scholarly journals Hygienic quality of public natural swimming pools (NSP)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-370
Author(s):  
Stefan Bruns ◽  
Christina Peppler
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
External Water ◽  
Log Steps ◽  
Further Development

Abstract Natural swimming pools (NSP) have become more popular in the past 20 years, both for private and public use, but their hygienic status remains a matter of discussion. Elimination rates in NSP are well defined for Escherichia coli, enterococci and Pseudomonas but a lack of knowledge exists regarding elimination rates in NSP concerning the parasitic protozoans Giardia and Cryptosporidium. First studies indicate that in-situ zooplankton filtration proved to reduce these protozoans efficiently: the in-situ elimination of Cryptosporidium is dependent on the population of zooplankton. In the 50% percentile the elimination rate is four times faster than in the chlorinated pool. The ex-situ elimination of Cryptosporidium in an NSP is approximately 10% faster than in a chlorinated pool. In ex-situ treatment of NSP the elimination rate reached 2 log-steps versus 1 log-step in chlorinated pools. For the further development of NSP for the best possible hygiene and health status some elementary questions, stated in this paper, will have to be solved in the next years or decades. This work describes the in-situ (water treatment inside the pool) and ex-situ water treatment (water treatment via external water treatment plants) of NSP, and the influence of zooplankton in existing NSP on the elimination rate of Cryptosporidium and Giardia.

scholarly journals The SCOC database, a large, open, and global database with sediment community oxygen consumption rates

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Stratmann ◽  
Karline Soetaert ◽  
Chih-Lin Wei ◽  
Yu-Shih Lin ◽  
Dick van Oevelen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC) rates provide important information about biogeochemical processes in marine sediments and the activity of benthic microorganisms and fauna. Therefore, several databases of SCOC data have been compiled since the mid-1990s. However, these earlier databases contained much less data records and were not freely available. Additionally, the databases were not transparent in their selection procedure, so that other researchers could not assess the quality of the data. Here, we present the largest, best documented, and freely available database of SCOC data compiled to date. The database is comprised of 3,540 georeferenced SCOC records from 230 studies that were selected following the procedure for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Each data record states whether the oxygen consumption was measured ex situ or in situ, as total oxygen uptake, diffusive or advective oxygen uptake, and which measurement device was used. The database will be curated and updated annually to secure and maintain an up-to-date global database of SCOC data.

In-Situ Observation of Chemical Vapor Deposition of Thin Sige Films by Optical Reflection Interferometry

1994 ◽  
Vol 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ritter ◽  
B. Tillack ◽  
M. Weidner ◽  
F. G. Böbel ◽  
B. Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Optical Reflection ◽  
Initial Stage

AbstractChemical Vapor Deposition of Si1-x Gex – films on Si (100) and of polycrystalline Si1-x Gex, layers on SiO2 – coated substrates have been performed at a pressure of 200 Pa in the temperature range of 500°C – 800°C, correspondingly. To observe the growth process and to characterize the growing thin films at deposition conditions an optical reflection interferometer (PYRITIERS) has been used. Comparing the data obtained at growth temperature with ex- situ measurements by spectroscopic ellipsometry the temperature dependence of optical constants of SiGe films have been evaluated. The reflectivity measurements during the deposition process allow to study the quality of the heteroepitaxial film, even in the initial stage of epitaxial growth.

scholarly journals Project Activity as a Tool for the Development of Territorial Communities

2021 ◽  
pp. 160-170
Author(s):  
Alla POLYANSKA ◽  
Ivanna ZAPUKHLYAK
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
Project Activity ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Systemic Problems ◽  
Further Development

