Current Highlights About the Safety of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Healthcare

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2147-2165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana Perioli ◽  
Cinzia Pagano ◽  
Maria Rachele Ceccarini
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Inorganic Material ◽  
Small Dimension ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Inorganic Nanomaterials ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Health Field ◽  
Fundamental Requirement

: In recent years inorganic materials are largely present in products intended for health care. Literature gives many examples of inorganic materials used in many healthcare products, mainly in pharmaceutical field. : Silver, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, iron oxide, gold, mesoporous silica, hydrotalcite-like compound and nanoclays are the most common inorganic materials used in nanosized form for different applications in the health field. Generally, these materials are employed to realize formulations for systemic use, often with the aim to perform a specific targeting to the pathological site. The nanometric dimensions are often preferred to obtain the cellular internalization when the target is localized in the intracellular space. : Some materials are frequently used in topical formulations as rheological agents, adsorbents, mattifying agents, physical sunscreen (e.g. zinc oxide, titanium dioxide), and others. : Recent studies highlighted that the use of nanosized inorganic materials can represent a risk for health. The very small dimension (nanometric) until a few years ago represented a fundamental requirement; however, it is currently held responsible for the inorganic material toxicity. This aspect is very important to be considered as actually numerous inorganic materials can be found in many products available in the market, often dedicated to infants and children. These materials are used without taking into account their dimensional properties with increased risk for the user/patient. : This review deals with a deep analysis of current researches documenting the toxicity of nanometric inorganic materials especially those largely used in products available in the market.

scholarly journals A multi-analytical approach for the characterisation of the oldest pictorial cycle in the 12th century monastery Santa Maria delle Cerrate

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe E. De Benedetto ◽  
Amedeo Savino ◽  
Daniela Fico ◽  
Daniela Rizzo ◽  
Antonio Pennetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Multidisciplinary Research ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Material Characterisation ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The University ◽  
Santa Maria

A multidisciplinary research, currently in progress at the University of Salento in collaboration with the Lecce Provincial Museum, interests different artistic expressions widespread in the Salento peninsula (South Italy). In the present study, the characterisation of organic and inorganic materials used in the oldest pictorial cycle found in the 12th century monastery Santa Maria delle Cerrate was carried out thanks to a multi-analytical approach. Previous investigations have focused on the problem of dating the frescoes mainly on the basis of the stylistic aspects and the material characterisation has been definitely underinvestigated. Chromatographic and spectrometric techniques were used: micro-Raman spectroscopy was used for recognising pigments and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection for analysing organic binders. These techniques enabled us to characterise pigments and binders. The presence of both true fresco and tempera bound pigments was assessed. Among the different pigments detected, the results relevant to the blue paints were interesting: two different blue pigments were, indeed, identified, lapis lazuli and smalt (cobalt blue glass) both unexpected. As a result, Santa Maria delle Cerrate appears to be the first known example of their use in South Italy. From a conservation point of view, moreover, the knowledge of the palette permitted to highlight the reason of observed decay of some paints: for instance, lead white was used in some panels, explaining their blackening.

scholarly journals Surgical Therapeutic Decision in Cases of Acrylic Resins Use in Achievieng Total Removable Prosthetics

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-610
Author(s):  
Ioan Sarbu ◽  
Cristian Adrian Dinu ◽  
Cristian Constantin Budacu ◽  
Mihaela Gabriela Luca ◽  
constantin Mihai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic State ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Formation Reaction ◽  
Risk Of Fracture ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Acrylic Resins ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Materials Used

Materials used in additive techniques are initially in a plastic state to be inserted into different cavities or easily molded (a blunt, for example), after which they pass into a rigid phase. This process is carried out by various methods depending on the material nature. The process can be purely physical (solidifying the alloy melt, the termoplasticized macromolecular compounds), modification and rearrangement of the internal structure (sintering of ceramic masses, crystallization of glasses, amalgam intake), a process of evaporation of some components (lacquers, plasticizing polymers) or a chemical process. This latter process can be an acid-base reaction between two inorganic substances (PCZ, CIS cements), a chelating reaction (ZOE cements) between a phenolic range (organic compound, usually eugenol or orthoethoxybenzoic acid) and an inorganic powder (ZnO) or a reaction in which a macromolecular compound is formed. After the type of the reaction, the macromolecules are classified into polymers (the formation reaction is called polymerization, the compounds of which are obtained by monomers, the main chain is formed by the carbon atom only), polycondensates (the formation reaction is called polycondensation, the chain also formed from heteroatom-ON, depending on the type of material) or substances that are obtained by polyaddition ( a repeated addition, the mechanism being different from the polymerization. Our study was conducted in the Dental Clinic and comprises a total of 17 patients. The group was represented by patients aged 50-85 years. Clinical observations have been made on cases of fracture of acrylic bases, with the analysis and assessment of some clinical aspects with increased risk of fracture (jaw / mandible, median / paramedian fracture line, etc.), which increase the risk to and fracture when associated. Clinical observations have shown the presence of the risk of fracture in acrylic prostheses, with the need first of all for the proper design and realization of mobile prostheses, but also for the use of inserts.

