scholarly journals ON ROMAN INGARDEN’S CONCEPTION OF ONTIC FOUNDATIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY: RESPONSIBILITY AS FOUNDATION OF ONTOLOGY?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-618
Author(s):  
TOMAS SODEIKA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Career ◽  
Pure Consciousness ◽  
Intentional Objects ◽  
Main Work ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference

The Polish phenomenologist Roman Ingarden gained recognition primarily due to his research on aesthetics. However, he considered the ontology to be the main area of his philosophical interests. At the beginning of his scientific career, Ingarden realized that he could not agree with his teacher Edmund Husserl, who considered phenomenology as a transcendental philosophy. From Ingarden’s point of view, the fallacy of this approach lies in the fact that it leads to metaphysical idealism and makes it impossible to grasp the difference between real-life objects and intentional objects, i.e. objects generated by pure consciousness. In his main work Controversy over the Existence of the World (Der Streit um die Existenz der Welt), Ingarden tried to identify the difference between the ontological structures of real and intentional objects, expecting in this way to uphold the legitimacy of a realistic point of view and to prove that the real world is not a product of pure consciousness, but exists independently of him. Nevertheless, the result achieved by using the existential and formal ontological analysis of the a priori structures of various objects turned out to be insufficient to refute Husserl’s transcendental idealism. The article focuses on the last lifetime publication of Ingarden—his book On Responsibility. Its Ontic Foundations (Über die Verantwortung. Ihre ontischen Fundamente) published in 1970. Since this work is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of responsibility, it may seem that here we are dealing primarily with research on ethics. The article attempts to show that the book can be read as an ontological study that continues the “debate about the existence of the world,” i.e. as an attempt to prove the reality of the world. However, this proof is no longer based on an analysis of the a priori structures of various objects, but on a direct experience of responsibility.

Defending the Difference

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Natural Entities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodological Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Dreyfus argues that there is a basic methodological difference between the natural sciences and the social sciences, a difference that derives from the different goals and practices of each. He goes on to argue that being a realist about natural entities is compatible with pluralism or, as he calls it, “plural realism.” If intelligibility is always grounded in our practices, Dreyfus points out, then there is no point of view from which one can ask about or provide an answer to the one true nature of ultimate reality. But that is consistent with believing that the natural sciences can still reveal the way the world is independent of our theories and practices.

scholarly journals The Gender Factor Effect on Saudi Learners’ Perceptions of Using Social Media on Their Social Interaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Boushra Abdul-Aziz AlGhamdi ◽  
Shorouq Ali AL-Garni ◽  
Maysa M. Qutob
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Factor Effect ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gender Factor ◽  
Positive Point

This study compares males and females perception of the effect of social media on their social interaction to understand the difference between both genders. The study follows a mixed-method methodology using a questionnaire with closed-ended items and open-ended questions. Responses to the questionnaire are collected form 207 male and female students from a public university in Saudi Arabia. In general, the results of the questionnaire are insignificant which indicate that there are no differences between both genders. However, the results of the open-ended questions show that females have a negative view of the effect of social media on human relations while males have a positive point of view. However, both genders have a positive point of view regarding balancing between friends and family in real life and virtual world through time management.

Students’ perceptions of deductive and inductive methods in teaching reading skills

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi ◽  
Eszter Tarsoly
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Inductive Methods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
Discovery Method ◽  
Guided Inductive

AbstractThis article explores students’ perceptions of inductive and deductive methods of teaching reading in Finnish and Hungarian in a higher education setting. A guided inductive discovery method of reading involves independent work and minimum vocabulary and grammar explanation before the reading assignment is given. A deductive pre-taught method involves grammar, vocabulary and content explanation before a text is read. Structured focus group interviews revealed that the advantages of the discovery method, i.e. guided inductive reading, are that it helps to maintain curiosity, enhances memorisation, encourages independent and active learning, and prepares for real-life reading situations. The deductive pre-taught method, on the other hand, feels safe and helpful, can keep one’s confidence up, saves time and effort for other language-learning tasks, and ensures a correct understanding of the text. The interviewees wanted to be given information about which grammar to expect in advance, some felt the same way about vocabulary. They were not always aware of the difference between the two approaches. By using both methods the teacher can help to maintain motivation and cater for different student preferences. Mixing methods also reflects how we treat information in real life. There appears to be no ideal method in teaching L2 reading: both methods have their advantages and disadvantages from the students’ point of view. Explicit instruction is crucial for reading development either before or after a text is read.

