scholarly journals The influence of the climatology of the semi-arid from Alagoas-Brazil on the raw milk microbiota

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Ticiano Gomes do Nascimento ◽  
Euridice Farias Falcão ◽  
Maria Cristina Delgado da Silva ◽  
Josicleide Nascimento Oliveira Silvino ◽  
Pierre Barnabé Escodro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Semi Arid

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the climatology of the semi-arid from Alagoas-Brazil on the raw milk microbiota in semi-arid area of the 07 micro-regions of the State of Alagoas of Alagoas, Brazil. The climatic data were extracted from National Institute of Meteorology from the Brazilian government. The raw milk was collected after the dairy cow milking process in 12 small rural associations of the semi-arid from the State of Alagoas, during the 4 seasons and the raw milk was carried out procedures of sampling, transportation and microbiological analysis. A total of 58 samples were counted coliforms at 45°C, <em>Escherichia coli</em> and coagulase-positive <em>Staphylococcus</em>. Only 02 rural associations presented low levels of microbiological contamination, which were located in areas of climatic conditions and parameters of thermal comfort index and vegetation index favorable, but 10 rural associations presented high counting of coliforms at 45°C, <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The climatologic parameters (maximum temperature, atmospheric pressure), bovine comfort thermal index and vegetation index have showed to influence the growth of the coliforms at 45°C and <em>Escherichia coli</em> with high incidence during the summer weather. The precipitation parameter, bovine thermal comfort and vegetation index have displayed to influence coagulase-positive<em> Staphylococcus</em> counting especially during the period between the summer end and the autumn beginning seasons. New Actions, and Rural Education and Health Programs should be implemented as politics of Food Safety. New strategies and programs for dissemination more effective on the risks of transmission of pathogens and Foodborne Diseases are necessary as the part of emergence politics of the health and education areas. Regulatory Actions should be encouraged within the processes that improve the quality control of raw milk as well its bioproducts, with professional assistance relevant in agriculture area.

scholarly journals Evaporative Cooling Options for Building Air-Conditioning: A Comprehensive Study for Climatic Conditions of Multan (Pakistan)

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shazia Noor ◽  
Hadeed Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Sultan ◽  
Zahid Mahmood Khan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Cooling Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort ◽  
Work Input ◽  
System Configurations

This study provides comprehensive details of evaporative cooling options for building air-conditioning (AC) in Multan (Pakistan). Standalone evaporative cooling and standalone vapor compression AC (VCAC) systems are commonly used in Pakistan. Therefore, seven AC system configurations comprising of direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), VCAC, and their possible combinations, are explored for the climatic conditions of Multan. The study aims to explore the optimum AC system configuration for the building AC from the viewpoints of cooling capacity, system performance, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions. A simulation model was designed in DesignBuilder and simulated using EnergyPlus in order to optimize the applicability of the proposed systems. The standalone VCAC and hybrid IEC-VCAC & IEC-DEC-VCAC system configurations could achieve the desired human thermal comfort. The standalone DEC resulted in a maximum COP of 4.5, whereas, it was 2.1 in case of the hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC system. The hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC system achieved maximum temperature gradient (21 °C) and relatively less CO2 emissions as compared to standalone VCAC. In addition, it provided maximum cooling capacity (184 kW for work input of 100 kW), which is 85% higher than the standalone DEC system. Furthermore, it achieved neutral to slightly cool human thermal comfort i.e., 0 to −1 predicted mean vote and 30% of predicted percentage dissatisfied. Thus, the study concludes the hybrid IEC-DEC-VCAC as an optimum configuration for building AC in Multan.