Polymer Solar Cells

2012 ◽  
pp. 101-119
Author(s):  
Catalin Zaharia
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Polymer Solar Cells ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Large Production ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Solar Cell Technology ◽  
Significant Attention ◽  
Plastic Solar Cell

Currently, the active materials used for the fabrication of solar cells are mainly inorganic. Materials such as silicon (Si), gallium-arsenide (GaAs), cadmium-telluride (CdTe), and cadmium-indium-selenide (CIS). Nevertheless, the large production cost for the silicon solar cells is one of the major drawback in this field. This chapter is dedicated to a critical presentation of another type of photovoltaics, called polymer, or plastic, solar cell technology. Polymer solar cells have attracted significant attention in the past few years due to their potential of providing environmentally safe, lightweight, flexible, and efficient solar cells.

A Study on the Electrical Properties of ZnO Based Transparent TFTs

2006 ◽  
Vol 514-516 ◽  
pp. 68-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Barquinha ◽  
Elvira Fortunato ◽  
Alexandra Gonçalves ◽  
Ana Pimentel ◽  
António Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Channel Mobility ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Effective Saturation ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Silicon Based ◽  
Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide ◽  
Output Conductance

The purpose of this work is to present in-depth electrical characterization on transparent TFTs, using zinc oxide produced at room temperature as the semiconductor material. Some of the studied aspects were the relation between the output conductance in the post-pinch-off regime and width-to-length ratios, the gate leakage current, the semiconductor/insulator interface traps density and its relation with threshold voltage. The main point of the analysis was focused on channel mobility. Values extracted using different methodologies, like effective, saturation and average mobility, are presented and discussed regarding their significance and validity. The evolution of the different types of mobility with the applied gate voltage was investigated and the obtained results are somehow in disagreement with the typical behavior found on classical silicon based MOSFETs, which is mainly attributed to the completely different structures of the semiconductor materials used in the two situations: while in MOSFETS we have monocrystalline silicon, our transparent TFTs use poly/nanocrystalline zinc oxide with grain sizes of about 10 nm.

Experimental Study on Post-Anchoring Pulling-Out Bearing Capacity of Inorganic Materials in Concrete Test Cubes

2012 ◽  
Vol 166-169 ◽  
pp. 420-425
Author(s):  
Shi Qi Cui ◽  
Li Ping Jiang ◽  
Bo Cheng ◽  
Tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Inorganic Material ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Technical Specification ◽  
Concrete Cover ◽  
Adhesive Property ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Transverse Reinforcement ◽  
Cover Thickness

Through the test and observe the failure deformation in concrete test cube, the paper analyze the influence of concrete strength, concrete cover thickness, internal reinforcement cage(transverse reinforcement), reinforcement diameter on the inorganic material reinforcement adhesive property, providing theoretical basis for the code of Technical specification for post-anchoring used in concrete structure with inorganic anchoring material.

Nano-Delivery Materials: Review of Development and Application in Drug/Gene Transport

2019 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 158-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Lin Li ◽  
Bin Huan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Gene Carriers ◽  
Biomedical Diagnosis ◽  
Gene Vectors ◽  
Inorganic Nanomaterials ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

As the nanotechnology rapidly develops, the combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology to build nanoparticles with biological functionalization has brought new opportunities for the development and application of biomedical diagnosis. Many new non-viral drug/gene vectors were constructed by using nanoparticles as drug/gene carriers, especially by making conventional inorganic materials into nanoparticles and performing functional modifications. In this paper, the physical and chemical properties, preparation methods and application in drug/gene transport of several nanomaterials including mesoporous silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, dendrimers, graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes are reviewed respectively. At the same time, the merit and dismerit of different nanocarriers and their application scenarios are compared. It has been found that the excellent biocompatibility and large specific surface area of inorganic nanomaterials have great potential for drug/gene delivery. Although there are many bottlenecks and challenges for nanomaterials to settle during drug delivery development and industrial production, the improvement of inorganic nanomaterials and the development of new nanocarriers can promote the wider progress of nanocarriers in drug/gene transport.

