scholarly journals Relative importance of the various environmental sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in three watersheds

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn A. T. Phillip ◽  
Samuel C. Rawlins ◽  
Shrimatee Baboolal ◽  
Radha Gosein ◽  
Claudette Goddard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Surface Water Samples ◽  
Apparent Association

This study was conducted to guide the prioritisation of efforts to manage Cryptosporidum contamination of drinking water supplies in Trinidad, W.I. The main objective was to investigate the relative importance of three main types of sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts: urban, agriculture and wildlife. Weekly surface water samples were collected from 19 sites distributed among three watersheds, and examined for the presence of oocysts. A stratified random sampling design was used with each watershed representing one of the three main sources of oocysts listed above. Results showed a significant association between watershed and the occurrence of positive samples (χ2=16.523, d.f. =2, p = 0.000), indicating that land use influenced the presence of oocysts. Urban and forested lands were the two most important sources of oocysts. There was no apparent association between agriculture and the presence of oocysts, and there was no significant difference between the percentage of positive samples at sites below agricultural facilities and sites not associated with agriculture within a single watershed (χ2=2.45, d.f. =1, p = 0.117). We conclude that urban and wildlife are the main types of sources of Cryptosporidium contamination of surface water, whereas the contribution of agriculture is minor.

scholarly journals Executives’ Fringe Benefits in Langkawi Hotels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozila Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Executive Compensation ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Fringe Benefits ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Significant Difference

An important element of human resources, compensation is an effective tool to attract and retain skilled employees. Despite its crucial importance the literature concerning executive compensation in the hotel industry is very few especially those focusing on fringe benefits. To fill the gap in the hotel human resources literature, this study assessed the level of fringe benefits provided to executives in the hotel industry. The purpose of this empirical study was to gain information regarding executives’ compensation in the industry. Stratified random sampling technique was used to ensure that the findings represented hotels of various star-ratings. A total of 250 questionnaires were distributed to the ratio of 6:3:4 to three-, four- and five-star hotels and 104 were returned. The findings revealed that there is a statistically significant difference in the fringe benefits given between three -, four - and five-star hotels, and the star rating of hotels positively correlates with the level of fringe benefits provided to hotel executives.  

scholarly journals The Influence of the Mastery of Function Words on Students’ Reading Ability

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-97
Author(s):  
Monica Ratna Irmawati ◽  
Alief Noor Farida
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
T Test ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Seventh Grade ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ex Post Facto

This study is an ex-post facto research which aims to find out the influence of the mastery of function words on reading ability of the seventh grade students of secondary school and to find out how the reading ability between students with adequate function words’ mastery and students with inadequate function words’ mastery is. The samples used in this research were two groups of students who have adequate and inadequate function words’ mastery. Each group consists of 30 students that is chosen by using stratified random sampling. In analysing the data, researcher used Independent Sample t-Test. The result shows that the mastery of function words significantly influences students’ reading ability. It is found that there is significant difference of students’ reading ability between students with adequate mastery in function words with those having inadequate mastery in function words. It is found that students with adequate function words’ mastery have better and higher ability in reading than students having inadequate function words’ mastery.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KEDEWASAAN MAHASISWA FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN PROGRAM STUDI KEDOKTERAN UMUM ANGKATAN 2012 UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI TERHADAP CARA BERSOSIALISASI

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Citra F. Karim ◽  
Jehosua S. V. Sinolungan ◽  
Henry Opod
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Pearson Product Moment Correlation ◽  
Correlation Test ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: In general, maturity means a state of a person releted to his/her physical, mental, social, emotional, spiritual, and moral development. Humanbeings are social creatures for the whole periods of lives. This study aimed to find out the relationship between the maturity of students of Faculty of Medicine, University of Sam Ratulangi Manado 2012 and their socialization. This was an analytic study with stratified random sampling design. Data were collected by using questionairres. There were 47 respondents, consisted of 16 male and 31 female students. Data were analyzed by using Pearson – product moment correlation test. The results showed that 47 respondents (97.9%) had good maturity and one respondent (2.1%) fair maturity. About their socialization, six respondents (12.8%) were categorized as good; 39 respondents (83%) fair; and two respondents (4.3%) bad. Correlation test showed r = -0.116 and P = 0.219. Conclusion: there were no relationship between maturity and socialization among students of Faculty of Medicine, University of Sam Ratulangi Manado 2012. Keywords: maturity, socialization, students   Abstrak: Kedewasaan adalah status seseorang yang telah memiliki kematangan baik secara fisik, kemampuan mental, pertumbuhan sosial, emosi, serta pertumbuhan spiritual dan moral. Pada dasarnya sosialisasi dialami oleh individu sebagai makhluk sosial sepanjang kehidupannya sejak dilahirkan sampai meninggal dunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya hubungan antara kedewasaan mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado angkatan 2012 dan cara bersosialisasi. Jenis penelitian ini bersifat analitik dengan teknik pengambilan sampel stratified random sampling. Metode pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Penelitian dilakukan pada 47 responden, terdiri dari 16 laki-laki dan 31 perempuan. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistik yaitu uji korelasi Pearson – product moment. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan jumlah mahasiswa yang memiliki kedewasaan baik sebanyak 46 responden (97,9%) dan satu responden (2,1%) cukup. Jumlah mahasiswa yang memiliki sosialisasi kategori baik sebanyak enam responden (12,8%), kategori cukup 39 responden (83%), serta dua responden (4,3%) kurang. Berdasarkan uji korelasi Pearson-product moment didapatkan r = -0,116 dengan  P = 0,219. Simpulan: pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Unsrat angkatan 2012 tidak terdapat hubungan antara kedewasaan dan sosialisasi Kata kunci : kedewasaan, sosialisasi, mahasiswa