scholarly journals Validation of six years of TES tropospheric ozone retrievals with ozonesonde measurements: implications for spatial patterns and temporal stability in the bias

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1413-1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Verstraeten ◽  
K. F. Boersma ◽  
J. Zörner ◽  
M. A. F. Allaart ◽  
K. W. Bowman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. In this analysis, Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) V004 nadir ozone (O3) profiles are validated with more than 4400 coinciding ozonesonde measurements taken across the world from the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) during the period 2005–2010. The TES observation operator was applied to the sonde data to ensure a consistent comparison between TES and ozonesonde data, i.e. without the influence of the a priori O3 profile needed to regulate the retrieval. Generally, TES V004 O3 retrievals are biased high by 2–7 ppbv (7–15%) in the troposphere, consistent with validation results from earlier studies. Because of two degrees of freedom for signal in the troposphere, we can distinguish between upper and lower troposphere mean biases, respectively ranging from −0.4 to +13.3 ppbv for the upper troposphere and +3.9 to +6.0 ppbv for the lower troposphere. Focusing on the 464 hPa retrieval level, broadly representative of the free tropospheric O3, we find differences in the TES biases for the tropics (+3 ppbv, +7%), sub-tropics (+5 ppbv, +11%), and northern (+7 ppbv, +13%) and southern mid-latitudes (+4 ppbv, +10%). The relatively long-term record (6 yr) of TES–ozonesonde comparisons allowed us to quantify temporal variations in TES biases at 464 hPa. We find that there are no discernable biases in each of these latitudinal bands; temporal variations in the bias are typically within the uncertainty of the difference between TES and ozonesondes. Establishing these bias patterns is important in order to make meaningful use of TES O3 data in applications such as model evaluation, trend analysis, or data assimilation.

scholarly journals The first-person perspective description error in naturalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-415
Author(s):  
Diana E. Gasparyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
First Person ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Work Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Perspective ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Radical Naturalism ◽  
Third Person Perspective

In this article, it is shown that in some theories defending the non-reductive nature of the firstperson perspective it is possible to find a very inconsistent attitude. Such theories are associated by the author to a so-called moderate naturalism. The article demonstrates the difference between moderate and radical naturalism. Radical naturalism completely abandons the idea of subjectivity as unobservable from a third-person perspective. On the contrary, moderate naturalism defends the irreducibility of subjectivity, but believes subjectivity to be a part of the nature. As a case of moderate naturalism, the article considers the approaches of Lynne Baker and Thomas Metzinger. Exemplifying these approaches to the first-person perspective, it is shown that in the case of certain work strategies focused on the first-person perspective, it is possible that a so-called description error may appear, by which a description error of subjectivity — when it is placed in the world as a part of nature, existing according to its laws — is understood. The logic of this error points to one of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s statements about the incorrect placement of the eye in the perspective of the eye view itself. If the first-person perspective is introduced as a point of view (or a point of observation), then its subsequent shift to the observation result area leads to description error. If there is no observation, as well as no viewpoint, we lose the very idea of first-person perspective and actually take the position of radical naturalism.

Concluding Postscript: The World According to Kant

2021 ◽  
pp. 355-356
Author(s):  
Anja Jauernig
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Intentional Objects ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Special Character ◽  
Empirical Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
Levels Of Reality ◽  
Ontological Position

