Specialized hypocholesterolemic foods: Ingredients, technology, effects

Introduction. Overweight and obesity are leading risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MS). From 20 to 35% of Russian people have this condition, depending on their age. MS is a precursor of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Specialized foods (SFs) with hypocholesteremic effects are an important component of the diet therapy for MS patients. Creating local SFs to optimize the nutritional status of MS patients and prevent related diseases is a highly promising area of research. The aim of our study was to develop the formulation and technology of SFs and evaluate their effectiveness in MS treatment. Study objects and methods. The objects of the study were food ingredients and SFs. Safety indicators and micronutrient contents were determined by standard methods, whereas nutritional and energy values and amino acid contents were determined by calculation. Results and discussion. Based on medical requirements, we selected functional ingredients and developed a formulation and technology of SFs with an optimized protein, fat, and carbohydrate composition. The formulation included essential micronutrients and biologically active substances with a desirable physiological effect. Clinical trials involved 15 MS patients aged from 27 to 59. For two weeks, they had a low-calorie standard diet with one serving of SFs in the form of a drink instead of a second breakfast. The patients showed a significant improvement in anthropometric indicators. Blood serum tests revealed decreased contents of total cholesterol (by 16.9%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 15.3%), and triglycerides (by 27.9%). Conclusion. We developed technical specifications and produced a pilot batch of SFs. The trials showed an improvement of lipid metabolism in the MS patients who were taking SFs as part of their diet therapy.

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Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Risk—Do Promising New Biomarkers Have Clinical Impact?

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2017/7279818 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sirje Kaur ◽

Külli Kingo ◽

Mihkel Zilmer

Keyword(s):

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Low Hdl ◽

New Biomarkers ◽

The Impact

Epidemiological studies suggest an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with psoriasis (PS). Therefore, emphasis has lately been laid on the necessity for clinical evaluation of the risk of CVD in these patients. The systemic inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin- (IL-) 6, which have long been used to predict future CVD in the general population, are increased manyfold in patients with PS. Lipid abnormalities characterized by elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and its oxidized form are also prevalent in patients. There is a need for additional laboratory markers for the assessment of cardiovascular status of patients with PS. Due to frequent comorbid overweight and obesity, biologically active compounds produced by adipocytes may have an impact on monitoring the status of the cardiovascular system of patients with PS. For this purpose, two adipokines, adiponectin and leptin, have been most extensively studied. The review focuses on some inflammatory and oxidative stress aspects in patients with PS through the analysis of the impact of prominent adipokines and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) to assess their eligibility for clinical practice as markers of CVD risk in patients with PS.

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α-Tocopherol, lipids and lipoproteins in knee-joint synovial fluid and serum from patients with inflammatory joint disease

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0830657 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 83 (6) ◽

pp. 657-664 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

K. Fairburn ◽

M. Grootveld ◽

R. J. Ward ◽

C. Abiuka ◽

M. Kus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synovial Fluid ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Joint Disease ◽

Inflammatory Joint Disease ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Control Serum ◽

Inflammatory Synovial Fluid

1. We have determined the antioxidant status of synovial fluid and serum of patients with inflammatory joint disease in terms of the biologically active lipid-soluble antioxidant, α-tocopherol. Synovial fluid concentrations of α-tocopherol were significantly lower relative to those of paired serum samples (P<0.001). Serum levels of α-tocopherol in these patients did not differ significantly from those in control serum. 2. Lower concentrations of cholesterol, triacylglycerol and low-density lipoprotein were also observed in patients' synovial fluid compared with matched serum samples. However, multiple regression analysis of the data indicated that there remained a significant depletion of α-tocopherol, which was largely independent of these co-variables, in inflammatory synovial fluid. These findings are consistent with the consumption of α-tocopherol within the inflamed joint via its role in terminating the process of lipid peroxidation. 3. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of matched inflammatory synovial fluid and serum confirmed lower concentrations of triacylglycerol in synovial fluid together with evidence of a shortened mean triacylglycerol chain length. The latter metabolic difference suggests an increased utilization of triacylglycerols for energy within the inflamed joint.

