices. PCs rated BEST4Baby as highly usable, scoring it over the 95th percentile on the SUS scale. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that BEST4Baby was highly usable and accepted by PCs in supporting mothers in their EBF practices and led to positive outcomes in the intervention group’s EBF rates. The pilot demonstrated that the use of the specially designed BEST4Baby app was an important support tool for PCs during the nine home visitations.

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Breastfeeding Practices Influence the Breast Milk Microbiota Depending on Pre-Gestational Maternal BMI and Weight Gain over Pregnancy

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13051518 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1518

Author(s):

Erika Cortés-Macías ◽

Marta Selma-Royo ◽

Cecilia Martínez-Costa ◽

Maria Carmen Collado

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Post Partum ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Maternal Factors ◽

Breastfeeding Practices ◽

Immune System Development ◽

The Impact

Breastfeeding is critical for adequate neonatal microbial and immune system development affecting neonate health outcomes in the short and long term. There is a great interest in ascertaining which are the maternal factors contributing to the milk microbiota and the potential relevance for the developing infant. Thus, our study aimed to characterize the effect of mixed and exclusive breastfeeding practices on the milk microbiota and to determine the impact of pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and weight gain over pregnancy on its composition. Breast milk samples from 136 healthy women were collected within the first month post-partum and milk microbiota profiling was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Information on breastfeeding habits and maternal-infant clinical data were recorded. Breastfeeding practices (exclusive vs. mixed), maternal pre-gestational BMI, and weight gain over pregnancy contributed to the milk microbiota variation. Pre-gestational normal-weight women with exclusive breastfeeding habits harbored a significantly higher abundance of Bifidobacterium genus, and also, higher alpha-diversity compared to the rest of the women. Our results confirm the importance of controlling weight during pregnancy and breastfeeding practices in terms of milk microbiota. Further studies to clarify the potential impact of these maternal factors on milk and infant development and health will be necessary.

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EFFECT OF WORK AND EDUCATION ON THE SUCCESS OF ESCLUSIVE ASI

Jurnal Sains Kebidanan ◽

10.31983/jsk.v2i2.6465 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Novi Eniastina Jasa ◽

Akma Listiana

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Significant Relationship ◽

Working Mothers ◽

Education Level ◽

World Health ◽

P Value ◽

Test Results ◽

Mother’S Education ◽

Mother's Education

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Breast milk is the best food for babies. Exclusive breastfeeding or exclusive breastfeeding is that babies are only given breast milk without the addition of other fluids such as formula milk, oranges, honey, tea water, water and without the addition of solid foods such as bananas, papaya, milk powder, biscuits, rice porridge, and team. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016 still shows the average rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the new world is around 38 percent.Research Objectives: To determine the relationship between work and education on the success of exclusive breastfeedingMethods: The subjects of this study were all breastfeeding mothers who had babies aged 6-12 months. This type of research is analytic with cross sectional design, the independent variable in this study is the mother's employment status, the mother's education level and the dependent variable is exclusive breastfeeding. This research was conducted from June to August 2020Results: The results showed that 33 people (62.3%) did not provide exclusive breastfeeding and 20 people (64.2%) gave exclusive breastfeeding, the respondents who worked 37 people (69.8%) and did not work, namely 16 people ( 30.2%). The statistical test results obtained p-value = 0.014 (p-value 0.05), which means that there is a significant relationship between working mothers and exclusive breastfeeding at BPM Nurhasanah Bandar Lampung in 2020. In further analysis, OR = 5.98 which This means that mothers who do not work have a 5.98 times chance of giving exclusive breastfeeding compared to working mothers, while mothers with high education level 38 people (71.7%) have low education level 15 people (28.3%), the test results statistics were obtained (p-value = 0.678 0.05) which means that there is no relationship between education level and exclusive breastfeeding at BPM Nurhasanah Bandar Lampung in 2020.Conclusion: The majority of mothers do not provide exclusive breastfeeding, namely 62.3%, there is a significant relationship between working mothers and exclusive breastfeeding. Meanwhile, mother's education has no effect on the success of exclusive breastfeedingSuggestion: For health workers to provide breastfeeding counseling, especially the preparation of mothers who work in providing exclusive breastfeeding.

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Effect of Banana Inflorescence (Musa Paradisiaca L.) on Breast Milk Production

JURNAL KEBIDANAN ◽

10.31983/jkb.v10i2.6087 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 117-123

Author(s):

Sri Wulan ◽

Desri Meriahta Br Girsang

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Milk Production ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

T Test ◽

World Health ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Breast Milk Production

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that babies get exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months, but many breastfeeding mothers are unable to give their milk because of lack of milk production. Based on the profile of the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Health, 2017 the achievement of babies receiving exclusive breastfeeding in the North Sumatra region is still relatively low, only reaching 45.74%, the figure is far below compared to other provinces such as West Nusa Tenggara reaching 87.35%, West Sumatra 68.32 %, South Sumatra 60.36%, DKI Jakarta 67.40% and Riau province 57.65%. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of banana inflorescence on milk production. This research used the Eksperimen method with Pretest-Posttest With Control Group design, with the technique of taking Simple Random sampling with a sample size of 20 people, 10 experimental groups and 10 control groups. Data collection began in May-June 2020 using observation sheets and measuring cups (cc). This research used the univariate analysis with Paired T-Test and Bivariate Analysis with Independent T Test, with a significance level of 95%. The results showed an in the Eksperimen group who were given a 459 cc banana infloresence decoction and an average value in the Control group 310 cc which meant there were differences in milk production around 149 cc and p. 0.01 (0.05). Conclusion banana inflorescence influence to breast milk production in nursing mothers 0-6 months old.

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