This completes my account of Kant’s critical idealism, understood as an ontological position, as developed in the Critique and associated theoretical writings. According to Kant, the world, understood as the sum total of everything that has reality, comprises several levels of reality, most importantly, the transcendental level and the empirical level. The transcendental level is a mind-independent level at which Kantian things in themselves exist; the empirical level is a mind-dependent level at which Kantian appearances exist. Things in themselves are mind-independent, appearances are fully mind-dependent. Things in themselves and appearances are numerically distinct and do not ontologically overlap in any way. Kantian outer appearances essentially are intentional objects of outer experience; Kantian inner appearances essentially are intentional objects of inner experience. Empirical objects are Kantian outer appearances, empirical space and time are constituted by the spatial and temporal determinations of outer appearances, pure space and time are (nothing but) forms of sensibility, and empirical selves, or empirical minds, are Kantian inner appearances. In contrast to other intentional objects, such as the intentional objects of fictions, dreams, hallucinations, illusions, and perceptions, Kantian appearances genuinely exist, that is, they exist from the point of view of fundamental ontology. This is due both to the special character of experience, in particular, the special character of outer experience and its conformity to Kant’s formal conditions of objectivity, and to the grounding of Kantian appearances in things themselves. Kantian things in themselves transcendentally affect sensibility and thereby bring about sensations, which provide the ‘matter’ for Kantian appearances and underwrite their existence. Kantian things in themselves are supersensible, non-spatial, and non-temporal, as well as distinct from God and thus finite. Each inner appearance is grounded in a unique Kantian thing in itself that is a human transcendental mind, and all outer appearances are grounded in Kantian things in themselves that are distinct from all human minds. What we commonly call ‘the external empirical world’ exists, including empirical space and time. Accordingly, there is also at least one Kantian thing in itself that is not a human mind. Moreover, there is at least one human being, that is, an entity whose ontologically basic parts include, minimally, a body (which is an empirical object), an empirical self (which is an empirical mind), and a transcendental self (which is a human transcendental mind). Since other intentional objects that are not Kantian appearances, although not genuine existents, are not nothing but have some reality and being, it is useful to conceive of Kantian reality as including yet another mind-dependent level to provide a home for these other fully mind-dependent entities—even if this conception goes beyond the direct textual evidence and may also go beyond Kant’s private, explicitly articulated thoughts on the matter. The ultimate basis for Kant’s case for transcendental idealism is the finitude of the human mind and, more specifically, its fundamentally uncreative nature in which this finitude manifests ...

Memoirs: On the Reaction of Daphnia magna (Straus) to certain Changes in its Environment

1900 ◽  
Vol s2-43 (170) ◽  
pp. 199-224
Author(s):  
ERNEST WARREN
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Poisoning Effect ◽  
Logarithmic Curve ◽  
The Difference

From the foregoing experiments certain conclusions of some interest may be drawn. Tho curve of the time of killing with salt is quite clearly not a logarithmic curve, as the usual method of stating Fechner's supposed relation of stimulus to effect might perhaps lead us to expect. Between the limits of .8 per cent, and 6.0 per cent, solution, the rate of killing appears to directly depend on the number of molecules (above the number contained in .8 per cent, solution) of salt which beat on the Daphnia per unit of time. With an increase of temperature the molecules are moving with greater speed, and consequently strike the Daphnia more frequently and with greater momentum, and the chemical or physical reactions which take place are performed with greater rapidity. Thus a Daphnia in 1.6 per cent, at 3° C. dies in one hundred and five minutes, but at 29° C. in sixteen minutes. The physiological condition of the animal at the time of immersion into the salt solution has an enormous effect on the resisting power. Thus in the case of a number of Daphnia plunged into .5 per cent. NaCl, whether they all die in about twenty-two hours or live indefinitely depends on their state of health at the time being. From this we may infer that if a natural piece of fresh water containing Daplhnia were suddenly inundated with a certain quantity of salt water, whether all the animals would be killed or not would depend on the physiological condition of the animals at that particular period. Supposing, for example, the water were choked with excessive vegetation, then the population of Daphnia would become extinct. The physiological condition arrived at by acclimatising Daphnia to .25 per cent, solution might certainly be expected a priori to increase the resisting power to a stronger solution. In the experiments described this was found not to be the case. Probably, although the acclimatised animals appeared perfectly healthy, yet there was a certain weakness in the constitution which caused them to succumb quicker to the stronger solution than ordinary unacclimatised Daphnia. The effect of living in a confined volume of water on the length of the spine is somewhat surprising, but I think the evidence for it is quite overwhelming. The apparent direct action of the environment on a character which has no obvious connection with auy change in the environment has been observed by Darwin and others. Doubtless the length of the spine is correlated with something which is acted upon directly by the state of the water, and the difference observed in the spinal length is merely the expression of this correlation. Living in a confined volume of water has a very marked effect in decreasing the power of reproduction, both in the number of generations and in the number of offspring in a brood. Sudden change from New River water to Canterbury water, and vice versâ, produced a pause in growth, and some of the younger Daphnia died. Doubtless the mineral character of a water is one of the numerous causes which decide whether or not Daphnia are to be found living in any particular pond or ditch. The supposed poisoning effect of Daphnia on Daphnia is not new in principle, and it has considerable significance from the point of view of epidemics, which so frequently arise when from any cause one kind of animal becomes excessively abundant.

