COVID-19 vaccination in children: an open question

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Campagnani ◽  
Flaminia Bardanzellu ◽  
Maria Cristina Pintus ◽  
Vassilios Fanos ◽  
Maria Antonietta Marcialis
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Open Question

Background: A safe and effective vaccine represents the best way to control the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused, to date, more than 4 millions deaths. Several vaccines are now approved worldwide, according to the country. Being administered to healthy people, anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines must meet high safety standards, and this is even more important among the pediatric population in which the risk of developing a severe disease is significantly lower than adults. However, vaccination of pediatric population could help in reducing viral spread in the whole population. Objective: Our narrative review analyzes and discusses the currently available literature on the advantages and disadvantages of COVID-19 vaccination in the pediatric population. Methods : Our bibliographic research was conducted through Pubmed, Read and Scopus using COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, immunization, antibody, COVID-19 vaccine efficacy, COVID-19 vaccine safety, children, adolescents, MIS-C, adverse effects as keywords. Results: Although children are less susceptible to COVID-19 infection, they can develop serious consequences, including multi-inflammatory Syndrome. However, before administering children vaccination with complete safety, any vaccine-related side effects should be evaluated. To date, adverse effects are reported in adolescents and young adults following vaccination; but these are mostly isolated reports. Conclusions : Further investigation is needed to establish whether there is indeed a cause-and-effect relationship in the development of vaccine-related adverse effects. However, to date, COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for children and adolescents older than 12 years of age. However, this question is still under debate and involves ethical, political, and social issues.

scholarly journals A Marker-Free Bordetella bronchiseptica aroA/bscN Double Deleted Mutant Confers Protection Against Lethal Challenge

Vaccines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Ai ◽  
Peng ◽  
Wang ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Safety Assurance ◽  
Marker Free ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

Bordetella bronchiseptica is a leading cause of swine respiratory disorders which depict a great threat to well-flourished porcine industry. Vaccination remains an effective way for the prevention of B. bronchiseptica infections, as live B. bronchiseptica vaccines possess many advantages compared to inactivated vaccines and/or sub-unit vaccines, however, their safety is not up to the mark. In present study, we constructed marker-free aroA/bscN double deleted B. bronchiseptica QH09 through two-step homologous recombination strategy. Our data showed that QH09 attenuated virulence to mice compared with the parent aroA deleted B. bronchiseptica QH0814. We also found that QH09 meets the vaccine safety standards, upon challenge in piglets, did not cause any visible clinical signs or lesions on organs. Finally, we demonstrated that vaccination of QH09 activated the systemic as well as the mucosal immunity in pigs and provided protection against lethal bacterial challenge. These findings suggest that the aroA/bscN double deleted B. bronchiseptica QH09 may be an effective vaccine candidate, with safety assurance of animals against B. bronchiseptica infections.

scholarly journals Fearing the Disease or the Vaccine: The Case of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C. Karlsson ◽  
Anna Soveri ◽  
Stephan Lewandowsky ◽  
Linnea Karlsson ◽  
Hasse Karlsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Disease Risks ◽  
Potential Vaccine

Objective: As COVID-19 continues to spread, researchers are working to develop a safe and effective vaccine. The success of an approved vaccine in stopping or slowing the pandemic will ultimately depend on the public’s acceptance of it. As studies indicate that people perceive COVID-19 as a threatening disease, the demand for a vaccine could be expected to be high. However, vaccine safety concerns might still outweigh the perceived disease risks in a decision to vaccinate against COVID-19. In the present paper, the role of perceived risk of COVID-19 (i.e., perceived likelihood of infection, perceived disease severity, and disease-related worry) and trust in the safety of a prospective vaccine against COVID-19 in predicting intentions to accept a COVID-19 vaccine was investigated. Methods: Three Finnish samples were surveyed: 856 parents of small children, 205 individuals living in an area with suboptimal vaccination coverage, and 1,325 Facebook users nationwide. As points of reference, we compared the perceptions of COVID-19 to those of influenza and measles. Results: COVID-19 was perceived as a threatening disease—more so than influenza and measles. The strongest predictor of COVID-19 vaccination intentions was trusting the safety of the potential vaccine. Those perceiving COVID-19 as a severe disease were also slightly more intent on taking a COVID-19 vaccine.Conclusions: If a vaccine against COVID-19 is successfully developed, assuring the public that the vaccine is safe should be the focus for health authorities aiming to achieve a high vaccine uptake.

scholarly journals Strategies for Vaccination: Conventional Vaccine Approaches Versus New-Generation Strategies in Combination with Adjuvants

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Abdellatif Bouazzaoui ◽  
Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif ◽  
Faisal A. Al-Allaf ◽  
Neda M. Bogari ◽  
Saied Al-Dehlawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Conventional Vaccine