The article substantiates the need to find modern mechanisms for resolving the conflicts between private and public interests, individual and managerial approaches, public and state vision on solving the problems of local community development. It is proved that one of the elements of such a mechanism is the project activity of the united territorial communities, which due to purposefulness, focusing on timeliness and quality of project results, as well as opportunities to attract financial resources from various sources, will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the united territorial community activity, improvement the quality of public life and strengthening its competitive potential. The project activities of the united territorial communities of Ivano-Frankivsk region were diagnosed, which allowed to establish that short-term and low-budget projects predominate among local communities’ projects, which insufficiently resolve the systemic problems of territorial development due to financial insolvency of existing territorial communities. The directions of further development of the united territorial communities on the basis of project management are outlined.

scholarly journals Biopile to Treat Oil-Contaminated Soils: Some Brazilian Experiance

2017 ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Marcia Marques ◽  
Jorge Antonio Lopes ◽  
Marcelo Alarsa ◽  
Marcos F. Ferrari ◽  
Graciane Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Technological Options

Remediation of soils contaminated with petroleum and its products became a major issue in all regions of the world where on-shore and off-shore exploitation, refining transportation and storage of these products are carried out intensively. Many techniques for remediation of contaminated areas have been developed and tested during decades, being bioremediation both in-situ and ex-situ tow of the available options that require further development, which are currently capturing the attention of different sectors involved with the problem in Brazil. This paper presents the historical perspective of the increasing problem that initially appeared in the most traditional industrialized countries and currently has been intensified in countries with growing economy and technological development such as Brazil. Technological options for remediating the areas, variables relevant to the cleaning process, as well as the most recent trends in Brazil regarding the use of different techniques, with focus on biopiles are briefly presented.

scholarly journals Exploration of Processing Parameters of Vacuum Assisted Micelle Confinement Synthesis of Spherical CL-20 Microparticles

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 553-561
Author(s):  
Kaifu Bian ◽  
Leanne Alarid ◽  
David Rosenberg ◽  
Hongyou Fan
Keyword(s):  
Energetic Material ◽  
Particle Growth ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Explosive Devices ◽  
Further Development

ABSTRACTWe recently developed a vacuum assisted micelle confinement synthesis for spherical microparticles of CL-20 with outstanding monodispersity. These microparticles are promising energetic material for explosive devices with enhanced and predictable performances. In this work, to facilitate further development and application of this synthesis, the particle growth process was monitored by in-situ dynamic light scattering measurements. The result was interpreted by a finite element model to obtain critical parameters. These parameters were then used to predict the behavior and product quality of batch synthesis under various operation conditions.

scholarly journals Advanced techniques of conservation and cultivation

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5th) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhananjay Kulkarni ◽  
Dr.Renuka Shahaji Pawar ◽  
Ruchita Raghunath Kudale
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Medicinal Species ◽  
Herbal Medicinal Products ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Herbal Medicinal

Since ancient times, various plants are being traditionally used, as medicine throughout the world. These plants are cultivated as well as collected from wild. Some important medicinal plants, which have source of wild, are difficult for collection. The best way to provide the plants needed for medicinal purposes is to cultivated rather than collecting them from wild. Now a days, some medicinal species are in risk of disappearing due to man-made and natural calamities. So there is need of conservation of medicinal plants to  maintain  sustainable development  by  protecting  and  using  biological resources  in  ways  that  do  not  diminish  the  world’s variety  of  genes , species, habitats  and  ecosystems. Medicinal plants can be cultivated by cutting, layering, grafting and budding and conservation mainly included activities like collection, propagation, characterization, evaluation and eradication,  storage  and  division. On the other hand, some modern techniques have been also established for the better growth and maintenance of medicinal plants such as In-Situ & Ex-Situ conservation, Germplasm technique, cryopreserpation technique, tissue culture technique. This review gives information about various cultivation methods to reduces misidentification and adulteration of medicinal herbs and also shows importance of modern techniques of conservation, management and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants for human health care. This information will definitely useful for quality of herbal medicinal products and reduced uncertain therapeutic effects.

scholarly journals Kualitas dan distribusi spasial karakteristik fisika-kimia Sungai Siak di Kota Pekanbaru