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The Combination of Berberine, Tocotrienols and Coffee Extracts Improves Metabolic Profile and Liver Steatosis by the Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Hepatic miR-122 and miR-34a Expression in Mice

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13041281 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1281

Author(s):

Valentina Cossiga ◽

Vincenzo Lembo ◽

Cecilia Nigro ◽

Paola Mirra ◽

Claudia Miele ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatic Steatosis ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Liver Steatosis ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Coffea Canephora ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Non-alcoholic-fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is spreading worldwide. Specific drugs for NAFLD are not yet available, even if some plant extracts show beneficial properties. We evaluated the effects of a combination, composed by Berberis Aristata, Elaeis Guineensis and Coffea Canephora, on the development of obesity, hepatic steatosis, insulin-resistance and on the modulation of hepatic microRNAs (miRNA) levels and microbiota composition in a mouse model of liver damage. C57BL/6 mice were fed with standard diet (SD, n = 8), high fat diet (HFD, n = 8) or HFD plus plant extracts (HFD+E, n = 8) for 24 weeks. Liver expression of miR-122 and miR-34a was evaluated by quantitativePCR. Microbiome analysis was performed on cecal content by 16S rRNA sequencing. HFD+E-mice showed lower body weight (p < 0.01), amelioration of insulin-sensitivity (p = 0.021), total cholesterol (p = 0.014), low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (p < 0.001), alanine-aminotransferase (p = 0.038) and hepatic steatosis compared to HFD-mice. While a decrease of hepatic miR-122 and increase of miR-34a were observed in HFD-mice compared to SD-mice, both these miRNAs had similar levels to SD-mice in HFD+E-mice. Moreover, a different microbial composition was found between SD- and HFD-mice, with a partial rescue of dysbiosis in HFD+E-mice. This combination of plant extracts had a beneficial effect on HFD-induced NAFLD by the modulation of miR-122, miR-34a and gut microbiome.

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Karate Training Improves Metabolic Health in Overweight and Obese Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.2020-0193 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Fabricio de Souza ◽

Luciano Acordi da Silva ◽

Gisele Santinoni Ferreira ◽

Márcia Mendonça Marcos de Souza ◽

Franciane Bobinski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Psychological Interventions ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Stress Markers

Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of 12 weeks of karate training on cardiometabolic parameters, oxidative stress, and inflammation in adolescents with overweight and obesity. Method: Seventy adolescents were randomized into 2 groups: control received nutritional and psychological interventions once a week for 12 weeks, and treatment received nutritional and psychological interventions once a week, plus 3 karate sessions per week, for 12 weeks. The main outcome measure was improvement in cardiometabolic parameters, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Results: After the intervention period, the treatment group showed a reduction in resting heart rate (77.86 [10.89]), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (40.86 [8.31]), and triglycerides (75.18 [32.29]) and an increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (95.64 [42.53]) in relation to pretraining. Regarding oxidative stress markers, there was a reduction in protein carbonylation (0.07 [0.06]) and nitric oxide (1.39 [1.11]) and an increase in superoxide dismutase (0.68 [0.31]) and glutathione (0.11 [0.08]) compared with pretraining. With respect to inflammation, adiponectin increased (14.54 [5.36]) after the intervention when compared with preintervention. Conclusion: The study concluded that the intervention may improve cardiometabolic parameters, oxidative stress, and inflammation in adolescents with overweight and obesity. Long-term effects need to be evaluated.

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Adiponutrin as a Marker of Metabolic Disorders in Patients with Hypertension with Overweight and Obesity

Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu ◽

10.26693/jmbs06.02.077 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 77-86

Author(s):

P. G. Kravchun ◽

◽

O. I. Kadykova ◽

U. S. Herasymchuk

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Immunoassay ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

High Body Mass Index ◽

Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽

Arterial Disease ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Control Group