scholarly journals The Influence of Work Motivation on Turnover Intention among Gen Y Employees

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3S2) ◽  
pp. 708-713
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Interpersonal Relationship ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Gen Y ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Influential Variable

Work motivation has been identified as an influential variable associated with turnover intention. However, only a few studies have examined its prediction on turnover intention. This study discussed the influences of work motivational factors (compensation, nature of job and interpersonal relationship) on turnover intention among Gen Y employees. The sampling method used in this study was stratified random sampling and the sample size was 108 employees in the manufacturing company. The results indicated that the level of work motivation among Gen Y employees is moderate, while the level of turnover intention is high. The result also shows that there is no significant difference of work motivation based on gender among Gen Y employees. The multiple regression results indicated that the three factors of work motivation such as interpersonal, compensation, and nature of the job did not have significant influence on turnover intentions of Gen Y employees. This research concludes with the recommendations for the employees and future works for researcher.

scholarly journals Civil Registration Awareness, Compliance, Purpose, and Challenges among Municipal Residents in the Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-114
Author(s):  
Jeremy G. Celeste ◽  
Merlita V. Caelian
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Death Registration ◽  
Civil Registration ◽  
Identification Card ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

Civil registration aims to secure permanent records of people. In the Philippines, Republic Act No. 3753 or the Civil Registry Law mandates that all vital events should be registered. This study aims to assess the civil registration awareness, compliance, purpose, and challenges of municipal residents in Negros Occidental, Philippines. A descriptive-comparative and correlational study was used through a researcher-made questionnaire among 376 residents of villages identified using stratified random sampling. The study revealed that the level of awareness of the residents on civil registration is high. At the same time, the extent of compliance was high on birth and marriage but low on death registration. It also revealed a significant difference between awareness and compliance on civil registration when respondents are grouped according to sex and educational attainment, but no significant differences when grouped as to age, income, and distance to the office of the local civil registrar.  There is a significant relationship between the level of awareness and extent of compliance in the civil registration of residents. Among the challenges for nonregistration or delayed registration of vital events are lack of valid identification card and high cost of transportation, among others.

scholarly journals Multi-Dimensional Implication Of Water Scarcity On Inhabitants Of District Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadia Barrech ◽  
Syed Ainuddin ◽  
Najeebullah Kakar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
The People

Water is the fundamental need of living beings. It is necessary for manageable advancement, including the protection of common habitat, mitigation of destitution and craving. Like other nations a number of areas in Pakistan are also facing the problem of water scarcity. The present investigation has been made to explore various implications of water scarcity on inhabitants of Quetta district Balochistan. The study depends on essential information gathered from agriculturists and different personals through focused group discussions and questionnaire survey. Stratified random sampling method was used whereas the sample size comprised of 400. For analyzing the data, chi-square method is applied to find out the existing relationships between variables, where alpha value is standardised at 0.05. Although no association could be established among the study groups, however, the results clearly indicated that the level of ground and surface water is scarce. The scarcity of Water has negatively impacted the agriculture, trees, economy and health of the people in the study area. The scarcity of water has also compelled people for migration to other areas. The results suggested that government should make further dams, guiding the population and the farmers on proper use of water and advocating the general public to obey regulations regarding water mining.