On Performance & Application Prospect of Inorganic Materials Used for Exterior Walls Insulation in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone

2012 ◽  
Vol 535-537 ◽  
pp. 1913-1917
Author(s):  
Lu Jun
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Cold Winter ◽  
Insulating Materials ◽  
Insulating Material ◽  
Thermal Insulating ◽  
First Choice ◽  
The Common ◽  
Materials Used

In response to the requirement of saving 65% energy in hot summer and cold winter zone, a comprehensive comparative analysis has been conducted in various aspects towards the common organic and inorganic thermal insulating materials in the market. And a conclusion has been drawn that, on the basis of reaching the standards, inorganic thermal insulating materials represented by aluminum sulfate boast obvious advantages compared to organic ones in terms of fire proofing, durability, economical efficiency, and environmental protection etc. Thus, the inorganic thermal insulating material will become the first choice in future market.

Polymer Solar Cells

2013 ◽  
pp. 365-383
Author(s):  
Catalin Zaharia
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Polymer Solar Cells ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Large Production ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Solar Cell Technology ◽  
Significant Attention ◽  
Plastic Solar Cell

Currently, the active materials used for the fabrication of solar cells are mainly inorganic. Materials such as silicon (Si), gallium-arsenide (GaAs), cadmium-telluride (CdTe), and cadmium-indium-selenide (CIS). Nevertheless, the large production cost for the silicon solar cells is one of the major drawback in this field. This chapter is dedicated to a critical presentation of another type of photovoltaics, called polymer, or plastic, solar cell technology. Polymer solar cells have attracted significant attention in the past few years due to their potential of providing environmentally safe, lightweight, flexible, and efficient solar cells.

Significant effects of temperature on biological properties of ZnO

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
Rajasekhar Eruva
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Optoelectronic Device ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Human Beings

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an inorganic compound and it usually appears as a white powder. The powder is widely used as an additive into numerous materials. Inorganic nanoparticles are made by combining organic materials with inorganic materials which forms hybrids and has unique properties. The biological properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles like absorption coefficient, refractive index, concentration, conductivity, pH-values and temperatures were investigated. The diffusion techniques facilitate the measurement of the biological properties of liquids. The results show that absorption coefficient decreases with increasing the thickness of the zinc oxide pellet. The resistivity of the ZnO decreases with increasing the temperature was observed. The concentration of the sample increases conductivity also decreases. Zinc oxide refractive index changes with wavelength. The pH depends on temperature and biological effects were observed at lower concentration and which are playing a vital role in the metabolism of human beings and plant systems. The pH-profiles were measured after 24 h. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences of all tested materials. Variant refractive index can generate resonant cavity that can enhance phase shift of output light and fabricate a variety of optoelectronic device. Materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink applications and materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation. The biological properties like absorption coefficient, refractive index, concentration, conductivity, pHvalues and temperature were used in many advanced biological, medical and engineering applications such as heat exchangers.

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurettin Sezer ◽  
Adnan Ali ◽  
Muataz A. Atieh ◽  
Muammer Koc
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Zinc Nitrate ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Nitrate Hexahydrate ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Materials Used

This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of graphene/zinc oxide nanocomposites. Wet impregnation method was employed for the synthesis. Firstly, graphene nanoplatelets and zinc nitrate hexahydrate were concurrently dispersed in ethanol and subjected to sonication for 1 h. Then, the dispersion was put in a furnace at 70 °C overnight. The paste was then collected and heated further up to 400 °C in air for a duration of 4 h. The process was proceeded to yield insoluble nanocomposites. The synthesis was followed by characterization of the nanocomposite samples by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The XRD pattern revealed the presence of ZnO crystals and graphene. The FESEM images showed that ZnO crystals with average particle size of 30 nm are uniformly distributed on graphene surfaces. According to the TGA result, the content of nanocomposites is in good agreement with the materials used during synthesis.

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