Hypertension is a leading risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, kidney disease, vascular cognitive impairment, and mortality worldwide. Obesity in combination with hypertension continues to attract considerable attention from scientists. Despite the presence of experimental and clinical evidence of mutual burdening of hypertension and obesity, the mechanisms of formation of pathophysiological consequences of such a combination remain insufficiently defined. That is why in recent years an important role is given to the adiponutrin protein. The purpose of the study is to assess the nature of the relationship between adiponutrin levels and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism depending on the duration and degree of hypertension and the degree of obesity in patients with this comorbid pathology. Material and methods. The study included 107 patients with hypertension who were hospitalized in the cardiology department of Municipal noncommercial enterprise "Kharkiv City Clinical Hospital No.27" of Kharkiv municipal council. The age of patients ranged from 32 to 79 years (mean age was 58.6±9.88), who had not previously received regular antihypertensive therapy. The control group consisted of 20 age- and sex-appropriate healthy individuals. The level of adiponutrin was determined in 58 patients with hypertension of the 1st - 3rd degrees, aged from 32 to 79 years (mean age was 57.5±10.11 years), while hypertension of the 1st degree was diagnosed in 12 (20.7%) patients, hypertension of the 2nd degree - in 16 (27.6%), and hypertension of the 3rd degree - in 30 (51.7%) of the examined patients. Blood pressure was measured in patients in a sitting position after 5 minutes of rest, anthropometric measurements were performed, lipid profile and indicators of carbohydrate metabolism were evaluated, adiponutrin levels (pg/mL) were determined by enzyme immunoassay method using The RayBio® Adiponutrin Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) Kit, (USA). Results and discussion. In all groups of patients with hypertension with overweight and obesity, adiponutrin levels were significantly elevated, and lipid and carbohydrate profiles tended to increase. Significant direct correlations were found between adiponutrine and triglycerides, with very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of a moderate nature, and draws attention with a very high body mass index. In considering the differences in adiponutrin levels depending on gender, it was found that men have higher adiponutrin levels than women. Conclusion. Thus, we have the opportunity to consider adiponutrin as a marker of metabolic disorders

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Oxidative/Antioxidative Status in Patients after Myocardial Infarction and in Those without Cardiovascular Event Depending on Anthropometric Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity

10.20944/preprints201908.0297.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Grzegorz Józef Nowicki ◽

Barbara Ślusarska ◽

Andrzej Prystupa ◽

Maciej Polak ◽

Maria Czubaj-Kowal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Cardiovascular Event ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Control Group ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Antioxidative Status ◽

Total Antioxidative Status

Obesity is one of the factors leading to the development of atherosclerosis. This metabolic disorder is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species, which affect the oxidative stress level. The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative/antioxidative status and to investigate the correlation between redox markers and anthropometric parameters and body composition in adult patients after myocardial infarction and in individuals without a cardiovascular event in the past. Descriptive data on socio-demographic, clinical, and anthropometric features and blood samples were collected and categorized into two equal groups: after myocardial infarction (study group (SG), n = 80) and without a cardiovascular event (control group (CG), n = 80). The oxidative/antioxidative status was assessed in plasma on the basis of total oxidative/capacitive status (PerOx), total antioxidative status/capacity (ImAnOx), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). OxLDL was significantly higher in the CG group compared to the SG group (p = 0.02). No significant differences were found with regard to PerOx and ImAnOx values between the studied groups. Significant positive correlation between PerOx and percentage of adipose tissue (FM [%]) and body adiposity index (BAI) was found in the two studied groups. ImAnOx significantly positively correlated with VAI in SG and FM% in CG. OxLDL negatively correlated with body mass index and waist to hip circumference ratio in CG. The total oxidative/antioxidative status is related to the amount of adipose tissue and the BAI of the subjects. It was observed that it correlates more frequently with the visceral distribution of body fat.

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Deficiency of ASGR1 in pigs recapitulates reduced risk factor for cardiovascular disease in humans

PLoS Genetics ◽

10.1371/journal.pgen.1009891 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. e1009891

Author(s):

Baocai Xie ◽

Xiaochen Shi ◽

Yan Li ◽

Bo Xia ◽

Jia Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

De Novo ◽

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Atherogenic Diet ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Low Levels ◽

Reduced Risk

Genetic variants in the asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1) are associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Given the cardiovascular similarities between pigs and humans, we generated ASGR1-deficient pigs using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These pigs show age-dependent low levels of non-HDL-C under standard diet. When received an atherogenic diet for 6 months, ASGR1-deficient pigs show lower levels of non-HDL-C and less atherosclerotic lesions than that of controls. Furthermore, by analysis of hepatic transcriptome and in vivo cholesterol metabolism, we show that ASGR1 deficiency reduces hepatic de novo cholesterol synthesis by downregulating 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), and increases cholesterol clearance by upregulating the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which together contribute to the low levels of non-HDL-C. Despite the cardioprotective effect, we unexpectedly observed mild to moderate hepatic injury in ASGR1-deficient pigs, which has not been documented in humans with ASGR1 variants. Thus, targeting ASGR1 might be an effective strategy to reduce hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, whereas further clinical evidence is required to assess its hepatic impact.