DEPIK ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
Luri Anita Vanri ◽  
Adriman Adriman ◽  
Muhammad Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Main Factor

Siak River is one of the biggest rivers and the deepest in Riau Province in Indonesia with its 20-30 depth and depth 370 kilometers. The Siak River used for bathing, washing, dumping industrial palm oil, plantation, domestic waste, and port so it has an impact on water quality changing. This study analyzed the water quality and distribution spatial physical and chemical parameters the river around in Pekanbaru city, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), this study used laboratory in situ and ex situ water quality measurement instruments. Water sampling each station done three times in two weeks during October to November 2019. The results obtained from this study shows the water quality of these 6 stations in the category of bad and the water quality from headwaters to downstream river influenced by organic parameter as a dominant pollutant. The correlation of water quality characteristic was 74.4% main factor 1 (F1) 47.4% and main factor 2 (F2) 26.7% with main characteristics fecal coliform, phosphate, and nitrate. Grouping these characteristics through a dendrogram showed three levels of relationship based on the characteristic parameter. The first group stands for station 1,2, and 4 have higher brightness and Dissolved oxygen (DO) parameters than other stations. The second group stands for stations 3 and 5 that have relatively high in parameter phosphate and nitrate. The third group is station 6 (river estuary) which results in shows high of fecal coliform proportional to pollution. The study can be concluded that three groups heavily contaminated. Each group has different parameters that show influence upland and waters activities.Keywords: Distribution of spatial, The quality of water, Siak River, Physical and Chemical Parameters, PCA ABSTRAKSungai Siak merupakan salah satu sungai terbesar di Provinsi Riau dan terdalam di Indonesia, dengan kedalaman sekitar 20-30 meter dan panjang 300 kilometer. Sungai siak masih dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai sarana Mandi Cuci Kakus (MCK), tempat buangan limbah industri kelapa sawit, perkebunan, rumah tangga dan pelabuhan, sehingga berdampak pada perubahan kualitas perairan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menganalisa kualitas dan distribusi spasial karateristik fisik-kimia perairan Sungai Siak di sekitar Kota Pekanbaru, dengan menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Kajian menggunakan instrument pengukuran kualitas air in situ dan ex situ di laboratorium. Pengambilan sampel air pada masing-masing stasiun dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali setiap dua minggu selama bulan Oktober hingga November 2019. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kajian ini adalah kualitas air di keenam stasiun masuk dalam katagori buruk dan mengalami penurunan kualitas dari hulu ke hilir yang disebabkan bahan organik. Korelasi karakteristik kualitas air sebesar 74,3%, faktor utama 1 (F1)  47,4% dan faktor utama 2 (F2) 26,7% dengan penciri utama fecal coliform, fosfat dan nitrat. Pengelompokan stasiun pada dendogram klarifikasi hierarki menunjukkan adanya tiga tingkat hubungan kekerabatan berdasarkan parameter pencirinya. Kelompok satu terdiri dari stasiun 1, 2 dan 4 memiliki hasil relatif tinggi pada parameter kecerahan dan oksigen terlarut (DO) dibandingkan dengan stasiun lainnya. Kelompok dua terdiri dari stasiun 3 dan 5 memiliki hasil relatif tinggi pada paramter nitrat dan fosfat dibandingkan dengan stasiun lainnya. Kelompok tiga adalah stasiun 6 (muara sungai sail) dengan parameter fecal coliform relatif tinggi yang berbanding lurus dengan tingkat pencemarannya. Berdasarkan hasil kajian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tiga kelompok sama-sama tercemar berat, namun masing-masing kelompok memiliki perbedaan parameter pencirinya yang memperlihatkan pengaruh berbagai aktifitas di darat maupun di perairan itu sendiri.Kata kunci: Distribusi spasial, Kualitas air, Sungai Siak, Parameter fisika dan kimia, PCA

