Alcohol Drinking, Apolipoprotein Polymorphisms and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases

: Lipoprotein disorders are a major risk factor for atherosclerotic neuro-cardiovascular disease (ACVD) and are heavily influenced by lifestyle, including alcohol drinking. Moderate drinkers have a lower ACVD risk than abstainers because of their higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, an important protective factor against ACVD. On the contrary, heavy drinking increases ACVD risk. According to a large literature body, ethanol intoxication modifies lipid serum profile and induces endothelial dysfunction. Single nucleotide polymorphisms may influence the relationship between alcohol drinking, HDL cholesterol level, and atherosclerotic risk. The risk of ACVD in heavy drinkers seems enhanced in patients with apolipoprotein E4 allele, interleukin-6-174 polymorphism, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein TaqIB polymorphism. Apolipoprotein E4 is a known risk factor for ACVD, while apolipoprotein E2 has mixed effects. Therefore, even if a "protective role" may be attributed to moderate drinking, this effect cannot be extended to everyone.

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Prevalence of High HDL Cholesterol and Its Associated Factors Among Tunisian Women of Childbearing Age: A Cross-Sectional Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105461 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5461

Author(s):

Fatma Ben Cherifa ◽

Jalila El Ati ◽

Radhouene Doggui ◽

Myriam El Ati-Hellal ◽

Pierre Traissac

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Protective Role ◽

Lifestyle Factors ◽

Women Of Childbearing Age ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Biological Variables

The protective role of high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) against cardiovascular risk has been questioned recently. Due to the increasing trend of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Tunisia, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of high HDL-C and its associated factors in Tunisian women of childbearing age. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among a subsample of 1689 women, aged 20 to 49 years, in the Great Tunis region. Data on socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were collected by a questionnaire. Overall adiposity was assessed by body mass index (BMI). All biological variables were assayed in blood samples coated with anticoagulant ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) by enzymatic methods. Stata software (2015) was used for data management and statistical analysis. High HDL-C values were recorded in 26.6% of selected women. After adjustment for all socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, age, hypertension, and smoking were negatively associated with high HDL-C levels, while family history of cancer was positively associated with high HDL-C in women. An additional investigation on the relationship between high HDL-C and cancer risk should be performed due to controversial results.

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The Effect of Haplotypes in the CETP and LIPC Genes on the Triglycerides to HDL-C Ratio and Its Components in the Roma and Hungarian General Populations

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes11010056 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peter Piko ◽

Szilvia Fiatal ◽

Nardos Abebe Werissa ◽

Bayu Begashaw Bekele ◽

Gabor Racz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Hepatic Lipase ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Roma Population ◽

Transfer Protein ◽

General Populations

Background: The triglycerides (TG) to high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (TG/HDL-C) is a well-known predictor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) with great heritability background. The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and hepatic lipase (LIPC) gene affect TG/HDL-C ratio. This study aims to explore the association between haplotypes (H) in CETP (based on 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) and LIPC (based on 6 SNPs) genes and the TG/HDL-C ratio and its components, among Roma and Hungarian general populations. Methods: The prevalence of haplotypes and their effect on HDL-C, TG and TG/HDL-C ratio were calculated in both populations and compared. Results: Ten haplotypes in CETP and 6 in LIPC gene were identified. Three haplotypes in CETP and 3 in LIPC have significant effect on HDL-C level, whereas two in CETP and 3 in LIPC on TG level. The H6 in CETP (β = 0.52, p = 0.015; odds ratio (OR) = 1.87, p = 0.009) and H5 in LIPC (β = 0.56, p < 0.001; OR = 1.51, p = 0.002) have a significant increasing effect on TG/HDL-C ratio and have shown higher prevalence among the Roma, as compared to Hungarian general population. The H2 in the CETP gene has a decreasing effect on the TG/HDL-C ratio (OR = 0.58, p = 0.019) and is significantly less frequent among the Roma. Conclusions: Accumulation of harmful haplotypes in CETP and LIPC genes might have a role in the elevated TG/HDL-C ratio in the Roma population, which contributes to a higher risk in the development of cardiovascular diseases.