ZONEAMENTO BIOCLIMÁTICO PARA VACAS LEITEIRAS NO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Zanandra Boff Oliveira ◽  
Eduardo Leonel Bottega ◽  
Alberto Eduardo Knies ◽  
Marília Boff De Oliveira ◽  
Irajá Jantsch De Souza
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Spatial Dependence ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Spherical Model ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
Holstein Cows

O presente estudo teve como objetivo de estabelecer o zoneamento bioclimático para vacas leiteiras no estado do RS a partir do Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU) e realizar a espacialização do déficit da produção de leite das vacas da raça Holandesa com nível de produção de 20, 25 e 30 kg dia -1. O estudo foi realizado para 27 municípios do estado para os quais foi calculado o ITU a partir de dados de temperatura média compensada (TMC) e umidade relativa compensada (URC), referentes a última normal climatológica (1961 e 1990) disponível no site do INMET. Nos meses em que o ITU foi superior ao de conforto térmico foi calculado a déficit de produção de leite. Uma vez detectada a dependência espacial, produziu-se o mapa temático da distribuição espacial da variável por meio de krigagem ordinária. O modelo esférico foi o que melhor ajustou à semivariância experimental observada para o ITU, que apresentou dependência espacial com correlação significativa negativa entre os valores de altitude. O ITU foi superior a 70, considerado condição de alerta, em 18 municípios dos 27 avaliados, nos meses de dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro, chegando ao valor máximo de 75,4, na faixa de municípios situados na região sudoeste, com altitude de até 100 m. O déficit de produção de leite de vacas Holandesas, para um nível de produção de 20 a 30 kg dia -1, em função de condições climáticas foi de até 4,20 kg dia -1 para o estado do RS.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: conforto térmico; índices de conforto térmico, geoestatística. BIOCLIMATIC ZONING FOR DAIRY COWS IN THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SULABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to establish the bioclimatic zoning for dairy cows in the state of RS analyzing  the temperature and humidity index (THI) and to perform the spatialization of  milk production deficit of  Holstein  cows  of 20, 25 and 30 kg day-1. The study was performed in  27 state municipalities for those UTI was calculated from the data of compensated mean temperature (TMC) and compensated relative humidity (URC), referring to the last climatological normal data (1961 and 1990) available on  INMET website. Once the spatial dependence was detected, a thematic map of the spatial distribution was generated using ordinary kriging. The spherical model was the best fit for the experimental semivariance observed for THI, which showed spatial dependence with significant negative correlation between altitude values. The THI was above 70, considered an alert condition, in 18 municipalities of the 27 evaluated, in the months of december, january and february, reaching a maximum value of 75.4, in the range of municipalities located in the southwest region, with altitude up to 100 m. The milk production deficit of Holstein cows, for a production yield of 20 to 30 kg day -1,  regarding  the climatic conditions, was up to 4.20 kg day -1 for the RS state.KEYWORDS: thermal comfort; thermal comfort indexes, geostatistics.

scholarly journals Vertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4707
Author(s):  
Hui Ping Tsai ◽  
Geng-Gui Wang ◽  
Zhong-Han Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Long Term Trends

This study explored the long-term trends and breakpoints of vegetation, rainfall, and temperature in Taiwan from overall and regional perspectives in terms of vertical differences from 1982 to 2012. With time-series Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data and Taiwan Climate Change Estimate and Information Platform (TCCIP) gridded monthly climatic data, their vertical dynamics were investigated by employing the Breaks for Additive Seasonal and Trend (BFAST) algorithm, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and the Durbin–Watson test. The vertical differences in NDVI values presented three breakpoints and a consistent trend from positive (1982 to 1989) to negative at varied rates, and then gradually increased after 2000. In addition, a positive rainfall trend was discovered. Average and maximum temperature had similar increasing trends, while minimum temperature showed variations, especially at higher altitudes. In terms of regional variations, the vegetation growth was stable in the north but worse in the central region. Higher elevations revealed larger variations in the NDVI and temperature datasets. NDVI, along with average and minimum temperature, showed their largest changes earlier in higher altitude areas. Specifically, the increasing minimum temperature direction was more prominent in the mid-to-high-altitude areas in the eastern and central regions. Seasonal variations were observed for each region. The difference between the dry and wet seasons is becoming larger, with the smallest difference in the northern region and the largest difference in the southern region. Taiwan’s NDVI and climatic factors have a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05), but the maximum and minimum temperatures have significant positive effects at low altitudes below 500 m. The northern and central regions reveal similar responses, while the south and east display different feedbacks. The results illuminate climate change evidence from assessment of the long-term dynamics of vegetation and climatic factors, providing valuable references for establishing correspondent climate-adaptive strategies in Taiwan.