Russian and Belarusian Students: World Views, System of Values, Self-Actualization Strategies. Part II

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey L. Andreev ◽  
Irina V. Lashuk
Keyword(s):  
Value Orientations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
Group A ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The article is based on the results of the study “Young people in the post-Soviet space: pictures of the world, values, strategies of self-realization”, the empirical basis of which were sociological polls conducted in a comparable manner, conducted in October 2017 – February 2018 among the students from leading universities in Russia and the Republic of Belarus. The analysis of the data was carried out from the point of view of the problem of the internal consolidation of the “Russian world” and the prospects for a change of generations in the elites of the post-Soviet states (in this context, the student contingent of leading Russian and Belarusian universities is viewed as a kind of protoelite group). A comparison was made of the world pictures of Russian and Belarusian students, their social perceptions and value orientations, peculiarities of Russian and Belarusian identity, personal self-actualization strategies, including the choice of place of residence and the level of emigration attitudes. Both similarities and differences in the mentality of young Belarusians and Russians are revealed. In particular, the differences in the perception of the arrow of time, as well as in the emotional relation to the concept of “state”, revealed during the study are of great importance. Based on the results of the analysis, the article shows that the ideas about the life of Russian and Belarusian students are largely similar, but the relations between Russia and Belarus in the picture of the world of Russian and Belarusian youth are asymmetric. The article discusses the possible consequences of the difference between the pictures of the world and the value attitudes of student youth in Russia and Belarus for the fate of the “Russian world”.

Impact of partially non-ergodic site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard on risk assessment of single buildings

2020 ◽  
pp. 875529302093881
Author(s):  
Mohsen Kohrangi ◽  
Sreeram Reddy Kotha ◽  
Paolo Bazzurro
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Record Selection ◽  
Ground Motion Record Selection ◽  
The Impact

The growth of global ground-motion databases has allowed generation of non-ergodic ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) based on specific on-site recordings. Several studies have investigated the differences between the hazard estimates from ergodic versus non-ergodic GMPEs. Here instead we focus on the impact of non-ergodic PSHA estimates on the seismic risk of nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom systems representing ductile structures and compare it with the traditional risk estimates obtained using ergodic GMPEs. The structure-and-site-specific risk estimates depend not only on the difference in the hazard estimates but also on the different hazard-consistent ground-motion record selection that informs the response calculation. The more accurate structure-and-site-specific non-ergodic risk estimates show that traditional ones may be biased in a way impossible to predict a priori. Hence, the use of the non-ergodic approach is recommended, whenever possible. However, further advancements of non-ergodic GMPEs are necessary before being routinely utilized in real-life risk assessment applications.

Dialectic, Dialogue, and Controversy: The Case of Galileo

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Spranzi Zuber
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Galileo Galilei ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Argumentative Structure

The ArgumentThe purpose of this article is twofold. Firstly, I propose to analyze controversies using a “dialectical” model, in the sense described in Aristotle's Topics. This approach presupposes that we temporarily disregard, for the sake of clarity, the concreteness of real life controversies in order to focus on their argumentative structure. From this point of view, the main advantage of controversies is that they allow the interlocutors to test each other's claims and therefore to arrive at relatively corroborated conclusions. This testing function in a dialectical context is implemented through the assent to commonly accepted premises, and the necessity which characterizes each step of the reasoning.Secondly, I shall apply this dialectical framework to the study of the controversy concerning the motion of the Earth, or rather a small episode of it. I shall examine an exchange of letters, written in 1616 and in 1624 respectively, between Galileo Galilei and Francesco Ingoli, one of his Aristotelian opponents. I shall then compare this exchange with the first day of Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World (1632), a fictional debate, where Galileo discusses some of the same arguments. While the first exemplifies what I call “negative” testing, and yields a refutation of the opponent's theses, the second exemplifies “positive” testing and yields a dialectical demonstration of the motion of the Earth.

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