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Association of Polymorphisms Modulating Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol with Susceptibility, Severity, and Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis

The Journal of Rheumatology ◽

10.3899/jrheum.120954 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 40 (6) ◽

pp. 798-808 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yune-Jung Park ◽

Seung-Ah Yoo ◽

Susanna Choi ◽

Hee-Soo Yoo ◽

Ho-Sung Yoon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Radiographic Progression ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Low Density ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Radiographic Severity ◽

Genotype Score

Objective.Dyslipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, is more prevalent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) than in the general population. We investigated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) modulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol affect susceptibility, severity, and progression of RA.Methods.We enrolled 302 patients with RA and 1636 healthy controls, and investigated the SNP modulating LDL cholesterol. Clinical characteristics of RA, serum adipocytokine concentrations, and radiographic severity were analyzed according to genotype score based on the number of unfavorable alleles. The influence of genotype score on radiographic progression was also investigated using multivariable logistic models.Results.We identified 3 SNP (rs688, rs693, and rs4420638) modulating LDL cholesterol in Koreans, which correlated well with LDL cholesterol levels in both patients with RA and controls. Among them, 2 SNP, rs688 and rs4420638, were more prevalent in patients with RA than in controls. In patients with RA carrying more unfavorable alleles (genotype score ≥ 3), disease activity measures, serum adipocytokine levels, and radiographic severity were all increased. The genotype score was an independent risk factor for radiographic progression of RA over 2 years, and its effect was greater than the influence of conventional risk factors.Conclusion.SNP modulating LDL cholesterol influence the risk, activity, and severity of RA. These results provide the first evidence that genetic mechanisms linked to dyslipidemia may directly contribute to the susceptibility and prognosis of RA, a representative of chronic inflammatory diseases, explaining the high incidence of dyslipidemia in RA.

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Non-HDL Cholesterol Versus LDL Cholesterol as a CVD Risk Factor in Diabetic Subjects

Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons ◽

10.3329/jbcps.v31i4.21004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 199-203

Author(s):

M Saiedullah ◽

S Begum ◽

S Hayat ◽

SM Kamahuddin ◽

MR Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽

Upward Trend ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional

Objective: Serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is considered as the primary target of lipid lowering therapy and non-high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is the recommended second target. Recent studies claimed that non-HDL cholesterol is a better predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than LDL cholesterol. In this study we aimed to compare non-HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol as a CVD risk factor in confirmed diabetic subjects. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, 1042 confirmed diabetic subjects selected randomly were included. HbA1cResults: In the total subjects, 767 (74%) subjects had LDL cholesterol > 100 mg/dL and 822 (79%) subjects had non- HDL cholesterol > 130 mg/dL. HbA1c values were different (p<0.02) in five groups and showed upward trend (p<0.01). All the lipid parameters studied were significantly different in five groups (p<0.0001) and TC, TG and non-HDL cholesterol showed upward trend (p<0.0001), but HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol showed downward trend (p<0.0001). Odds ratio (OR) of likelihood of risk individuals regarding non-HDL cholesterol compared to LDL cholesterol were 0.50 (p<0.001), 1.32 (p>0.05), 2.96 (p<0.001), 6.49 (p<0.001) and 9.37 (p<0.001) for TG concentrations of up to 150 mg/dL, 151-200 mg/dL, 201-250 mg/dL, 251-300 mg/dL and 301-400 mg/dL respectively with relative risk of 0.60, 1.24, 2.43, 4.83, 5.10. Conclusion: LDL cholesterol is a better tool for the detection of high-risk individuals than non-HDL cholesterol at TG concentration up to 150 mg/dL, whereas non-HDL cholesterol is better than LDL cholesterol at TG concentration above 200 mg/dL as a CVD risk factor. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v31i4.21004 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2013; 31: 199-203

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Triglyceride Management in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

US Endocrinology ◽

10.17925/use.2005.00.01.31 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 00 (01) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Michael Miller

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Low Density ◽

Very Low Density Lipoproteins ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Ldl Particles

Elevated triglycerides are now considered an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), even apart from elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. While the primary lipid target for CHD risk management remains LDL cholesterol, the treatment of elevated triglycerides is now also recommended. Elevated triglycerides are believed to increase cardiovascular risk because certain triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, called remnant lipoproteins (partially degraded chylomicrons and very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL)), are atherogenic. Hypertri-glyceridemia, together with low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and an increased prevalence of small, dense LDL particles, comprise a triad of lipid risk factors known as atherogenic dyslipidemia.The significance of hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor is further highlighted by its inclusion as a component of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, related to insulin resistance. The other criteria for metabolic syndrome include low HDL cholesterol, central obesity, elevated blood pressure, and abnormal fasting glucose. The metabolic syndrome is recognized as a major risk factor not only for premature CHD but also for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Risk Factor Variability and Coronary Heart Disease

Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae twin research ◽

10.1017/s0001566000005559 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 15-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

K. Berg

Keyword(s):

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Absolute Risk ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Protein Product ◽

Risk Factor Level ◽

Gene Effect

AbstractPresent attempts to identify genes contributing to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk focus on “candidate genes”. With respect to CHD this could be any gene whose protein product is directly or indirectly involved in atherogenesis, thrombogenesis or thrombolysis/fibrinolysis. Genes that exhibit associations with absolute risk factor levels may be referred to as “level genes” to distinguish them from “variability genes”, which are genes involved in establishing the framework within which environmental influences may cause risk factor variation. In a series of persons recruited from the Norwegian Twin Panel, confirmatory evidence for level gene effect with respect to apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentration was found with an XbaI polymorphism in DNA at the apoB locus corresponding to residue 2,488 in the mature protein. Evidence for variability gene effect with respect to apoB as well as body mass index emerged with DNA variants in the 3′ part of the apoB gene. Level gene effect with respect to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol as well as apparent variability gene effect with respect to total and LDL cholesterol were detected with a DNA polymorphism at the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) locus. The first example of interaction between normal genes in determining risk factor level was uncovered in analysis of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism and a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) locus. An LDLR gene identified by presence of a PvuII restriction site eliminated completely the well known effect of the apoE4 allele on cholesterol level. Finally, in families where high Lp(a) lipoprotein level (a well established risk factor for CHD) segregated as a Mendelian trait, very close linkage with an RFLP at the plasminogen locus was established and DNA variation at the LPA locus reflecting varying numbers of a structure homologous to the “kringle IV” region of plasminogen was uncovered.

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Abstract P239: Adipose Tissue Palmitoleic Acid is Inversely Associated With Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Costa Rica Heart Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.137.suppl_1.p239 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Danny Luan ◽

Dongqing Wang ◽

Hannia Campos ◽

Ana Baylin

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Palmitoleic Acid ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Costa Rican ◽

Significant Positive Association

Background: Animal models have shown that adipose-derived palmitoleic acid may act as a lipokine by conferring resistance to diet-induced obesity; however, human epidemiologic studies investigating this relationship thus far have not provided data in support of this hypothesis. Because metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease are intricately linked with the former being a major risk factor for the latter, we hypothesized that adipose-derived palmitoleic acid may be inversely associated with myocardial infarction. Objective: We examined whether adipose tissue palmitoleic acid was associated with nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in a representative population of Costa Rican adults. Methods: Odds ratios of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction by quintiles of adipose tissue palmitoleic acid were calculated using conditional logistic regression in a case-control study of 1,828 cases and 1,828 controls matched by age, sex, and area of residence. Results: We observed an inverse relationship between nonfatal acute myocardial infarction and adipose tissue palmitoleic acid (OR for highest quintile compared to lowest quintile of palmitoleic acid: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.79; P for trend: 0.0007). We additionally observed a significant positive association between adipose tissue palmitoleic acid and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, an important cardiometabolic risk factor for myocardial infarction. Conclusions: These data support the conclusion that adipose-derived palmitoleic acid may behave as a lipokine in the context of human myocardial infarction. This protective association may be partially explained by the increase in HDL cholesterol across quartiles of palmitoleic acid in our population of Costa Rican adults.

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Endothelial function in subjects with isolated low HDL cholesterol: role of nitric oxide and circulating progenitor cells

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00394.2009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 298 (2) ◽

pp. E202-E209 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Yukihito Higashi ◽

Hidehiro Matsuoka ◽

Hidekazu Umei ◽

Ryo Sugano ◽

Yuichi Fujii ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Endothelial Function ◽

Progenitor Cells ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Control Group ◽