scholarly journals Investigating Applicability of Evaporative Cooling Systems for Thermal Comfort of Poultry Birds in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4445
Author(s):  
Hafiz M. U. Raza ◽  
Hadeed Ashraf ◽  
Khawar Shahzad ◽  
Muhammad Sultan ◽  
Takahiko Miyazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Poultry Birds ◽  
The City

In the 21st century, the poultry sector is a vital concern for the developing economies including Pakistan. The summer conditions of the city of Multan (Pakistan) are not comfortable for poultry birds. Conventionally, swamp coolers are used in the poultry sheds/houses of the city, which are not efficient enough, whereas compressor-based systems are not economical. Therefore, this study is aimed to explore a low-cost air-conditioning (AC) option from the viewpoint of heat stress in poultry birds. In this regard, the study investigates the applicability of three evaporative cooling (EC) options, i.e., direct EC (DEC), indirect EC (IEC), and Maisotsenko-cycle EC (MEC). Performance of the EC systems is investigated using wet-bulb effectiveness (WBE) for the climatic conditions of Multan. Heat stress is investigated as a function of poultry weight. Thermal comfort of the poultry birds is calculated in terms of temperature-humidity index (THI) corresponding to the ambient and output conditions. The heat production from the poultry birds is calculated using the Pederson model (available in the literature) at various temperatures. The results indicate a maximum temperature gradient of 10.2 °C (MEC system), 9 °C (DEC system), and 6.5 °C (IEC systems) is achieved. However, in the monsoon/rainfall season, the performance of the EC systems is significantly reduced due to higher relative humidity in ambient air.

scholarly journals Microbiological and physicochemical changes during ripening in Bulgarian white brined cheese made from raw cow milk

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-503
Author(s):  
D. Bangieva
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Physicochemical Changes ◽  
Raw Milk Cheese

The main microbiological hazards of raw milk cheese are associated with Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Due to its high nutritional value, cheese is an excellent medium for the growth of these pathogens. This study was aimed to observe microbial dynamics of Bulgarian white brined cheese during cheese production and ripening. Microbiological analysis included determination of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria spp. and Escherichia coli counts. Some physicochemical parameters, such as total titratable acidity, sodium chloride content, water activity and pH were also examined. Results revealed statistically significant increase in bacterial counts after cheesemaking steps and decrease at the end of the ripening period. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected in any of the cheese samples. Raw milk cheese was of unsatisfactory quality that emphasises the need for applying and maintaining good hygiene practices along the food chain to prevent microbial contamination and growth

scholarly journals Vegetation of steppe phytocenoses and features of its vegetation under complicated conditions of the Stavropol krai

2020 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Lapenko ◽  
F. Eroshenko ◽  
I. STORCHAK
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Natural Grass ◽  
The Earth

Abstract. It is possible to increase the accuracy and objectivity of monitoring the state of natural grass stands, the vegetation features of grassy vegetation of the steppe phytocenoses, and their feed potential using remote sensing data from the Earth. The purpose of the work is to obtain data on the state of natural phytocenoses, the characteristics of vegetation of wild vegetation in various soil and climatic conditions using data from remote sensing of the Earth. Methods. Geobotanical studies were carried out at registration sites (landfills) measuring 10×10 m, in accordance with the requirements of methods and state standards generally accepted in phytocenology. Description of vegetation was carried out according to the system of O. Drude, with a mark of the abundance of the species, projective cover, and height of the grass stand. Assessment of the state of vegetation was analyzed by the values of the normalized relative vegetation index (NDVI), which was obtained using the service “Vega” IKI RAS. The objects of study are the natural communities of wild-growing flora located in the arid zone (ZZ) and the zone of unstable moisture (ZNU) of the Stavropol territory. Results. The current ecological state and composition of the steppe vegetation of the studied zones has been established. Both the anthropogenic factor and the climatic conditions in which natural grass stands grow strongly influence the vegetation features, species composition, productivity and quality of feed. The analysis showed that the heat supply of the vegetation period of the arid zone is 5 % higher than the zones of unstable humidification of the Stavropol territory, and the annual rainfall in PYE is 32 % higher than in the western zone. All this affects the course of vegetation of natural forage land in these regions. So, in the arid zone and in the zone of unstable humidification, the average dynamics of the vegetation indices NDVI have a completely different look: there are different levels of maxima, their onset and growth rate and decrease in NDVI. In the arid zones, a pronounced second maximum is observed at the end of November, and in the zone of unstable humidification there is only a tendency for the vegetation index to increase in the autumn period.