Formation of Device Quality Si/SiO2 Interfaces in a Multichamber Integrated Processing System

1989 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Kim ◽  
D.V. Tsu ◽  
G. Lucovsky ◽  
G.G. Fountain ◽  
R.J. Markunas
Keyword(s):  
Processing System ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Oxide Thickness ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Initial Surface ◽  
Oxide Deposition ◽  
Integrated Processing ◽  
Thickness Independent

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the key process steps in the low temperature, <300ºC, formation of device quality Si/SiO2 interfaces employing oxide deposition by Remote Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor-Deposition (Remote PECVD). The quality of the Si/SiO2 interface correlates with the degree of surface reconstruction that is controlled by ex-situ wet cleaning and in-situ Rapid Flash Heating. Electronic properties of the MOS structure also vary with the deposited oxide thickness, independent of the initial surface quality.

scholarly journals Gratings for synchrotron and FEL beamlines: a project for the manufacture of ultra-precise gratings at Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Siewert ◽  
B. Löchel ◽  
J. Buchheim ◽  
F. Eggenstein ◽  
A. Firsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Beam ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Ion Etching ◽  
Grating Fabrication ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
The Status ◽  
Development Goals

Blazed gratings are of dedicated interest for the monochromatization of synchrotron radiation when a high photon flux is required, such as, for example, in resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments or when the use of laminar gratings is excluded due to too high flux densities and expected damage, for example at free-electron laser beamlines. Their availability became a bottleneck since the decommissioning of the grating manufacture facility at Carl Zeiss in Oberkochen. To resolve this situation a new technological laboratory was established at the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin, including instrumentation from Carl Zeiss. Besides the upgraded ZEISS equipment, an advanced grating production line has been developed, including a new ultra-precise ruling machine, ion etching technology as well as laser interference lithography. While the old ZEISS ruling machine GTM-6 allows ruling for a grating length up to 170 mm, the new GTM-24 will have the capacity for 600 mm (24 inch) gratings with groove densities between 50 lines mm−1and 1200 lines mm−1. A new ion etching machine with a scanning radiofrequency excited ion beam (HF) source allows gratings to be etched into substrates of up to 500 mm length. For a final at-wavelength characterization, a new reflectometer at a new Optics beamline at the BESSY-II storage ring is under operation. This paper reports on the status of the grating fabrication, the measured quality of fabricated items byex situandin situmetrology, and future development goals.

scholarly journals Photoactive Heterostructures: How They Are Made and Explored

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Alexei V. Emeline ◽  
Aida V. Rudakova ◽  
Ruslan V. Mikhaylov ◽  
Kirill M. Bulanin ◽  
Detlef W. Bahnemann
Keyword(s):  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Photoactive Materials ◽  
Major Attention ◽  
Selection Of

In our review we consider the results on the development and exploration of heterostructured photoactive materials with major attention focused on what are the better ways to form this type of materials and how to explore them correctly. Regardless of what type of heterostructure, metal–semiconductor or semiconductor–semiconductor, is formed, its functionality strongly depends on the quality of heterojunction. In turn, it depends on the selection of the heterostructure components (their chemical and physical properties) and on the proper choice of the synthesis method. Several examples of the different approaches such as in situ and ex situ, bottom-up and top-down, are reviewed. At the same time, even if the synthesis of heterostructured photoactive materials seems to be successful, strong experimental physical evidence demonstrating true heterojunction formation are required. A possibility for obtaining such evidence using different physical techniques is discussed. Particularly, it is demonstrated that the ability of optical spectroscopy to study heterostructured materials is in fact very limited. At the same time, such experimental techniques as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and electrophysical methods (work function measurements and impedance spectroscopy) present a true signature of heterojunction formation. Therefore, whatever the purpose of heterostructure formation and studies is, the application of HRTEM and electrophysical methods is necessary to confirm that formation of the heterojunction was successful.

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