Studies on the prevalence of giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts in South African water

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kfir ◽  
C. Hilner ◽  
M. du Preez ◽  
B. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
South African ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
South African Water ◽  
Surface Water Samples ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The levels of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in 650 environmental water samples were investigated. Cysts and oocysts were found in all types of water tested. The presence of Giardia cysts exceeded Cryptosporidium oocysts both in the number per sample and the number of positive samples. Almost 50% of sewage samples studied contained Giardia cysts and 30% contained both Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Treatment of sewage resulted in a reduction in the percentage of samples containing cysts and/or oocysts (30% of treated effluent samples were positive for Giardia and 25% had both cysts and oocysts). Higher numbers of Giardia cysts were found in surface water samples than in either sewage or treated effluents (55% of surface water samples were positive). However, the number of cysts isolated per surface water sample was lower on average. Most water purification plants showed effective removal of cysts and oocysts. However, 13% of potable water samples contained protozoan parasites, indicating occasional failure of the purification processes and the need for monitoring final treated water.

scholarly journals BENEFITS OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ON EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE: A STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BANKING SECTOR IN BANGLADESH

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Dr. Dhanonjoy Kumar ◽  
Humaira Siddika
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Employee Training ◽  
Training And Development ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Bank Employees ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
Do So

Training and development is incredibly vital for ensuring effectiveness of the employees in an organization. The organizations have stretched understood so as to their most precious asset is their human capital where many are convinced for the large investments in employee training and development. This study aims to investigate the significance of training along with development program and its benefits to employees and organization. It focuses on the relative importance of training and development program and their impact on the overall organizational success. To do so, 50 bank employees from Agrani Bank Limited (ABL) have been interviewed through a structured questionnaire. The sample has taken from the Kushtia and Jhenaidah district followed by stratified random sampling. The study has found that training and development program increase the skill, ability and intellectuality of the bank employees. The study also has proposed some suggestions related with the present field.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN EFEKTIFITAS ANTARA METODE PEMBELAJARAN PSIKOMOTOR DI LABORATORIUM DENGAN SUPERVISI DAN MANDIRI TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MELAKUKAN KETERAMPILAN PSIKOMOTOR PADA MATA AJAR KEPERAWATAN DASAR

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Made Sumarwati ◽  
Imalia Dewi Asih ◽  
Efy Afifah
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Psychomotor Skills ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Innovative Teaching ◽  
Optimum Result ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstrakSaat ini metode pembelajaran psikomotor di laboratorium yang efektif sangat diperlukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efektifitas metode pembelajaran psikomotor di laboratorium dengan supervisi dari pembimbing dan mandiri terhadap kemampuan mahasiswa dalam melakukan keterampilan mencuci tangan dan memakai sarung tangan steril serta melepaskannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pretest-posttest with control group design, dengan jumlah sample 42 pada masingmasing group yang diperoleh melalui metode stratified random sampling. Analisa data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji t dependen dan independen dengan tingkat kemaknaan 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa pada kelompok yang belajar di bawah supervisi (kelompok kontrol) dan kelompok yang belajar secara mandiri (kelompok eksperimen) dapat melewati nilai batas lulus yang ditentukan pada kedua keterampilan. Tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna pada kemampuan mahasiswa yang berada dikelompok kontrol dan kelompok eksperimen dalam mencuci tangan (t(82)=1,319, p=0,191), namun ditemukan perbedaan yang bermakna pada kemampuan mahasiswa yang berada di kelompok kontrol dan eksperimen dalam memakai sarung tangan steril dan melepaskannya (t(82)=2,927, p=0,004). Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa metode pembelajaran psikomotor di laboratorium secara mandiri dengan menggunakan media berupa video dan modul cukup efektif untuk digunakan, namun untuk memperoleh hasil yang optimal kualitas media yang digunakan harus ditingkatkan antara lain kualitas gambar dan kejelasan rasionalisasi tindakan. Abstract:It has been widely acknowledged that an effective and innovative teaching method for psychomotor skills at the laboratory was needed. This study was aimed at comparing the effectiveness between teaching method for psychomotor skills with supervision and without supervision from the teachers in assisting students to learn hand washing, donning sterile gloves and removing them. This study utilized a pretest-posttest with control group design. The sample involved 42 students for each group who were assigned by stratified random sampling method. Data analyses used the paired and two sample t test with α = 0,05. The result of the study showed that each student in there were able to achieve good marks for the skills. There was no difference significantly in the ability of the students in the group who learned with supervision (the control group) and the students who learned without supervision (the experiment group) to wash hand (t(82)=1,319, p=0,191). However, there was a significant difference in the ability of the students in the control and experiment group to don sterile gloves and remove them (t(82)=2,927, p=0,004). The result of the study asserted that the teaching method for psychomotor skills without supervision using the video cassette and module was effective. However, to achieve optimum result of learning the quality of the video cassette and the module should be increased.

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