scholarly journals Broiler breeder hen performance and egg hatchability during rainy season in Brazilian semi-arid region

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-394
Author(s):  
Dermeval A. Furtado ◽  
Laura D. C. A. Tota ◽  
José W. B. Nascimento ◽  
Mércia C. da C. Guimarães ◽  
José P. Lopes Neto
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
North East ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Henhouse thermal comfort and bird age influence broiler breeder hen productivity; this way, the present research aimed to assess thermal comfort indexes and broiler breeder hen performance during winter in North East semi-arid region from Brazil, using a Cobb Avian 48 broiler strain at the age of 38 and 50 weeks. We measured the following bioclimatic indexes: air temperature and relative humidity, black globe temperature and humidity, CO2 concentration and sound pressure levels at henhouse facility. Data analysis design was complete randomized in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with three treatments (months) and three replications (week number of collection by month). A number of 25 climatic data were observed. Bioclimatic indexes at the most warm hours throughout the day promoted bird discomfort yet sound pressure and carbon dioxide levels were under the Brazilian standards. Even in thermal comfort zone at some hours, the productivity indexes were in compliance with those recommended by the strain creation guidebook.

scholarly journals The Thermal transfers of a habitable envelope in an extremely dry area and these effects on thermal comfort

2019 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdellatif OUDRANE ◽  
messaoud Hamouda ◽  
Benaoumeur AOUR
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Modeling ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Algebraic Equations ◽  
Fundamental Causes ◽  
Gaussian Method ◽  
Occupant Comfort ◽  
Fundamental Equations

The main goal in this work is the thermal modeling of occupant comfort in new habitable architectures for a dry climate in the region of Adrar in Algeria. This thermal modeling aims to determine the parameters that affect the thermal comfort of the occupants in this climate. To achieve this goal, mathematical models describing thermal exchanges in an individual habitat have been developed. These models are established on the basis of the thermal balance at the level of each wall in habitat. The results obtained were calibrated using climatic data recently measured by the renewable energy research unit of the Saharan medium in Adrar. A detailed analysis of certain parameters influencing thermal comfort in this habitat was mentioned and discussed. The fundamental equations governing thermal exchanges have been concretized by an implicit method of finite differences, based on the nodal procedure. The system of algebraic equations obtained was solved by the iterative Gaussian method. The results of the numerical simulation have shown that the material currently used in the construction of this habitat, as well as the current climatic conditions, are the fundamental causes of undesirable overheating in this dry region.

scholarly journals Predicting vegetation phenology in response to climate change using bioclimatic indices in Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afrah Daham ◽  
Dawei Han ◽  
W. Matt Jolly ◽  
Miguel Rico-Ramirez ◽  
Anke Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Face ◽  
Moderate Resolution ◽  
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽  
Phenology Model ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract Although most phenology models can predict vegetation response to climatic variations, these models often perform poorly in precipitation-limited regions. In this study, we modified a phenology model, called the Growing Season Index (GSI), to better quantify relationships between weather and vegetation canopy dynamics across various semi-arid regions of Iraq. A modified GSI was created by adding a cumulative precipitation control to the existing GSI framework. Both unmodified and modified GSI values were calculated daily from 2001 to 2010 for three locations in Eastern Iraq: Sulaymaniyah (north), Wasit (central) and Basrah (south) and a countrywide mean and compared to the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the same time period. Countrywide median inter-annual correlations between GSI and NDVI more than doubled with the addition of the precipitation control and within-site correlations also show substantial improvements. The modified model has huge potential to be used to predict future phenological responses to changing climatic conditions, as well as to reconstruct historical vegetation conditions. This study improves our understanding of potential vegetation responses to climatic changes across Iraq, but it should improve phenological predictions across other semi-arid worldwide, particularly in the face of rapid climate change and environmental deterioration.

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