Placebo Control ◽

Before And After ◽

Low Hdl

Epidemiologic studies have shown that a low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of isolated low HDL cholesterol to endothelial function. Thirty-nine subjects with low HDL cholesterol who had no other cardiovascular risk factors were selected from the 5,417 participants from our population. We evaluated flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) before and after 4 wk of treatment with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor pravastatin in 29 of the 39 subjects with isolated low HDL cholesterol. FMD was lower in the low-HDL-cholesterol group ( n = 29) than in the control group ( n = 29), whereas NTG-induced vasodilation was similar in the two groups. Pravastatin increased HDL cholesterol, urinary excretion of nitrite/nitrate, circulating levels of progenitor cells, and cell migration response to vascular endothelial growth factor in 15 subjects with low HDL cholesterol but not in 14 placebo control subjects. FMD increased in the pravastatin treatment group but not in the control group. NTG-induced vasodilation was similar before and after 4 wk of treatment in the two groups. Multiple regression analysis revealed that changes in HDL cholesterol, the number of progenitor cells, and migration of progenitor cells were independent predictors of augmentation of FMD with pravastatin. These findings suggest that low HDL cholesterol is an independent risk factor for endothelial dysfunction and that pravastatin improves endothelial function in individuals with isolated low HDL cholesterol through, at least in part, an increase in circulating progenitor cells.

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Inverse Relationship in Jamaica between Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration and Coronary-Disease Risk as Predicted by Multiple Risk-Factor Status

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0510475 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 51 (5) ◽

pp. 475-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. J. Miller ◽

N. E. Miller ◽

M. T. Ashcroft

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Multiple Risk Factor ◽

Coronary Risk ◽

Plasma High Density ◽

Risk Factor Status

1. The relation between plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration and multiple coronary-risk factor status has been assessed in fifty-two middle-aged clinically healthy men from urban and rural Jamaica. 2. Rural hill-farmers had a superior exercise performance (assessed by the responses to submaximal test exercise), less body fat, and lower fasting levels for plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total triglyceride and blood glucose than urban businessmen. Mean plasma HDL cholesterol was considerably higher in farmers then businessmen. 3. Multilinear regression analysis showed HDL cholesterol concentration to be independently and inversely correlated with plasma triglyceride, LDL cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure and that these relationships applied across the urban and rural sub-groups. There was also some evidence that HDL cholesterol concentration increased with stature. When these factors were taken into account, age, ethnic group, adiposity, weight, exercise performance, smoking history and blood glucose made no further significant contribution to the prediction of HDL cholesterol concentration. 4. Thus plasma HDL cholesterol concentration was highest in those subjects with the lowest coronary-risk as predicted by their multiple risk-factor status, an observation which supported other evidence that coronary-risk is inversely related to plasma HDL concentration. 5. The results raise the possibility that coronary-risk can be more simply estimated from the plasma HDL cholesterol concentration than from a consideration of other major lipid risk factors and blood pressure.

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Haplotypes of HTRA1 rs1120638, TIMP3 rs9621532, VEGFA rs833068, CFI rs10033900, ERCC6 rs3793784, and KCTD10 rs56209061 Gene Polymorphisms in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2019/9602949 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rasa Liutkeviciene ◽

Alvita Vilkeviciute ◽

Greta Gedvilaite ◽

Kriste Kaikaryte ◽

Loresa Kriauciuniene

Keyword(s):

Macular Degeneration ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Protective Role ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Exudative Amd ◽

Age Related ◽

Increased Risk ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Background. To determine the impact of HTRA1 rs1120638, TIMP3 rs9621532, VEGFA rs833068, CFI rs10033900, ERCC6 rs3793784, and KCTD10 rs56209061 genotypes on the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the Lithuanian population. Methods. A total of 916 subjects were examined: 309 patients with early AMD, 301 patients with exudative AMD, and 306 healthy controls. The genotyping of HTRA1 rs11200638, TIMP3 rs9621532, VEGFA rs833068, CFI rs10033900, ERCC6 rs3793784, and KCTD10 rs56209061 was carried out using the RT-PCR method. Results. Our study showed that single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs3793784 and rs11200638 were associated with increased odds of early and exudative AMD, and the variant in KCTD10 (rs56209061) was found to be associated with decreased odds of early and exudative AMD development after adjustments for age and gender in early AMD analysis and after adjustments only for age in exudative AMD. The haplotype containing two minor alleles C-A and the G-A haplotype in rs3793784-rs11200638 were statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of exudative AMD development after adjustment for age, while the G-G haplotype showed a protective role against early and exudative AMD and the haplotype C-G in rs3793784-rs11200638 was associated with a decreased risk only of exudative AMD development. Conclusions. Our study identified two markers, rs11200638 and rs3793784, as risk factors for early and exudative AMD, and one marker, rs56209061, as a protective factor for early and exudative AMD development. The haplotypes constructed of rs3793784-rs11200638 were found to be associated with AMD development, as well.

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