The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has raised significant economic, social, and psychological concerns. The rapid spread of the virus, coupled with the absence of vaccines and antiviral treatments for SARS-CoV-2, has galvanized a major global endeavor to develop effective vaccines. Within a matter of just a few months of the initial outbreak, research teams worldwide, adopting a range of different strategies, embarked on a quest to develop effective vaccine that could be effectively used to suppress this virulent pathogen. In this review, we describe conventional approaches to vaccine development, including strategies employing proteins, peptides, and attenuated or inactivated pathogens in combination with adjuvants (including genetic adjuvants). We also present details of the novel strategies that were adopted by different research groups to successfully transfer recombinantly expressed antigens while using viral vectors (adenoviral and retroviral) and non-viral delivery systems, and how recently developed methods have been applied in order to produce vaccines that are based on mRNA, self-amplifying RNA (saRNA), and trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA). Moreover, we discuss the methods that are being used to enhance mRNA stability and protein production, the advantages and disadvantages of different methods, and the challenges that are encountered during the development of effective vaccines.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos C. Kyriakidis ◽  
Andrés López-Cortés ◽  
Eduardo Vásconez González ◽  
Alejandra Barreto Grimaldos ◽  
Esteban Ortiz Prado
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World

AbstractThe new SARS-CoV-2 virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family and causes COVID-19 disease. The newly sequenced virus appears to originate in China and rapidly spread throughout the world, becoming a pandemic that, until January 5th, 2021, has caused more than 1,866,000 deaths. Hence, laboratories worldwide are developing an effective vaccine against this disease, which will be essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. Currently, there more than 64 vaccine candidates, most of them aiming to induce neutralizing antibodies against the spike protein (S). These antibodies will prevent uptake through the human ACE-2 receptor, thereby limiting viral entrance. Different vaccine platforms are being used for vaccine development, each one presenting several advantages and disadvantages. Thus far, thirteen vaccine candidates are being tested in Phase 3 clinical trials; therefore, it is closer to receiving approval or authorization for large-scale immunizations.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Post Vaccinated Adverse Effects and Efficacy in the Egyptian Population

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Marwa O. Elgendy ◽  
Ahmed O. El-Gendy ◽  
Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alzarea ◽  
Sarah Mahmoud ◽  
Saad S. Alqahtani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Dose Interval ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
The Third ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Administration Methods ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Vaccines are the solution to overcome SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to determine the post-Sinopharm vaccine safety-profile and immunity through antibody titers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from Egyptian participants who received two doses of Sinopharm vaccine. Data were divided into three parts, the first and second parts were to detect participants’ post-first and second dose symptoms and practices, and the third for the results of IgG anti spike protein antibodies test and laboratory tests. Pain, redness, swelling at the injection site, headache, fatigue, and lethargy were the most common post-vaccine symptoms for both first and second doses. Most of the participants felt mild or no symptoms after vaccination. The symptoms started mostly during the first day post-vaccination and lasted for no more than two days. Forty-nine percent of the participants resulted in positive antibodies tests on day 18 post-vaccination. The average antibody level for vaccinated participants with past SARS-CoV-2 infection was much higher than that for non-past infected participants. These vaccines’ administration methods need to be reevaluated by changing the dose, dose interval, adding a third dose, or mixing it with other vaccines with different techniques to improve their protection rates. Further studies are required to validate this finding.

scholarly journals Respiratory syncytial virus and airway microbiota -- A complex interplay and its reflection on morbidity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Rossi ◽  
Stefania Ballarini ◽  
Michela Silvestri ◽  
Oliviero Sacco ◽  
Andrew Colin
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Microbial Community Composition ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

The immunopathology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in the pediatric population, with severe disease being the exception. The variability of the clinical presentation is incompletely explained by host, viral and environmental factors but, in infants and young children, disease severity is certainly linked to the physiological immune immaturity. There is evidence that the maturation of the host immune response is, at least in part, promoted by the composition of the nasopharyngeal microbiome that, modulating excessive inflammation, can counteract the predisposition to develop viral respiratory infections and lower the risk of disease severity. However, interaction between the nasopharyngeal microbiota and respiratory viruses can be bidirectional. Microbial dysbiosis can drive disease pathogenesis but may also represents a reflection of the disease-induced alterations of the local milieu. Moreover, viruses like RSV, can also increase the virulence of potential pathogens in nasopharynx, which is a main reservoir of bacteria, and therefore promote their spread to the lower airways causing superinfection. Negative changes in microbial community composition in early life may constitute a heightened risk towards severe RSV respiratory infection and bacterial superinfection, whilst specific groups of microorganisms can be associated with protection. A better understanding into the potential negative and positive role of the different nasopharyngeal bacterial species in disease prevention as well as into the possible benefits of microbiome therapeutic manipulation, may improve patient outcomes.

scholarly journals Opioid Use and the Risk of Respiratory Depression and Death in the Pediatric Population

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne R. Whittaker
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Respiratory Depression ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference