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Changes in hormonal and metabolic status in men of an ethnic group Komi with overweight and obesity

Obesity and metabolism ◽

10.14341/2071-8713-4821 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 28-32

Author(s):

L V Osadchuk ◽

N V Gutorova ◽

A Yu Ludinina ◽

N N Potolitsyna ◽

E R Bojko

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Group ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Komi Republic ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Control Group ◽

Reproductive Hormone ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Thyrotrophic Hormone

The aim of this study was to compare hormonal, anthropometric and metabolic parameters in men of the komi ethnic group with (n=23, BMI ≥25 kg/м2) or without (n=39, 18.4≤BMI 25 kg/м2) obesity. Totally 62 males living in Komi Republic were included in the study. It has been established that obesity was accompanied by an increase in serum concentrations of cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in comparison with control group indicating metabolic disturbance. The data shows the significant effect of BMI on testosterone and FSH serum concentration, but not on LH, estradiol, thyrotrophic hormone, thyroxin and triiodthyronin levels. Overweight and obese men had lower circulating testosterone and higher FSH level in comparison with the controls. The reproductive hormone changes in overweight and obese men can result in deleterious effects on sexual functions including erectile dysfunction, reduced libido and alteration in spermatogenesis

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Cardiometabolic Benefits of Intermittent Fasting

Annual Review of Nutrition ◽

10.1146/annurev-nutr-052020-041327 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 333-361

Author(s):

Krista A. Varady ◽

Sofia Cienfuegos ◽

Mark Ezpeleta ◽

Kelsey Gabel

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Diet Therapy ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Intermittent Fasting ◽

Disordered Eating Behaviors ◽

Alternate Day Fasting ◽

Clinically Significant

This review aims to summarize the effects of intermittent fasting on markers of cardiometabolic health in humans. All forms of fasting reviewed here—alternate-day fasting (ADF), the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating (TRE)—produced mild to moderate weight loss (1–8% from baseline) and consistent reductions in energy intake (10–30% from baseline). These regimens may benefit cardiometabolic health by decreasing blood pressure, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels are also lowered, but findings are variable. Other health benefits, such as improved appetite regulation and favorable changes in the diversity of the gut microbiome, have also been demonstrated, but evidence for these effects is limited. Intermittent fasting is generally safe and does not result in energy level disturbances or increased disordered eating behaviors. In summary, intermittent fasting is a safe diet therapy that can produce clinically significant weight loss (>5%) and improve several markers of metabolic health in individuals with obesity.

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Western diet in the perinatal period promotes dysautonomia in the offspring of adult rats

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ◽

10.1017/s2040174416000623 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 216-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. Vidal-Santos ◽

F. N. Macedo ◽

M. N. S. Santana ◽

V. U. De Melo ◽

J. L. de Brito Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Systolic Arterial Pressure ◽

Perinatal Period ◽

Western Diet ◽

Control Group ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

The Impact

The present study investigated the impact of a western diet during gestation and lactation on the anthropometry, serum biochemical, blood pressure and cardiovascular autonomic control on the offspring. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to their mother’s diet received: control group (C: 18% calories of lipids) and westernized group (W: 32% calories of lipids). After weaning both groups received standard diet. On the 60th day of life, blood samples were collected for the analysis of fasting glucose and lipidogram. Cardiovascular parameters were measured on the same period. Autonomic nervous system modulation was evaluated by spectrum analysis of heart rate (HR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP). The W increased glycemia (123±2v. 155±2 mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein (15±1v. 31±2 mg/dl), triglycerides (49±1v. 85±2 mg/dl), total cholesterol (75±2v. 86±2 mg/dl), and decreased high-density lipoprotein (50±4v. 38±3 mg/dl), as well as increased body mass (209±4v. 229±6 g) than C. Furthermore, the W showed higher SAP (130±4v. 157±2 mmHg), HR (357±10v. 428±14 bpm), sympathetic modulation to vessels (2.3±0.56v. 6±0.84 mmHg2) and LF/HF ratio (0.15±0.01v. 0.7±0.2) than C. These findings suggest that a western diet during pregnancy and lactation leads to overweight associated with autonomic misbalance and hypertension in adulthood.

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