BACKGROUND Pediatric patients may be at an increased risk of adverse effects from various medications. Recently, there have been a number of serious adverse events, including several pediatric patients experiencing severe respiratory depression and death as a result of the use of codeine for pain control following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety of opioid agonists in pediatric patients undergoing operative procedures or have experienced trauma and to evaluate the risk of respiratory depression and death among this population. METHODS PubMed and Medline were searched to identify randomized controlled studies from 1994 to 2012 addressing postsurgery/trauma opioid use in pediatric patients. Relative risks and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using data available in clinical trials. RESULTS A total of 16 clinical trials were evaluated for this review. Randomized controlled trials included studies comparing opioids versus non-opioids for a variety of painful conditions. The relative risk of respiratory depression associated with opioid use in 1 trial was 1.63 (95% CI: 0.64–6.13). The remaining 15 trials reviewed described no significant difference in respiratory depression or adverse effects associated with treatment. No deaths were attributed to opioid use in any of these studies. CONCLUSION Opioid-associated respiratory depression was very rare and no deaths were reported in the reviewed studies. These findings under the well-defined conditions of controlled studies may not be the best means of determining overall opioid-associated side effects in pediatric patients.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 mass vaccination: Urgent questions on vaccine safety that demand answers from international health agencies, regulatory authorities, governments and vaccine developers                  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Bruno ◽  
Peter A Mccullough ◽  
Teresa Forcades I Vila ◽  
Alexandra Henrion-Caude ◽  
Teresa García-Gasca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
World Population

Since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak, the race for testing new platforms designed to confer immunity against SARS-CoV-2, has been rampant and unprecedented, leading to conditional emergency authorization of various vaccines. Despite progress on early multidrug therapy for COVID-19 patients, the current mandate is to immunize the world population as quickly as possible. The lack of thorough testing in animals prior to clinical trials, and authorization based on safety data generated during trials that lasted less than 3.5 months, raise questions regarding vaccine safety. The recently identified role of SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein for inducing endothelial damage characteristic of COVID-19, even in absence of infection, is extremely relevant given that most of the authorized vaccines induce endogenous production of Spike. Given the high rate of occurrence of adverse effects that have been reported to date, as well as the potential for vaccine-driven disease enhancement, Th2-immunopathology, autoimmunity, and immune evasion, there is a need for a better understanding of the benefits and risks of mass vaccination, particularly in groups excluded from clinical trials. Despite calls for caution, the risks of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination have been minimized or ignored by health organizations and government authorities. As for any investigational biomedical program, data safety monitoring boards (DSMB) and event adjudication committees (EAC), should be enacting risk mitigation. If DSMBs and EACs do not do so, we will call for a pause in mass vaccination. If DSMBs and EACs do not exist, then vaccination should be halted immediately, in particular for demographic groups at highest risk of vaccine-associated death or serious adverse effects, during such time as it takes to assemble these boards and commence critical and independent assessments. We urge for pluralistic dialogue in the context of health policies, emphasizing critical questions that require urgent answers, particularly if we wish to avoid a global erosion of public confidence in science and public health.

Familial Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris: Case Report and Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Mercer ◽  
Chitra Pushpanthan ◽  
Canagasundrum Anandakrishnan ◽  
Ian D.R. Landells
Keyword(s):  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Topical Therapy ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris ◽  
Gradual Onset ◽  
Systemic Treatments ◽  
Appropriate Therapy

Background: Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a rare dermatosis of unknown etiology. Most cases of PRP are sporadic; however, rare cases of familial PRP have been reported. Objectives: To present a case of PRP inherited in an autosomal dominant (AD) fashion and to evaluate the current literature on familial PRP and formulate a comprehensive, up-to-date summary of this rare condition. Methods: PubMed was used to conduct a search for articles pertaining to familial PRP published through May 2011. Results: The first documented case was published in 1910, and 36 subsequent familial cases of PRP have been reported. Familial PRP typically presents very early in childhood, has a gradual onset, and persists throughout life. Given the rarity of this subtype, determining the best therapy has been a challenge. In the pediatric population, a conservative treatment approach, including topical therapy, is frequently used, whereas systemic treatments are reserved for patients with a severe disease that is refractory to therapy. Conclusion: Rare cases of PRP inherited in an AD fashion have been described and tend to have a chronic clinical course and are treatment refractory. Therefore, the awareness of familial PRP is important for early and accurate diagnosis and administration of appropriate therapy.

Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Plenary Session From the GRAPPA 2020 Annual Meeting

2021 ◽  
pp. jrheum.201671
Author(s):  
Philip J. Mease ◽  
Leonard H. Calabrese ◽  
Kristina Callis Duffin ◽  
Rebecca H. Haberman ◽  
Rodrigo Firmino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Psoriatic Disease ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Infectious Disease Specialists

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; caused by SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has affected the healthcare system on a global scale, and we utilized the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) 2020 annual meeting to examine how COVID-19 might affect patients with psoriatic disease (PsD) and the clinicians who care for them. Pressing issues and concerns identified included whether having psoriasis increased the risk of acquiring COVID-19, vaccine safety, and the acceptability of telehealth. The general message from rheumatologists, dermatologists, infectious disease specialists, and patient research partners was that data did not suggest that having PsD or its treatment significantly increased risk of infection or more severe disease course, and that the telehealth experience was a success overall.

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